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Valletta
Il-Belt Valletta
Città Umilissima
Humilissima Civitas Valletta
City and Local council
Belt Valletta
From top: Skyline, Saluting Battery, Lower Barrakka Gardens, St. John's Co-Cathedral and the city walls
From top: Skyline, Saluting Battery, Lower Barrakka Gardens, St. John's Co-Cathedral and the city walls
Flag of Valletta
Flag
Coat of arms of Valletta
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
Il-Belt
Coordinates: 35°53′4″N 14°30′25″E / 35.88444°N 14.50694°E / 35.88444; 14.50694[1]
Country Malta
RegionSouth Eastern Region
DistrictSouthern Harbour District
Established28 March 1566
Capital city18 March 1571
Founded byJean de Valette
BordersFloriana
Government
 • MayorAlexiei Dingli (PN)
Area
 • City and Local council
0.8 km2 (0.3 sq mi)
Elevation
56 m (184 ft)
Population
 (March 2014)
 • City and Local council
6,444
 • Density8,100/km2 (21,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
355,000[3]
 • Metro
393,938[2]
Demonym(s)Belti (m), Beltija (f), Beltin (pl)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
VLT
Dialing code356
ISO 3166 codeMT-60
Patron saintsSt. Dominic
Our Lady of Mount Carmel
St. Paul
St. Augustine
Day of festa3 August
10 February
WebsiteOfficial website
CriteriaCultural: i, vi
Reference131
Inscription1980 (4th Session)
Area55.5 ha

Valletta (/vəˈlɛtə/, Maltese pronunciation: [ˈvɐlɛ.tɐ]) is the capital city of Malta. Located in the south east of the island, between Marsamxett Harbour to the west and the Grand Harbour to the east, its population in 2014 was 6,444,[4] while the metropolitan area around it has a population of 393,938.[2] Valletta is the southernmost capital of Europe.

Valletta's 16th century buildings were constructed by the Knights Hospitaller. The city is Baroque in character, with elements of Mannerist, Neo-Classical and Modern architecture, though the Second World War left major scars on the city, particularly the destruction of the Royal Opera House. The city was officially recognised as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.[5]

The city's fortifications, consisting of bastions, curtains and cavaliers, along with the beauty of its Baroque palaces, gardens and churches, led the ruling houses of Europe to give the city its nickname Superbissima— Italian for Most Proud.

History

[edit]
See also: Mount Sciberras and Sciberras Peninsula

The peninsula was previously called Xaghret Mewwija (Mu' awiya - Meuia; named during the Arab period[6])[7][8] or Ħal Newwija.[9] Mewwija refers to a sheltered place.[10] The extreme end of the peninsula was known as Xebb ir-Ras (Sheb point), of which name origins from the lighthouse on site.[11][12] A family which surely owned land became known as Sceberras, now a Maltese surname as Sciberras.[13] At one point the entire peninsula became known as Sceberras.[12] (See also)

Historical affiliations

Sovereign Military Order of Malta Order of Saint John 1566–1798
France French Republic 1798–1800
United Kingdom Protectorate of Malta 1800–1813
Malta Crown Colony of Malta 1813–1964
Malta State of Malta 1964–1974
Malta Republic of Malta 1974–present

Order of Saint John

[edit]
Former mural at Is-Suq tal-Belt showing the city's construction

The building of a city on the Sciberras Peninsula had been proposed by the Order of Saint John as early as 1524.[14] The knightly order had lost their remaining holdings in the Eastern Mediterranean on the island of Rhodes, where they had been based for the last 200 years since the fall of Jerusalem and Acre.[15]

A siege from the Turkish Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent in 1522 forced the Order to make an armistice where they agreed to leave the island unmolested.[16] Malta was then owned by the [Charles V]. Charles donated the island to the knights as a new headquarters, where they could continue their goal of harassing Barbary pirates.[17]

Back then, the only fortified building on the peninsula was a small watchtower[18] dedicated to Erasmus of Formia (Saint Elmo), which had been built in 1488. But Charles V had sent an Italian engineer, Antonio Ferramolino, to supervise the transformation of a mostly barren island into a military fortress.[19]

In 1552, the watchtower was demolished and the larger Fort Saint Elmo was built in its place.[20] It was connected by a drawbridge to the small port town of Birgu, which became the new capital of Malta after the earlier town of Mdina.[21]

