Jump to content

User:Catbear7776/Environmental impact of fashion

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Article Draft

[edit]
Production of cotton requires a large amount of water, and also produces wastewater.
Part of a series on
Clothing and the
environment
Environmental impact of fashion
Key issues
By type
Sustainability
Related

The fashion industry, particularly manufacture and use of apparel and footwear, is a significant driver of greenhouse gas emissions and plastic pollution.[1] The rapid growth of fast fashion has led to around 80 billion items of clothing being consumed annually, with about 85% of clothes consumed in United States being sent to landfill.[2]

Less than one percent of clothing is recycled to make new clothes.[3] The industry produces an estimated 10% of all greenhouse gas emissions.[4] The production and distribution of the crops, fibers, and garments used in fashion all contribute to differing forms of environmental pollution, including water, air, and soil degradation.[citation needed] The textile industry is the second greatest polluter of local freshwater in the world,[5] and is culpable for roughly one-fifth of all industrial water pollution.[6] Some of the main factors that contribute to this industrial caused pollution are the vast overproduction of fashion items,[7] the use of synthetic fibers, the agriculture pollution of fashion crops,[8] and the proliferation of microfibers across global water sources.[3]

Efforts have been made by some retailers and consumers to promote sustainable fashion practices, such as reducing waste, improving energy and water efficiency, and using primarily eco-friendly materials. Counter movements, such as slow fashion, have also developed as a response to the growth of fast fashion.

Fast fashion

[edit]
Main article: Fast fashion

Fast fashion is defined as "an approach to the design, creation, and marketing of clothing fashions that emphasizes making fashion trends quickly and cheaply available to consumers."[9] While traditional fashion processes usually take about 6 months to design, manufacture, and market products, fast fashion completes these processes in several weeks, allowing the quickly-changing demands of consumers to be met.[10]

The amount of new garments bought by Americans has tripled since the 1960s. Globalization has encouraged the rapid growth of the fast fashion industry. Global retail sales of apparel in 2019 reached 1.9 trillion U.S dollars, a new high – this number is expected to double to three trillion U.S. dollars by the year 2030. The world consumes more than 80 billion items of clothing annually.[11]

Production and disposal of waste

[edit]

One concern with fast fashion is the clothes waste it produces. According to the Environmental Protection Agency,[12] 15.1 million tons of textile clothing waste was produced in 2013 alone.[13] In the United States, 64.5% of textile waste is discarded in landfills, 19.3% is incinerated with energy recovery, only 16.2% is recycled.[14] When textile clothing ends up in landfills, chemicals on the clothes such as the dye can leech into the ground and cause environmental damage. When unsold clothing is burned,[15] it releases CO2[16] into the atmosphere. According to a report from the World Bank Group, the fashion industry is responsible for 10% of yearly global carbon emissions.[17] In 2019, France announced that it was making an effort to prevent companies from this practice of burning unsold fashion items.[18][19] Fashion is produced at such high and fast rates, that more than 40% of fashion goods are sold at a markdown. [20]

The packaging of clothing also contributes to the waste produced by the fashion industry. As online shopping, both for clothing and for other items, has become common, the amount of waste produced has totaled about 75 million tons in the United States alone. Many packaging materials are also non-recyclable.[21]

Slow fashion

Main article: Slow fashion

Slow fashion is a movement that seeks to oppose fast fashion, focusing on the production and sale of sustainable clothing created with eco-friendly materials. The movement encourages purchasing clothing from local sources as opposed to large brands, as these locally-made pieces are often of a higher quality and will last longer than factory-made clothing, and will reduce pollution caused by the disposal of clothes.[22] The slow fashion movement also challenges the ethical issues of fast fashion, such as the underpaying and overworking of factory workers, who often come from low-income countries.[2]

Synthetic fibers and natural fibers

[edit]

Polyester

[edit]

