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The speaker of the United States House of Representatives is the presiding officer of the United States House of Representatives. The office was established in 1789 by Article I, Section 2 of the U.S. Constitution. The speaker is the political and parliamentary leader of the House, and is simultaneously the body's presiding officer, the de facto leader of the body's majority party, and the institution's administrative head.^[1] Speakers also perform various administrative and procedural functions, all in addition to representing their own congressional district. Given these several roles and responsibilities, the speaker usually does not personally preside over debates. That duty is instead delegated to members of the House from the majority party. Neither does the speaker regularly participate in floor debates. Additionally, the speaker is second in the presidential line of succession, after the vice president and ahead of the president pro tempore of the Senate.^[2]

The House elects a new speaker by roll call vote when it first convenes after a general election for its two-year term, or when a speaker dies, resigns or is removed from the position intra-term. A majority of votes cast (as opposed to a majority of the full membership of the House) is necessary to elect a speaker.^[1] If no candidate receives a majority vote, then the roll call is repeated until a speaker is elected.^[3] The Constitution does not require the speaker to be an incumbent member of the House, although every speaker thus far has been.^[4]

Altogether, 55 individuals, from 23 states, have served as speaker of the House. The office is currently held by Kevin McCarthy following the outcome of the 2023 speaker election conducted at the start of the 118th Congress.

List of speakers

The House has elected a speaker 128 times since 1789:^[3] at the start of each of the 118 congresses, plus on 10 occasions when a vacancy arose during a Congress via death or resignation. Of the 55 people who have served as speaker of the House over the past 235 years, 32 served multiple terms, and seven of them served nonconsecutive terms: Frederick Muhlenberg, Henry Clay, John W. Taylor, Thomas Brackett Reed, Joseph W. Martin Jr., Sam Rayburn, and Nancy Pelosi. Altogether, there have been 64 occasions on which a new speaker took office. Every speaker of the House has been a member of a political party or faction; the number affiliated with each is:

Democratic – 22;^[a] Republican – 17; Democratic-Republican – 6;^[b] Jacksonian – 3;^[a] Whig – 3; Federalist – 2; Pro-Administration – 2;^[c] National Republican – 1;^[b] American – 1; Anti-Administration – 1.^[c]