In the Great Siege of 1565, Fort Saint Elmo fell to the Ottomans, but the Order eventually won the siege with the help of Sicilian reinforcements. The victorious Grand Master, Jean de Valette, immediately set out to build a new fortified city on the Sciberras Peninsula to fortify the Order's position in Malta and bind the Knights to the island. The city took his name and was called La Valletta.[22]

The Grand Master asked the European kings and princes for help, and he received a lot of assistance, due to the increased fame of the Order after their victory in the Great Siege. Pope Pius V sent his military architect, Francesco Laparelli, to design the new city, while Philip II of Spain sent substantial monetary aid. The foundation stone of the city was laid by Grand Master de Valette on 28 March 1566. He placed the first stone in what later became Our Lady of Victories Church.[23]

In his book Dell’Istoria della Sacra Religione et Illustrissima Militia di San Giovanni Gierosolimitano (English: The History of the Sacred Religion and Illustrious Militia of St John of Jerusalem), written between 1594 and 1602, Giacomo Bosio writes that when the cornerstone of Valletta was placed, a group of Maltese elders said: "Iegi zimen en fel wardia col sceber raba iesue uquie" (Which in modern Maltese reads, "Jiġi żmien li fil-Wardija [l-Għolja Sciberras] kull xiber raba’ jiswa uqija", and in English, "There will come a time when every piece of land on Sciberras Hill will be worth its weight in gold").[24]

De Valette died from a stroke on 21 August 1568 at age 74 and never saw the completion of his city. Originally interred in the church of Our Lady of the Victories, his remains now rest in St. John's Co-Cathedral among the tombs of other Grand Masters of the Knights of Malta.[23]

Aerial view showing the exterior and interior outlines of Valletta

Francesco Laparelli was the city's principal designer and his plan departed from medieval Maltese architecture, which exhibited irregular winding streets and alleys. He designed the new city on a rectangular grid plan, and without any collacchio (an area restricted for important buildings). The streets were designed to be wide and straight, beginning centrally from the City Gate and ending at Fort Saint Elmo (which was rebuilt) overlooking the Mediterranean; certain bastions were built 47 metres (154 ft) tall. His assistant was the Maltese architect Girolamo Cassar, later oversaw the construction of the city himself after Laparelli's death in 1570.[23]

The Ufficio delle Case regulated the building of the city as a planning authority.[25]

The city of Valletta was mostly complete by the early 1570s, and it became the capital on 18 March 1571 when Grand Master Pierre de Monte moved from his seat at Fort St Angelo in Birgu to the Grandmaster's Palace in Valletta. Seven Auberges were built for the Order's Langues, and these were complete by the 1580s.[26][27] An eighth Auberge, Auberge de Bavière, was later added in the 18th century.[28]

In Antoine de Paule's reign, it was decided to build more fortifications to protect Valletta, and these were named the Floriana Lines after the architect who designed them, Pietro Paolo Floriani of Macerata.[29] During António Manoel de Vilhena's reign, a town began to form between the walls of Valletta and the Floriana Lines, and this evolved from a suburb of Valletta to Floriana, a town in its own right.[30]

In 1634, a gunpowder factory explosion killed 22 people in Valletta.[31] In 1749, Muslim slaves plotted to kill Grandmaster Pinto and take over Valletta, but the revolt was suppressed before it even started due to their plans leaking out to the Order.[32] Later on in his reign, Pinto embellished the city with Baroque architecture, and many important buildings such as Auberge de Castille were remodeled or completely rebuilt in the new architectural style.[33]

In 1775, during the reign of Ximenes, an unsuccessful revolt known as the Rising of the Priests occurred in which Fort Saint Elmo and Saint James Cavalier were captured by rebels, but the revolt was eventually suppressed.[34]

French occupation and British rule

[edit]
Bomb damage in Valletta during the Second World War

In 1798, the Order left the islands and the French occupation of Malta began.[35] This was accomplished when [Napoleon] on his way to Egypt, decided Malta was too strategic a location not to take. Issuing a call to surrender and for his fleet to be allowed to port, he was told only four ship could enter. Sending troops onto shore, he was able to easily secure the understaffed garrisons and its disheartened soldiers after 24 hours when much of the native Maltese chose to support France.[36] After the siege, all the wealth of the Order was taken except three relics; the hand of John the Baptist, a piece of the True Cross and an icon from Rhodes. The majority of spoils were placed on the ship L'Orient, which was later sunk to the sea.[37]