Polyester was one of the most popular fibers used in fashion in 2017, found in about 60% of garments in retail stores and equalling about 21.3 million tons of polyester fiber.[23] There was a 157% increase of polyester clothing consumption from 2000 to 2015.[23] Synthetic polyester is made from a chemical reaction of coal, petroleum, air, and water,[24] two of which are fossil fuels. When coal is burned it creates heavy amounts of air pollution containing carbon dioxide.[clarification needed] When petroleum is used[clarification needed]it creates several air pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide.[25] The creation of polyester creates pollution,[citation needed] in addition to waste from the finished product at the end of its life cycle. Polyester is non-biodegradable[26] meaning it can never be converted by bacteria to a state that will not damage the environment. Washing polyester clothing leads to shedding of microfiber plastics which enter water systems, including oceans.[27][28]

Cotton

[edit]
1913 image of cotton production in the United States.

Cotton is the most common crop in the world aside from food.[29] Half of all textiles produced are made of the fiber.[29] Cotton is a water-intensive crop, requiring 3644 cubic meters of water to grow one ton of fiber, or 347 gallons per pound.[30] Growing cotton requires 25% of insecticides and 10-16% of pesticides of what is used globally every year.[31][30] Half of the top pesticides used in growing cotton in the US are deemed likely to be carcinogenic by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.[30] Cotton production degrades the quality of the soil, leading to exhausted fields and expansion into new areas.[29] Expansion into new areas leads to the destruction of local habitats and the associated pollution affects biodiversity.[29]

Animal fibers and textiles

[edit]

Animal-based fibers such as wool and leather were responsible for 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions in 2005.[32] Cattle have digestive systems that use a process known as foregut fermentation, which creates the greenhouse gas methane as a byproduct. In addition to the CH4 released from the ruminants, CO2 and N2O are released into the atmosphere as byproducts of raising the animals. In total, 44% of emissions caused by livestock are from enteric fermentation, 41% comes from the feed needed to raise the livestock, 10% comes from manure, and 5% comes from energy consumption.[33]

Fiber MJ of energy/kg of textile liters of water/kg of textile
nylon 250[34] ---
acrylic 175[34] ---
polyester 125[34] 50,690-71,409[35]
polypropylene 115[34] ---
viscose 100[34] 3,000[35]
wool 63[34] 500[36]
cotton 55[34] 10,000-20,000[3]

Energy use here is measured in megajoules needed to produce one kilogram of the given textile. Water use here is measured in liters of water needed to produce one kilogram of the given textile.

Marine impact

[edit]

Improperly disposing of clothing can harm the environment, especially through wastewater. Chemicals from decomposing clothing can leach into the air and into the ground, affecting both groundwater and surface water. Aside from plastic pollution, textiles also contributes significantly to marine pollution. Unlike plastic, textile pollution's impact on marine life occurs in its various supply chain processes.[37] Pollutants like pesticides and clothing manufacturing chemicals cling to particles that accumulate in the waters ecosystem and consequently enter into human food chains.[38]

Microfiber pollution

[edit]

Plastic and synthetic textile are both created from a chemical structure called polymer. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines polymer as “a chemical compound or mixture of compounds formed by polymerization and consisting essentially of repeating structural units.” For plastic, the common polymer found is PET, polyethylene (PE), or polypropylene (PP), whereas for textile, the polymer found the most abundant in the collection of waste is polyester and nylon textiles.[39]

Textiles shed microfibers at every stage of their life cycle, from production, to use, to end of life disposal.[3] These fibers end up in the soil, air, lakes, and oceans.[3] Microfiber pollution has existed as long as the textile industry has, but only recently has it come under public scrutiny.[3] The Ocean Wise Conservation Association produced a study discussing the textile waste. For polyester, it stated that on average, humans shed around 20 to 800 mg micro polyester waste for every kg textile washed. A smaller amount for nylon is found; for every kg of fabrics washed, around 11 to 63 mg of nylon microfiber waste are shed into bodies of water.[40] Washing synthetic textiles releases microplastics and microfibers into the oceans.[41] This type of waste is most commonly found from washing machine cycles, where fibers of clothes fall loose during the tumbling process.[41] An individual domestic load of laundry can shed up to 700,000 microfibers.[3]

