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The Democratic Party of the United States is a big tent party composed of various factions. The liberal faction supports modern liberalism that began with the New Deal in the 1930s and continued with both the New Frontier and Great Society in the 1960s. The moderate faction supports Third Way politics that includes center-left social policies and centrist fiscal policies. The progressive faction supports progressivism.

21st century factions

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Liberals

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Main articles: Modern liberalism in the United States and Social liberalism
See also: Centre-left politics and Center for American Progress
The Kennedy brothers, 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy (right), Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy (left) and Senator Ted Kennedy (middle) in 1963
The Kennedy family dynasty was extremely influential to the development and popularity of the modern liberal movement in the US throughout the 1960s, particularly from President Kennedy's New Frontier initiatives and his brother Robert Kennedy's efforts on poverty, civil rights and corruption as Attorney General and later Senator. Both appealed to poor, African American, Hispanic and young voters.

Liberalism in the US began during the Progressive Era with President Theodore Roosevelt (a Republican) and his Square Deal and New Nationalism policies, with center-left ideas increasingly leaning toward the political philosophy of social liberalism, or better known in the United States as modern liberalism. Following Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal, John F. Kennedy's New Frontier and Lyndon B. Johnson's Great Society (the latter of which established Medicare and Medicaid) further established the popularity of liberalism in the nation. Johnson's presidency and domestic agenda marked the peak of modern liberalism in the second half of the 20th century.[citation needed]

While the resurgence of conservatism and the Third Way of Bill Clinton's New Democrats briefly weakened the influence of social liberalism, Barack Obama acted as an ideological bridge. While characterizing himself as a New Democrat, Obama toed the ideological line between the Third Way and modern liberalism.[1][2] The key legislative achievement of the Obama administration, the passage and enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), was generally supported among liberal Democrats.[3] Under Obama, Democrats achieved an expansion of LGBT rights, federal hate crime laws, rescinding the Mexico City Policy, later reinstituted by President Donald Trump, rescinding the ban on federal taxpayer dollars to fund research on embryonic stem cells, Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action and the Cuban thaw.[4]

In 2011, the Democratic Leadership Council, which supported centrist and Third Way positions, was dissolved. In 2016, Democratic presidential nominee Hillary Clinton eschewed her husband's "New Covenant" centrism and pursued more liberal proposals, such as rolling back mandatory minimum sentencing laws, a debt-free college tuition plan for public university students, and a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants.[5][6] Joe Biden has adopted social liberal policies during his presidency.[7]

Moderates

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Main articles: Third Way and New Democrats (United States)
See also: Centrism in the United States, New Democrat Coalition, Blue Dog Coalition, Third Way (United States), and Problem Solvers Caucus
42nd U.S. President Bill Clinton and Vice President Al Gore in 1993
The Clinton-Gore administration marked the height of the politically moderate Third Way movement (also known as Clintonism) within the Democratic Party during the 1990s.

Generally speaking, moderate Democrats are Democrats who are fiscally conservative and socially liberal.[8][9]

The success of social liberalism was weakened with the presidency of Ronald Reagan and the ensuing tide of conservative popularity in response to a perception of liberal failure.[10] In reaction to angst following Reagan's landslide victory over left-leaning Democrat Walter Mondale in the 1984 presidential election, the Third Way movement was formed.[11] It is associated with the presidency of Bill Clinton and the New Democrats.[12] During the 1992 United States presidential election, Clinton and running mate Al Gore ran as New Democrats who were willing to synthesize fiscally conservative views with the more culturally liberal position of the Democratic Party ethos, or to harmonize center-left and center-right politics. Clinton was both the first Democrat elected president since 1976 and the first re-elected to a second full term since 1948.