After the Maltese rebelled, French troops continued to occupy Valletta and the surrounding harbour area, until they capitulated to the British in September 1800. In the early 19th century, the British Civil Commissioner, Henry Pigot, agreed to demolish the majority of the city's fortifications.[38] The demolition was again proposed in the 1870s and 1880s, but it was never carried out and the fortifications have survived largely intact.[14]

Eventually building projects in Valletta resumed under British rule. These projects included widening gates, demolishing and rebuilding structures, widening newer houses over the years, and installing civic projects. The Malta Railway, which linked Valletta to Mdina, was officially opened in 1883.[39] It was closed down in 1931 after buses became a popular means of transport.

In 1939, Valletta was abandoned as the headquarters of the Royal Navy Mediterranean Fleet due to its proximity to Italy and the city became a flashpoint during the subsequent two-year long Siege of Malta.[40] German and Italian air raids throughout the Second World War caused much destruction in Valletta and the rest of the harbour area. The Royal Opera House, constructed at the city entrance in the 19th century, was one of the buildings lost to the raids.[20]

Contemporary

[edit]
Old town

In 1980, the 24th Chess Olympiad took place in Valletta.[41]

The entire city of Valletta has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1980, along with Megalithic Temples of Malta and the Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni.[5][42] On 11 November 2015 Valletta hosted the Valletta Summit on Migration in which European and African leaders discussed the European migrant crisis.[43] After that, on 27 November 2015 the city also hosted part of the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2015.[44]

Valletta today stands as good example of a modern resort city, where much of the economy is supported by cultural tourism. The growth of this industry has moved from the most recent past of mainly British travelers, to a more international one.[45] This focus on tourism however has affected the cost and livability of the city, which ironically, makes less ideal to many tourists. An attempt is being made to try and promote non-historical sights of the city and try to draw people to the nightlife, arts and interest of the locals for fear that the city is suffering from ‘museumification’. There is also the question if improvements to areas that were destroyed in World War II should focus just on its knightly past, but on its other cultural roots.[46] A newer and growing population of non-Europeans in Malta is also changing this focus of what constitutes the cultural core and interests of its population, as shown by an events like "Malta through Chinese Eyes", which seeks to show the influence of the 900 Chinese who live on the island.[47] These reasons are why Valletta has been selected as the European Capital of Culture for 2018.[48]

Government

[edit]

Local government

[edit]
Palazzo Lascaris, the former local council building

The Valletta Local Council was established by the Local Councils Act of 1993, along with the other local councils of Malta.[49] The first election was held on 20 November 1993. Other elections were held in 1996, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2013,[50] and the next elections are set to be held in 2017.[51]

The following people have served as Mayors of Valletta:[52]

  • Hector Bruno (1993–1999)
  • Paul Borg Olivier (1999–2008)
  • Alexei Dingli (2008–present)

The present local council was elected in 2013 and is made up of the following members:[53]

  • Alexei Dingli (mayor)
  • Christian Micallef (deputy mayor)
  • Norman Shaw
  • Raymond Azzopardi
  • Raymond Attard
  • Vincent Fabri
  • Vincent Farrugia
  • Gabriella Agius (executive secretary)

The local council is currently housed in a building in South Street. Since the city has been selected as the European Capital of Culture, the council began to look for new premises at a more central location. Various proposals were made, including the Main Guard, the Grandmaster's Palace, Fort Saint Elmo and the former HSBC offices, but nothing has been decided as of 2015.[54]

National government

[edit]
Parliament House

Valletta is the capital city of Malta,[55] and is the country's administrative and commercial hub.[56] The Parliament of Malta is housed at the Parliament House near the city's entrance since 2015, and it was previously housed at the Grandmaster's Palace in the city centre.[57] The latter palace still houses the Office of the President of Malta,[58] while Auberge de Castille houses the Office of the Prime Minister of Malta. The courthouse and many government departments are also located in Valletta.[59]