The Association also released a study stating that on average, households in the United States and Canada produce around 135 grams of microfibers, which is equivalent to 22 kilotons of microfibers released to the wastewater annually. These wastewater will go through various waste water treatment plants, however, around 878 tons of those 22 kilotons were left untreated and hence, thrown into the ocean.[42]

Textiles are the main source of microfibers in the environment.[3] Thirty five percent of the microplastics that are found in marine ecosystems, such as shorelines, are from synthetic microfibers and nanofibers.[3] Such microfibers affect marine life in that fish or other species in the marine ecosystems consume them, which end up in the intestine and harm the animals.[43] Microfibers have been found in the digestive tracts of widely consumed fish and shellfish.[3] These fish are then consumed by humans, which leads to the absorption of micro pollutants in the fish in a process called biomagnification.[44] Predators of the affected marine species are also harmed, as they ingest the microfibers previously ingested by their prey. The yearly shellfish consumption of microplastics was found to be 11,000 pieces, and microfibers were found in eighty three percent of fish caught in one lake in Brazil.[43] Further, about two thirds of synthetic fibers from clothing production will be found in the ocean from 2015 to 2050.[45] In one study, the food consumption rates decreased in crabs who were eating food with plastic microfibers, which further lead to the available energy for growth to also decrease.[46]

Techniques to address the environmental impacts of the fashion industry include a marine algal bioabsorbent, which could be used for dye removal through rich algal surface chemistry through heteroatom containing functional groups.[47] Many techniques or potential solutions are difficult in their implementation, for instance the accuracy of marine sediment techniques to detect microplastics is not sufficiently tested among different soil samples or sources.[48]

Eutrophication

[edit]
Eutrophication in a water source

Clothing often contains non-organic, excessively farmed cotton which is grown with chemicals that are known to cause eutrophication. Eutrophication is a process in which fresh water sources such as lakes and rivers become overly enriched with nutrients. This causes a dense growth of plant life that is harmful to the ecosystem, such as algae blooms. Algal blooms deplete levels of oxygen in water as they decompose, resulting in changes to the ecosystem, either through the die-off of aquatic creatures or populations moving as water becomes uninhabitable. Algal blooms can also make bodies of water unsuitable for both human consumption and recreation.[49] Two of the main ingredients in pesticides are nitrates and phosphates, and when pesticides leak into stream systems surrounding the cropland via runoff, the nitrates and phosphates contribute to water eutrophication.

Water use

[edit]

The fashion industry consumes a large amount of water to produce fabrics and manufacture garments every year. The global fashion industry uses 93 billion cubic meters of water per year, or 20 trillion gallons.[3][50] This is four percent of all freshwater withdrawal globally.[38] This amount is set to double by 2030 if it follows the current trend.[51] According to the United Nations Environment Programme, the fashion industry is responsible for 20 percent of global wastewater.[52] Manufacturing a single pair of Levi jeans, will on average, consume about 3,781 liters of water.[53] On average, producing one kilogram of textiles requires 200 liters of water.[30]

Sustainability efforts

[edit]
Further information: Sustainable fashion
British women in World War II cutting salvaged clothes and rags for recycling.