Most moderate Democrats in the House of Representatives are members of the New Democrat Coalition, although there is considerable overlap in the membership of New Democrats and Blue Dogs, with most Blue Dogs also being New Democrats.[13] The Blue Dog Coalition, commonly known as the Blue Dogs or Blue Dog Democrats, is a caucus of moderate members from the Democratic Party in the United States House of Representatives.[14][15][16] The Blue Dog Coalition was originally founded in 1995 as a group of conservative Democrats focused on fiscal responsibility. In the 2010s, the Blue Dogs became more demographically diverse and less conservative.[17] As of July 2023, 10 House members are part of the Blue Dog Coalition.[18]

Presidents Barack Obama and Joe Biden have largely tried to unify the wings of the Democratic Party while still addressing the goals of the liberal wing, and the Third Way is still a large coalition in the modern Democratic Party.[1][7]

Progressives

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Main articles: Progressivism in the United States and Left-wing politics in the United States
See also: Left-wing populism, Congressional Progressive Caucus, Justice Democrats, The Squad (United States Congress), and Democratic Socialists of America
32nd U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt advanced many progressive economic causes and is largely credited with inspiring modern progressivism in the U.S. with his New Deal policies.

The modern progressive movement in the U.S. draws deeply from the left-wing populist economic and political philosophies of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal and Woodrow Wilson's New Freedom.[19] Modern progressives are culturally liberal on social issues like race and identity, where they draw inspiration from the Civil and Voting Rights Acts proposed by President John F. Kennedy, enacted by President Lyndon B. Johnson and advocated for by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.[20]

While it does not transcend the political philosophy of social liberalism, the progressive wing has fused tenets of social liberalism with traditions of the Progressive Era as well as drawing more robustly from Keynesian economics, social populism, and social democracy.[21]

U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders speaking with supporters at a campaign rally at Arizona Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Phoenix, Arizona. Photo by Gage Skidmore.
Senator Bernie Sanders, while an Independent, caucuses with the Democratic Party and is often considered an influential figure in the modern progressive movement in the U.S.[22]

President Lyndon Johnson and Civil Rights activists such as Dr. King were influential to progressives as well, not only for their positions on race and identity but on economics as well (Johnson for the Great Society and King for his support of social democracy).[23] While there are differences between them, both historical progressivism and the modern movement share the belief that free markets lead to economic inequalities and, therefore, that the free market must be aggressively monitored and regulated with broad economic and social rights to protect the working class.[24]

The Congressional Progressive Caucus (CPC) is a caucus of progressive House Democrats in the Congress, along with one independent in the Senate.[25][better source needed]

In 2016, the Blue Collar Caucus, a pro-labor, anti-outsourcing caucus, was formed.[26][27][28][29]

As of August 2023, there are nine democratic socialists in the United States Congress, with seven being at some point affiliated with the Democratic Socialists of America.[30][31][32][33][34] (See List of socialist members of the United States Congress for list.)

Congressional caucuses

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Main article: Congressional caucus

The following table lists coalitions' electoral results for the House of Representatives:

Election year Blue Dog Coalition New Democrat Coalition Congressional Progressive Caucus
2006
50 / 435
63 / 435
2008
56 / 435
59 / 435
71 / 435
2010
26 / 435
42 / 435
77 / 435
2012
14 / 435
53 / 435
68 / 435
2014
14 / 435
46 / 435
68 / 435
2016
18 / 435
61 / 435
78 / 435
2018
26 / 435
103 / 435
96 / 435
2020
19 / 435
94 / 435
95 / 435
2022
8 / 435
94 / 435
101 / 435

Historical factions

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Historical factions of the Democratic Party include the founding Jacksonians; the Copperheads and War Democrats during the American Civil War; the Redeemers, Bourbon Democrats, and Silverites in the late-19th century; and the Southern Democrats and New Deal Democrats in the 20th century.

Early Democratic Party

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Jeffersonians, named after founding father Thomas Jefferson, was a political movement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. While it dominated the First Party System which predates the Democratic Party, many of its beliefs influenced the party throughout the 19th century. These beliefs were concentrated around the beliefs of republicanism and agrarianism. Other than Jefferson, early notable Jeffersonians included presidents James Madison and James Monroe of the Virginia dynasty.