List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives
Congress	Term	Name		District^[d]
1st	April 1, 1789 – March 4, 1791	Frederick Muhlenberg	Pro-Administration	Pennsylvania at-large
2nd	October 24, 1791 – March 4, 1793	Jonathan Trumbull Jr.	Pro-Administration	Connecticut at-large
3rd	December 2, 1793^[e] – March 4, 1795	Frederick Muhlenberg	Anti-Administration	Pennsylvania at-large
4th	December 7, 1795 – March 4, 1797	Jonathan Dayton	Federalist	New Jersey at-large
5th	May 15, 1797 – March 4, 1799	Jonathan Dayton	Federalist	New Jersey at-large
6th	December 2, 1799^[e] – March 4, 1801	Theodore Sedgwick	Federalist	Massachusetts 1
7th	December 7, 1801 – March 4, 1803	Nathaniel Macon	Democratic- Republican	North Carolina 5
8th	October 17, 1803 – March 4, 1805			North Carolina 6
9th	December 2, 1805^[e] – March 4, 1807			North Carolina 6
10th	October 26, 1807 – March 4, 1809	Joseph Bradley Varnum	Democratic- Republican	Massachusetts 4
11th	May 22, 1809^[e] – March 4, 1811	Joseph Bradley Varnum	Democratic- Republican	Massachusetts 4
12th	November 4, 1811 – March 4, 1813	Henry Clay	Democratic- Republican	Kentucky 5
13th	May 24, 1813 – January 19, 1814^[f]	Henry Clay	Democratic- Republican	Kentucky 2
13th^[g]	January 19, 1814 – March 4, 1815	Langdon Cheves	Democratic- Republican	South Carolina 1
14th	December 4, 1815 – March 4, 1817	Henry Clay	Democratic- Republican	Kentucky 2
15th	December 1, 1817 – March 4, 1819
16th	December 6, 1819 – October 28, 1820^[f]
16th^[g]	November 15, 1820^[e] – March 4, 1821	John W. Taylor	Democratic- Republican	New York 11
17th	December 4, 1821^[e] – March 4, 1823	Philip P. Barbour	Democratic- Republican	Virginia 11
18th	December 1, 1823 – March 6, 1825^[f]	Henry Clay	Democratic- Republican	Kentucky 3
19th	December 5, 1825^[e] – March 4, 1827	John W. Taylor	National Republican (Pro-Adams)	New York 17
20th	December 3, 1827 – March 4, 1829	Andrew Stevenson	Jacksonian	Virginia 9
21st	December 7, 1829 – March 4, 1831
22nd	December 5, 1831 – March 4, 1833
23rd	December 2, 1833 – June 2, 1834^[f]			Virginia 11
23rd^[g]	June 2, 1834^[e] – March 4, 1835	John Bell	Jacksonian	Tennessee 7
24th	December 7, 1835 – March 4, 1837	James K. Polk	Jacksonian	Tennessee 9
25th	September 4, 1837 – March 4, 1839	James K. Polk	Democratic	Tennessee 9
26th	December 16, 1839^[e] – March 4, 1841	Robert M. T. Hunter	Whig	Virginia 9
27th	May 31, 1841 – March 4, 1843	John White	Whig	Kentucky 9
28th	December 4, 1843 – March 4, 1845	John Winston Jones	Democratic	Virginia 6
29th	December 1, 1845 – March 4, 1847	John Wesley Davis	Democratic	Indiana 6
30th	December 6, 1847^[e] – March 4, 1849	Robert Charles Winthrop	Whig	Massachusetts 1
31st	December 22, 1849^[e] – March 4, 1851	Howell Cobb	Democratic	Georgia 6
32nd	December 1, 1851 – March 4, 1853	Linn Boyd	Democratic	Kentucky 1
33rd	December 5, 1853 – March 4, 1855	Linn Boyd	Democratic	Kentucky 1
34th	February 2, 1856^[e] – March 4, 1857	Nathaniel P. Banks	American	Massachusetts 7
35th	December 7, 1857 – March 4, 1859	James Lawrence Orr	Democratic	South Carolina 5
36th	February 1, 1860^[e] – March 4, 1861	William Pennington	Republican	New Jersey 5
37th	July 4, 1861 – March 4, 1863	Galusha A. Grow	Republican	Pennsylvania 14
38th	December 7, 1863 – March 4, 1865	Schuyler Colfax	Republican	Indiana 9
39th	December 4, 1865 – March 4, 1867
40th	March 4, 1867 – March 3, 1869^[f]
40th^[g]	March 3–4, 1869	Theodore M. Pomeroy	Republican	New York 24
41st	March 4, 1869 – March 4, 1871	James G. Blaine	Republican	Maine 3
42nd	March 4, 1871 – March 4, 1873
43rd	March 4, 1873 – March 4, 1875
44th	December 6, 1875 – August 19, 1876^[h]	Michael C. Kerr	Democratic	Indiana 3
44th^[g]	December 4, 1876 – March 4, 1877	Samuel J. Randall	Democratic	Pennsylvania 3
45th	October 15, 1877 – March 4, 1879
46th	March 18, 1879 – March 4, 1881
47th	December 5, 1881 – March 4, 1883	J. Warren Keifer	Republican	Ohio 8
48th	December 3, 1883 – March 4, 1885	John G. Carlisle	Democratic	Kentucky 6
49th	December 7, 1885 – March 4, 1887
50th	December 5, 1887 – March 4, 1889
51st	December 2, 1889 – March 4, 1891	Thomas Brackett Reed	Republican	Maine 1
52nd	December 8, 1891 – March 4, 1893	Charles Frederick Crisp	Democratic	Georgia 3
53rd	August 7, 1893 – March 4, 1895	Charles Frederick Crisp	Democratic	Georgia 3