The consumer use phase in the life cycle of clothing and other textiles is a significant area of impact,f yet is often overlooked.[54] While there is minimal research into energy efficient washers and dryers as a method of reducing impact on the consumer side,[54] wearing garments for 9 months longer could cut overall waste by 22% and water use by 33%.[50] On the producer side, choosing to make garments in popular colors and designs that consumers are more likely to buy is both a financially and environmentally responsible choice.[54] Designing clothing that is more likely to be purchased can reduce waste on the production side. In 2018 the fashion retailer H&M ended up with $4.3 billion of unsold merchandise.[50] Other retailers, such as Patagonia, have made efforts to create more sustainable clothing by using eco-friendly materials, such as organically-farmed cotton and polyester made from recycled plastic bottles.[55][56]

In order to extend the life cycle of garments and slow rates of production and overconsumption, business models such as 'clothing libraries' have been considered. These businesses collect pieces both from local shops and companies, and allow customers, who pay for a monthly subscription, to borrow clothes for a certain period of time. Business startups such as these have been tested in the Netherlands and Sweden, but there are concerns that clothing libraries will have little to no effect on reducing the effects of fast fashion.[57]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "PLEASE Stop Saying Fashion is the 2nd Most Polluting Industry After Oil". Ecocult. 2017-05-09. Retrieved 2018-12-10.
  2. ^ a b Bick, Rachel; Halsey, Erika; Ekenga, Christine C. (December 2018). "The global environmental injustice of fast fashion". Environmental Health. 17 (1). doi:10.1186/s12940-018-0433-7. Retrieved 18 October 2023.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Liu, Jianli; Liang, Jianyao; Ding, Jiannan; Zhang, Guangming; Zeng, Xianyi; Yang, Qingbo; Zhu, Bo; Gao, Weidong (August 2021). "Microfiber pollution: an ongoing major environmental issue related to the sustainable development of textile and clothing industry". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 23 (8): 11240–11256. doi:10.1007/s10668-020-01173-3. S2CID 230284901.
  4. ^ Beall, Abigail. "Why clothes are so hard to recycle". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
  5. ^ "Fashion is the 2nd Largest Water Polluter in the World! How to Reduce Your Clothing Footprint - One Green Planet". onegreenplanet.org. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  6. ^ Regan, Helen (September 28, 2020). "Asian rivers are turning black. And our colorful closets are to blame". CNN. Retrieved October 3, 2020.
  7. ^ Fashion Data: Calculating the Cost of the Fashion Machine
  8. ^ "Textiles". Sew Guide. 16 April 2017.
  9. ^ "Definition of FAST FASHION". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  10. ^ Dhir, Yamini Jhanji (2021). "Hazards of fashion and textile waste: Approaches for effective waste management". Waste Management in the Fashion and Textile Industries: 31–58. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818758-6.00002-8. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  11. ^ Confino, Jo (2016-09-07). "We Buy A Staggering Amount Of Clothing, And Most Of It Ends Up In Landfills". HuffPost. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  12. ^ "US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  13. ^ "What Happens When Fashion Becomes Fast, Disposable And Cheap?". NPR. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  14. ^ Tran, Nghia P.; Gunasekara, Chamila; Law, David W.; Houshyar, Shadi; Setunge, Sujeeva; Cwirzen, Andrzej (2 January 2022). "Comprehensive review on sustainable fiber reinforced concrete incorporating recycled textile waste". Journal of Sustainable Cement-Based Materials. 11 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1080/21650373.2021.1875273. S2CID 234094967.
  15. ^ "Opinion | Destroying Clothes Is Fashion's Dirty Secret. And We're Complicit". HuffPost. 2018-09-29. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
  16. ^ "Carbon Dioxide". Free Dictionary.