Geography

[edit]
Satellite view of Valletta

The Valletta peninsula has two natural harbours, Marsamxett and the Grand Harbour.[42] The Grand Harbour is Malta's major port, with unloading quays at nearby Marsa. A cruise-liner terminal is located along the old seawall of the Valletta Waterfront that Portuguese Grandmaster Manuel Pinto da Fonseca built.[60]

Climate

[edit]

Valletta features a Mediterranean climate with warm, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Valletta experiences a lack of precipitation during the summer months and most of the precipitation happens during the winter months. Winter temperatures are moderated by the city’s proximity to the sea. As a result, Valletta has mild winters. The official climate recording station in Malta is at Luqa Airport, which is a few miles inland from Valletta. Average high temperatures range from around 15 °C (59 °F) in January to about 31 °C (88 °F) in August, while average low temperatures range from around 9 °C (48 °F) in January to 22 °C (72 °F) in August. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Hot-summer Mediterranean climate" Csa (Mediterranean Climate).

Climate data for Valletta, Malta 1960-1990 (Records 1947-2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.2
(72.0) 		26.7
(80.1) 		33.5
(92.3) 		30.7
(87.3) 		35.3
(95.5) 		40.1
(104.2) 		42.7
(108.9) 		43.8
(110.8) 		37.4
(99.3) 		34.5
(94.1) 		28.2
(82.8) 		24.3
(75.7) 		43.8
(110.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4) 		15.5
(59.9) 		16.7
(62.1) 		19.1
(66.4) 		23.3
(73.9) 		27.5
(81.5) 		30.7
(87.3) 		30.7
(87.3) 		28.0
(82.4) 		24.2
(75.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		16.7
(62.1) 		22.3
(72.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.2
(54.0) 		12.4
(54.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.5
(59.9) 		19.1
(66.4) 		23.0
(73.4) 		25.9
(78.6) 		26.3
(79.3) 		24.1
(75.4) 		20.7
(69.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		13.8
(56.8) 		18.6
(65.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		9.3
(48.7) 		10.1
(50.2) 		11.9
(53.4) 		14.9
(58.8) 		18.4
(65.1) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.8
(71.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		13.9
(57.0) 		11.0
(51.8) 		14.9
(58.8)
Record low °C (°F) 1.4
(34.5) 		1.7
(35.1) 		2.2
(36.0) 		4.4
(39.9) 		8.0
(46.4) 		12.6
(54.7) 		15.5
(59.9) 		15.9
(60.6) 		13.2
(55.8) 		8.0
(46.4) 		5.0
(41.0) 		3.6
(38.5) 		1.4
(34.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 89.0
(3.50) 		61.0
(2.40) 		41.0
(1.61) 		23.0
(0.91) 		7.0
(0.28) 		3.0
(0.12) 		0.0
(0.0) 		7.0
(0.28) 		40.0
(1.57) 		90.0
(3.54) 		80.0
(3.15) 		112.0
(4.41) 		553
(21.77)
Average relative humidity (%) 79 79 79 77 74 71 69 73 77 78 77 79 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 169.0 178.0 227.0 253.0 309.0 336.0 376.0 352.0 270.0 223.0 195.0 161.0 3,049
Source 1: ClimateData.EU[61]
Source 2: NSO Malta[62]

Cityscape

[edit]
Turner's depiction of the Grand Harbour, National Museum of Fine Arts
Lower Barrakka Gardens and its monuments of remembrance

The architecture of Valletta's streets and piazzas ranges from mid-16th century Baroque to Modernism. The city is the island's principal cultural centre and has a unique collection of churches, palaces and museums and act as one of the city's main visitor attractions. When Benjamin Disraeli, future British Prime Minister, visited the city in 1830, he described it as "a city of palaces built by gentlemen for gentlemen," and remarked that "Valletta equals in its noble architecture, if it does not excel, any capital in Europe," and in other letters called it "comparable to Venice and Cádiz" and "full of palaces worthy of Palladio."[63][64]

Buildings of historic importance include St John's Co-Cathedral, formerly the Conventual Church of the Knights of Malta. It has the only signed work and largest painting by Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio.[65] The Auberge de Castille et Leon, formerly the official seat of the Knights of Malta of the Langue of Castille, Léon and Portugal, is now the office of the Prime Minister of Malta.[59] The Grandmaster's Palace, built between 1571 and 1574 and formerly the seat of the Grand Master of the Knights of Malta, used to house the Maltese Parliament, now situated in a purpose-built structure at the entrance to the city, and now houses the offices of the President of Malta.[66]