54th	December 2, 1895 – March 4, 1897	Thomas Brackett Reed	Republican	Maine 1
55th	March 15, 1897 – March 4, 1899	Thomas Brackett Reed	Republican	Maine 1
56th	December 4, 1899 – March 4, 1901	David B. Henderson	Republican	Iowa 3
57th	December 2, 1901 – March 4, 1903	David B. Henderson	Republican	Iowa 3
58th	November 9, 1903 – March 4, 1905	Joseph Gurney Cannon	Republican	Illinois 18
59th	December 4, 1905 – March 4, 1907
60th	December 2, 1907 – March 4, 1909
61st	March 15, 1909 – March 4, 1911
62nd	April 4, 1911 – March 4, 1913	Champ Clark	Democratic	Missouri 9
63rd	April 7, 1913 – March 4, 1915
64th	December 6, 1915 – March 4, 1917
65th	April 2, 1917 – March 4, 1919
66th	May 19, 1919 – March 4, 1921	Frederick H. Gillett	Republican	Massachusetts 2
67th	April 11, 1921 – March 4, 1923
68th	December 5, 1923^[e] – March 4, 1925
69th	December 7, 1925 – March 4, 1927	Nicholas Longworth	Republican	Ohio 1
70th	December 5, 1927 – March 4, 1929
71st	April 15, 1929 – March 4, 1931
72nd	December 7, 1931 – March 4, 1933	John Nance Garner	Democratic	Texas 15
73rd	March 9, 1933 – August 19, 1934^[h]	Henry Thomas Rainey	Democratic	Illinois 20
74th	January 3, 1935 – June 4, 1936^[h]	Jo Byrns	Democratic	Tennessee 5
74th^[g]	June 4, 1936 – January 3, 1937	William B. Bankhead	Democratic	Alabama 7
75th	January 5, 1937 – January 3, 1939
76th	January 3, 1939 – September 15, 1940^[h]
76th^[g]	September 16, 1940 – January 3, 1941	Sam Rayburn	Democratic	Texas 4
77th	January 3, 1941 – January 3, 1943
78th	January 6, 1943 – January 3, 1945
79th	January 3, 1945 – January 3, 1947
80th	January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1949	Joseph W. Martin Jr.	Republican	Massachusetts 14
81st	January 3, 1949 – January 3, 1951	Sam Rayburn	Democratic	Texas 4
82nd	January 3, 1951 – January 3, 1953	Sam Rayburn	Democratic	Texas 4
83rd	January 3, 1953 – January 3, 1955	Joseph W. Martin Jr.	Republican	Massachusetts 14
84th	January 3, 1955 – January 3, 1957	Sam Rayburn	Democratic	Texas 4
85th	January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1959
86th	January 7, 1959 – January 3, 1961
87th	January 3, 1961 – November 16, 1961^[h]
87th^[g]	January 10, 1962 – January 3, 1963	John W. McCormack	Democratic	Massachusetts 12
88th	January 9, 1963 – January 3, 1965			Massachusetts 9
89th	January 4, 1965 – January 3, 1967
90th	January 10, 1967 – January 3, 1969
91st	January 3, 1969 – January 3, 1971
92nd	January 21, 1971 – January 3, 1973	Carl Albert	Democratic	Oklahoma 3
93rd	January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975
94th	January 14, 1975 – January 3, 1977
95th	January 4, 1977 – January 3, 1979	Tip O'Neill	Democratic	Massachusetts 8
96th	January 15, 1979 – January 3, 1981
97th	January 5, 1981 – January 3, 1983
98th	January 3, 1983 – January 3, 1985
99th	January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1987
100th	January 6, 1987 – January 3, 1989	Jim Wright	Democratic	Texas 12
101st	January 3, 1989 – June 6, 1989^[f]	Jim Wright	Democratic	Texas 12
101st^[g]	June 6, 1989 – January 3, 1991	Tom Foley	Democratic	Washington 5
102nd	January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1993
103rd	January 5, 1993 – January 3, 1995
104th	January 4, 1995 – January 3, 1997	Newt Gingrich	Republican	Georgia 6
105th	January 7, 1997 – January 3, 1999^[f]	Newt Gingrich	Republican	Georgia 6
106th	January 6, 1999 – January 3, 2001	Dennis Hastert	Republican	Illinois 14
107th	January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2003
108th	January 7, 2003 – January 3, 2005
109th	January 3, 2005 – January 3, 2007
110th	January 4, 2007 – January 3, 2009	Nancy Pelosi	Democratic	California 8
111th	January 6, 2009 – January 3, 2011	Nancy Pelosi	Democratic	California 8
112th	January 5, 2011 – January 3, 2013	John Boehner	Republican	Ohio 8
113th	January 3, 2013 – January 3, 2015
114th	January 6, 2015 – October 29, 2015^[f]
114th^[g]	October 29, 2015 – January 3, 2017	Paul Ryan	Republican	Wisconsin 1
115th	January 3, 2017 – January 3, 2019	Paul Ryan	Republican	Wisconsin 1
116th	January 3, 2019 – January 3, 2021	Nancy Pelosi	Democratic	California 12
117th	January 3, 2021 – January 3, 2023	Nancy Pelosi	Democratic	California 12
118th	January 7, 2023^[e] – present	Kevin McCarthy	Republican	California 20
References:^[5]^[6]