  17. ^ World Bank Group. "How Much Do Our Wardrobes Cost to the Environment?". The World Bank. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  18. ^ "Macron hires Kering CEO to improve sustainability of luxury fashion". euronews. 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
  19. ^ "France clamps down on fashion brands that destroy unsold goods so that they won't be found in discount bins". nationalpost. Retrieved 2023-06-01.
  20. ^ Pucker, Kenneth P. (2022-01-13). "The Myth of Sustainable Fashion". Harvard Business Review. ISSN 0017-8012. Retrieved 2023-09-14.
  21. ^ Bertram, Rose Francoise; Chi, Ting (4 May 2018). "A study of companies' business responses to fashion e-commerce's environmental impact". International Journal of Fashion Design, Technology and Education. 11 (2): 254–264. doi:10.1080/17543266.2017.1406541. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  22. ^ Niinimäki, Kirsi; Peters, Greg; Dahlbo, Helena; Perry, Patsy; Rissanen, Timo; Gwilt, Alison (7 April 2020). "The environmental price of fast fashion". Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 1 (4): 189–200. doi:10.1038/s43017-020-0039-9. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  23. ^ a b "Preference for Polyester May Make Fast Fashion Brands Vulnerable - The Robin Report". The Robin Report. 2017-07-10. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  24. ^ "How is Polyester Made? - Craftech Industries - High-Performance Plastics - (518) 828-5001". Craftech Industries. 2015-08-26. Archived from the original on 2019-09-27. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  25. ^ "Hazardous Substance Research Center". June 2003. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  26. ^ "non-biodegradable adjective - Definition, pictures, pronunciation and usage notes | Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary at OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com". www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  27. ^ Paddison, Laura (2016-09-27). "Single clothes wash may release 700,000 microplastic fibres, study finds". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  28. ^ De Falco, Francesca (29 April 2019). "The contribution of washing processes of synthetic clothes to microplastic pollution". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 6633. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.6633D. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-43023-x. PMC 6488573. PMID 31036862.
  29. ^ a b c d "Cotton | Industries | WWF". World Wildlife Fund. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  30. ^ a b c d Mukherjee, S. (2015). "Environmental and Social Impact of Fashion: Towards an Eco-Friendly, Ethical Fashion". S2CID 169479232. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  31. ^ "Chemical cotton | Rodale Institute". rodaleinstitute.org. 4 February 2014. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  32. ^ Grossi, Giampiero; Goglio, Pietro; Vitali, Andrea; Williams, Adrian G. (2019-01-03). "Livestock and climate change: impact of livestock on climate and mitigation strategies". Animal Frontiers. 9 (1): 69–76. doi:10.1093/af/vfy034. ISSN 2160-6056. PMC 7015462. PMID 32071797.
  33. ^ "Results | Global Livestock Environmental Assessment Model (GLEAM) | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
  34. ^ a b c d e f g Barber, Andrew; Pellow, Glenys. "LCA: New Zealand merino wool: total energy use" (PDF).
  35. ^ a b Freitas, Alexandra; Zhang, Guoping; Matthews, Ruth (March 2017). "Water Footprint Assessment of polyester and viscose and comparison to cotton" (PDF). Water Footprint Assessment. Retrieved 10 October 2022.
  36. ^ Koerner, Brendan (2008-01-29). "If I want to help the environment, should I buy wool or cotton?". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2022-10-11.
  37. ^ Scott, Mike. "Out Of Fashion - The Hidden Cost Of Clothing Is A Water Pollution Crisis". Forbes. Retrieved 2021-12-12.
  38. ^ a b "A New Textiles Economy: Redesigning fashion's future". ellenmacarthurfoundation.org. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
  39. ^ Arduss, M. (April 1, 2021). "COVID-19 pandemic repercussions on plastic and antiviral polymeric textile causing pollution on beaches and coasts of South America". Science of the Total Environment. 763 (2021): 144365. Bibcode:2021ScTEn.763n4365A. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144365. PMC 7726578. PMID 33360513.