The National Museum of Fine Arts is a Rococo palace dating back to the late 1570s, which served as the official residence of the Commander-in-Chief of the Mediterranean Fleet during the British era from the 1820s onwards. The Manoel Theatre (Maltese: Teatru Manoel) was constructed in just ten months in 1731, by order of Grand Master António Manoel de Vilhena, and is one of the oldest working theatres in Europe. The Mediterranean Conference Centre was formerly the Sacra Infermeria. Built in 1574, it was one of Europe's most renowned hospitals during the Renaissance. The fortifications of the port, built by the Knights as a magnificent series of bastions, demi-bastions, cavaliers and curtains, approximately 100 metres (330 ft) high, all contribute to the unique architectural quality of the city.

Neighbourhoods

[edit]

Valletta contains a number of unofficial neighbourhoods, including:[67]

  • Strada Rjali – the main thoroughfare, Triq ir-Repubblika
  • l-Arċipierku – an area close to the Sacra Infermeria. Its name possibly derives from archipelago since it contains a number of lanes which break up the area into many "islands" of houses, or from archi-borgo since the area is located just outside Fort Saint Elmo.[68]
  • il-Baviera – an area around the English Curtain, bounded by Old Bakery, Archbishop, Marsamxett and St. Sebastian Streets. It is named after Auberge de Bavière.[68]
  • il-Biċċerija – an area close to il-Baviera, named after the slaughterhouse which was formerly located there.[68]
  • il-Kamrata – an area close to the Sacra Infermeria. It is named after the Camerata, a spiritual retreat which was demolished in the 19th century and replaced by social housing.[68]
  • Deux Balles (Maltese: Duwi Balli) – an area close to il-Baviera. The name probably originates from the French occupation.[68]
  • il-Fossa – an area close to the Jews' Sally Port and Fort Saint Elmo. It is regarded as the worst maintained area of Valletta.[69]
  • Manderaggio (Maltese: il-Mandraġġ) – an area behind Manderaggio Curtain, bounded by St. Mark, St. Lucia, St. Patrick and Marsamxett Streets. This was meant to be a small harbour (mandracchio) but it was never completed, and a slum area developed instead. The slums were demolished in the 1950s and were rebuilt as housing estates.[68]

Education

[edit]

The Valletta Campus of the University of Malta is situated in the Old University Building. It serves as an extension of the Msida Campus, especially offering international masters programmes.[70]

A church school, "St. Albert the Great", is also situated in Valletta. The Headmaster is Alternattiva Demokratika politician Mario Mallia.[71][72]

Culture

[edit]
Early morning in 1967 on the notorious Straight Street known to generations of British Servicemen (especially to sailors on shore leave) as "The Gut". Bars and bordellos abounded, and brawls were common. But its popularity never waned.

Valletta has been designated European Capital of Culture for 2018.[73] The year was inaugurated with an event called Erba' Pjazez (Four Squares), with shows focused in 4 plazas in the city - Triton Square, St. George's Square, St. John's Square, and Castille Square - along with other shows in other points.[74] This was followed by the unveiling of a public art installation, Kif Jgħid il-Malti (Maltese Sayings), which featured a number of Maltese language proverb figured in gypsum, in order to engage linguistic heritage.[75][76]

Saint James Cavalier

[edit]

Saint James Cavalier, originally a raised gun platform, was converted into a Centre of Creativity in the year 2000 as part of Malta's Millennium Project. It now houses a small theatre, a cinema, music rooms and art galleries. Various exhibitions are regularly held there. Since it was opened it has welcomed over a million visitors.[77]

Music

[edit]

The Valletta International Baroque Festival is held every year in January. Jazz music in Malta was introduced in the Strait Street area, frequented by Allied sailors during both world wars. Malta's Jazz Festival took place here. Strait Street is also known as The Gut. This area is undergoing a programme of regeneration. The city's dual band clubs are the "King's Own Band Club" (Maltese: L-Għaqda Mużikali King's Own) and "La Valette National Philarmonic Society" (Maltese: Is-Soċjetà Filarmonika Nazzjonali La Valette).