Notes

^ ^a ^b During James K. Polk's tenure as speaker the Jacksonian bloc amalgamated into the modern Democratic Party.
^ ^a ^b John Taylor served as speaker twice in the 1820s; initially he was as a member of the Democratic–Republican Party, and later, when the party began to fracture, he sided with its pro–Adams faction.
^ ^a ^b Frederick Muhlenberg served as speaker twice in the 1790s, before political factions coalesced into formal parties; initially he identified with the pro–administration faction, but later he aligned himself with the anti–administration faction.
^ The district listed is the district the speaker represented at the time they were in office, which may be different in different Congresses due to redistricting.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Multi-ballot election.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Resigned from office and from Congress.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Intra-term special election.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Died in office.

References

^ ^a ^b Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the House". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
^ Relyea, Harold C. (August 5, 2005). "Continuity of Government: Current Federal Arrangements and the Future" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. 2–4. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
^ ^a ^b "Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots". history.house.gov. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved September 28, 2016.
^ Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard S. (January 4, 2019). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). RL30857. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
^ "List of Speakers of the House". Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 24, 2022.
^ Speakers of the House of Representatives, 1789-2021. Amenia, New York: Grey House Publishing. 2021. ISBN 978-1-64265-834-7.

This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Federal government of the United States.

"A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774–1875". memory.loc.gov. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.
"Congressional Record (Bound Edition)". govinfo.gov. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Publishing Office.
"List of Speakers of the House". Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives.

External links

Official website

[Jacksonians-5] During James K. Polk's tenure as speaker the Jacksonian bloc amalgamated into the modern Democratic Party.

[Taylor-6] John Taylor served as speaker twice in the 1820s; initially he was as a member of the Democratic–Republican Party, and later, when the party began to fracture, he sided with its pro–Adams faction.

[Muhlenberg-7] Frederick Muhlenberg served as speaker twice in the 1790s, before political factions coalesced into formal parties; initially he identified with the pro–administration faction, but later he aligned himself with the anti–administration faction.

[distnumb-8] The district listed is the district the speaker represented at the time they were in office, which may be different in different Congresses due to redistricting.

[multi-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Multi-ballot election.

[resigned-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Resigned from office and from Congress.

[intraterm-11] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Intra-term special election.

[died-12] Died in office.

[HG125-1] Forte, David F. "Essays on Article I: Speaker of the House". Heritage Guide to The Constitution. Heritage Foundation. Retrieved March 23, 2019.

[CRS2005continuity-2] Relyea, Harold C. (August 5, 2005). "Continuity of Government: Current Federal Arrangements and the Future" (PDF). CRS Report for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress. pp. 2–4. Retrieved March 23, 2019.

[HouseHAA-3] "Speaker Elections Decided by Multiple Ballots". history.house.gov. United States House of Representatives. Retrieved September 28, 2016.

[CRSRL30857-4] Heitshusen, Valerie; Beth, Richard S. (January 4, 2019). "Speakers of the House: Elections, 1913–2019" (PDF). RL30857. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service. Retrieved March 23, 2019.

[13] "List of Speakers of the House". Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, United States House of Representatives. Retrieved January 24, 2022.

[14] Speakers of the House of Representatives, 1789-2021. Amenia, New York: Grey House Publishing. 2021. ISBN 978-1-64265-834-7.

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User:Alex34342/sandbox

List of speakers

Notes

See also

References

Further reading

External links