  40. ^ Vassilenko, Katerina (2019). "Me, my clothes and the ocean: The role of textiles in microfiber pollution" (PDF). Ocean Wise Conservation Association.
  41. ^ a b Schöpel, Bettina; Stamminger, Rainer (15 March 2019). "A Comprehensive Literature Study on Microfibres from Washing Machines". Tenside Surfactants Detergents. 56 (2): 94–104. doi:10.3139/113.110610. S2CID 108248146.
  42. ^ Katerina, Vassilenko (2019). "Me, my clothes and the ocean: The role of textiles in microfiber pollution" (PDF). Ocean Wise Conservation Association.
  43. ^ a b Mishra, Sunanda; Rath, Chandi charan; Das, Alok Prasad (March 2019). "Marine microfiber pollution: A review on present status and future challenges". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 140: 188–197. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.01.039. PMID 30803634. S2CID 73491218.
  44. ^ "Causes, Effects and Process of Biomagnification | Earth Eclipse". Earth Eclipse. 2016-07-02. Retrieved 2018-05-08.
  45. ^ Balasaraswathi, S. Raja; Rathinamoorthy, R. (2022). "Synthetic Textile and Microplastic Pollution: An Analysis on Environmental and Health Impact". In Muthu, Subramanian Senthilkannan (ed.). Sustainable Approaches in Textiles and Fashion: Circular Economy and Microplastic Pollution. Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry. Singapore: Springer. pp. 1–20. doi:10.1007/978-981-19-0530-8_1. ISBN 978-981-19-0530-8.
  46. ^ Watts, Andrew J. R.; Urbina, Mauricio A.; Corr, Shauna; Lewis, Ceri; Galloway, Tamara S. (15 December 2015). "Ingestion of Plastic Microfibers by the Crab Carcinus maenas and Its Effect on Food Consumption and Energy Balance". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (24): 14597–14604. Bibcode:2015EnST...4914597W. doi:10.1021/acs.est.5b04026. PMID 26529464.
  47. ^ Ecological Footprint of Cotton Hemp and Polyester
  48. ^ Henry, Beverley; Laitala, Kirsi; Klepp, Ingun Grimstad (February 2019). "Microfibres from apparel and home textiles: Prospects for including microplastics in environmental sustainability assessment". Science of the Total Environment. 652: 483–494. Bibcode:2019ScTEn.652..483H. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.166. PMID 30368178. S2CID 53114879.
  49. ^ Glibert, Patricia; Seitzinger, Sybil; Heil, Cynthia; Burkholder, JoAnn; Parrow, Matthew; Codispoti, Louis; Kelly, Vince (1 June 2005). "The Role of Eutrophication in the Global Proliferation of Harmful Algal Blooms". Oceanography. 18 (2): 198–209. doi:10.5670/oceanog.2005.54.
  50. ^ a b c Bailey, Kerrice; Basu, Aman; Sharma, Sapna (January 2022). "The Environmental Impacts of Fast Fashion on Water Quality: A Systematic Review". Water. 14 (7): 1073. doi:10.3390/w14071073. ISSN 2073-4441.
  51. ^ "Pulse of the Industry — GLOBAL FASHION AGENDA". Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  52. ^ "Fashion's tiny hidden secret". UNEP. 2019-03-13. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  53. ^ Br, Sustainable; read, s Published 7 years ago About a 0 minute (2015-03-16). "Levi's Has Saved 1B Liters of Water Through Its Water". Sustainable Brands. Retrieved 2022-05-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  54. ^ a b c Kozlowski, Anika; Bardecki, Michal; Searcy, Cory (2012). "Environmental Impacts in the Fashion Industry: A Life-cycle and Stakeholder Framework". The Journal of Corporate Citizenship (45): 17–36. ISSN 1470-5001.
  55. ^ Caniato, Federico; Caridi, Maria; Crippa, Luca; Moretto, Antonella (February 2012). "Environmental sustainability in fashion supply chains: An exploratory case based research". International Journal of Production Economics. 135 (2): 659–670. doi:10.1016/j.ijpe.2011.06.001. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  56. ^ "Putting the brakes on fast fashion". UNEP. 12 November 2018. Retrieved 22 October 2023.
  57. ^ Zamani, Bahareh; Sandin, Gustav; Peters, Greg M. (20 September 2017). "Life cycle assessment of clothing libraries: can collaborative consumption reduce the environmental impact of fast fashion?". Journal of Cleaner Production. 162: 1368–1375. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.06.128. Retrieved 17 October 2023.

Further reading

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Catbear7776/Environmental_impact_of_fashion&oldid=1182242817"