Carnival

[edit]

Valletta is the scene of the Maltese Carnival, held in February leading up to Lent.[78]

Feasts

[edit]

International relations

[edit]

Twin towns and sister cities

[edit]

Transport

[edit]
Bus station at Valletta

Malta International Airport is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) from the city in the town of Luqa. Malta's public transport system, which uses buses, operates mostly on routes to or from Valletta, with their central terminus just outside the city gate. Traffic within the city itself is restricted, with some principal roads being completely pedestrian areas. In 2006, a park and ride system was implemented in order to increase the availability of parking spaces in the city. People can leave their vehicles in a nearby Floriana car park and transfer to a van for the rest of the trip.

In 2007, a congestion pricing scheme was implemented to reduce long-term parking and traffic while promoting business in the city.[79][80] An ANPR-based automated system takes photos of vehicles as they enter and exit the charging zone and vehicle owners are billed according to the duration of their stay.[79]

Valletta is served by a fleet of electric taxis which transport riders from 10 points in Valletta to any destination in the city.[81]

Notable people

[edit]
Main page: Category:People from Valletta

Sports

[edit]

Cultural references

[edit]
See also: Fort Saint Elmo § In popular culture

Further reading

[edit]
  • Bianco, Lino (2009). "Valletta: A city in history" (PDF). Melita Theologica. 60 (2). University of Malta: Department of Architecture and Urban Design - Faculty for the Built Environment: 1–20. ISSN 1012-9588. OCLC 1587122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2018.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Badger, George Percy (1869). Historical Guide to Malta and Gozo. Calleja. p. 152.
  2. ^ a b "Population by sex and age groups on 1 January". Eurostat. 15 April 2015. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  3. ^ "Study on Urban Functions, ESPON project 1.4.3" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine - European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion 2007, ISBN 2-9600467-2-2
  4. ^ "Estimated Population by Locality 31st March, 2014". Government of Malta. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2015.
  5. ^ a b "City of Valletta". UNESCO World Heritage List. Retrieved 18 July 2015.
  6. ^ "thinksite.eu" (PDF). Thinksite.eu.
  7. ^ Mewwija: L-Istorja tal-Belt … Milwija’ aka Dragut’s revenge
  8. ^ "The Secrets of underground Valletta - The Malta Independent". Independent.com.mt.
  9. ^ p. 21, footnote 163.
  10. ^ "p. 231" (PDF).
  11. ^ Manley, Deborah (10 February 2012). Malta: A Traveller's Anthology. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781908493590 – via Google Books.
  12. ^ a b Delbeke, M.; Schraven, M. (9 December 2011). Foundation, Dedication and Consecration in Early Modern Europe. BRILL. ISBN 978-9004217577 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ de Piro.
  14. ^ a b Attard, Sonia. "The Valletta Fortifications". aboutmalta.com. Retrieved 12 July 2015.
  15. ^ The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Hospitallers RELIGIOUS ORDER". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 25 October 2018. {{cite web}}: |last1= has generic name (help)
  16. ^ Black, C.F. (1993). Cultural Atlas of the Renaissance (1st ed.). Prentice Hall General Reference. p. 134. ISBN 0671865234.
  17. ^ Repicky, Cliff. "The Knights Hospitaller Defend Malta". General on File. Renaissance Magazine. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  18. ^ Leopardi, E. R. (1949). "The First Printed Description of Malta : Lyons 1536" (PDF). Scientia. 15 (2): 56, 58.
  19. ^ Spiteri, Stephen C. "). "Fort St Angelo during the Great Siege"". MilitaryArchitecture.com. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  20. ^ a b "History of Valletta". City of Valletta. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  21. ^ Stille, Alexander (1 March 1992). "Malta, Emerges From the Waves of Time". New York Times Magazine. Retrieved 25 October 2018.
  22. ^ Blouet, Brian W. (October 1964). "Town Planning in Malta, 1530-1798". Town Planning Review. 35 (3). Liverpool University Press: 183. doi:10.3828/tpr.35.3.383v818680j843v8.
  23. ^ a b c Gugliuzzo, Carmelina (9 December 2011). Building a Sense of Belonging. The Foundation of Valletta in Malta. pp. 209–224. doi:10.1163/9789004222083_010. ISBN 9789004222083. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
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