7th U.S. President Andrew Jackson, namesake of the Jacksonian Democrats

Jacksonianism was the foundational ideology of the Democratic Party with the election of Andrew Jackson as president in 1828, and it was the predominant faction of the party until the 1840s. It represented the politics of Jackson, which were a modified form of Jeffersonianism. Jacksonians supported a small federal government and stronger state governments. They were also opponents of central banking, which represented an early factional division in the Democratic Party when Jacksonians competed against pro-bank Democrats.[35]: 19–20  Jacksonians supported the Southern United States on several issues, including slavery, arguing that it was permissible on the grounds of states' rights, and protective tariffs, opposing them on the grounds that they disproportionately benefited the North.[35]: 23–25  Other than Jackson, notable Jacksonian Democrats include presidents Martin Van Buren and James K. Polk.

The Young America movement was a political as well as a societal movement in the 1830s throughout the 1850s. While not an explicit political faction, it did impact many Democratic party ideals though its promotion of capitalism and manifest destiny and broke with the agrarian and strict constructionist orthodoxies of the past; it embraced commerce, technology, regulation, reform, and internationalism. Notable promoters included President Franklin Pierce and 1860 presidential nominee Stephen Douglas.

The Civil War and Reconstruction

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8th U.S. President and Vice President Martin Van Buren, an early Democrat who became presidential nominee of the short-lived Free Soil Party.

The Free Soil Party had many former members of the Democratic Party, most notably their 1848 presidential candidate former Democratic president Martin Van Buren. The party's main platform was opposition to the expansion of slavery into new territories acquired from the Mexican–American War.[36]

During the American Civil War, the Democratic Party split into several factions:[37]

  • The Fire-Eaters were Southern Democrats who promoted the idea of Southern secession prior to the American Civil War. They sought to preserve slavery throughout the United States.
  • Copperheads (or Peace Democrats) were a faction of Northern Democrats during the American Civil War which sought an immediate end to the war. Many copperheads sympathized with the Confederacy, with members accused by Republicans as treasonous. They promoted the ideas of agrarianism inspired from Jacksonian thought which appealed to many poor farmers in border states.
  • The War Democrats were a group of Democrats that opposed the Copperheads and supported President Abraham Lincoln's stance towards the South. The War Democrats allied with Republicans under the National Union ticket to compete in the 1864 elections.

Redeemers were Southern Democrats that, after the end of the Civil War, sought to return white supremacists to power in the South. They were opposed to the expansion of rights given to Black Americans and were associated with groups such as the White League, Red Shirts, and the Ku Klux Klan.[38]

Gilded, Progressive, and New Deal eras

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33rd U.S. President Harry S. Truman continued the New Deal era with his Fair Deal, and propelled civil rights issues in the Democratic Party with Executive Order 9981 in 1948.

Following the end of the Civil War, several factions emerged in the democratic party during the Third Party System, such as the Bourbon Democrats (1872–1912) and Silverites (1870s–1890s). During the Gilded Age, or from around 1877 to 1896, the only Democratic president to win both the Electoral College and popular vote was the Bourbon Democrat Grover Cleveland (1885–1889 and 1893–1897).

During the Fourth and Fifth Party Systems in the 20th century, new factions such as the Progressives (1890s–1910s) and the New Deal coalition (1930s–1970s) arose. From 1897 to 1932, the only Democratic president was Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921). Wilson imposed racial segregation in the federal government.[39]

It was only until after the Great Depression and World War II that the Democratic Party began to support civil rights, starting with President Harry Truman desegregating the United States Armed Forces in 1948.[40] Democratic president Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law.[41]

Late 20th century and early 21st century

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Throughout the 20th century, Southern factions within the Democratic Party emerged and held significant power around the issue of civil rights, segregation, and other issues. These included the conservative coalition (1930s–1960s), the Solid South (1870s–1960s), Dixiecrats (1940s), and the boll weevils (1980s). Until the 1994 "Republican Revolution", most Southern members of the House of Representatives were Democrats.[42]

The conservative coalition was an unofficial coalition in the United States Congress bringing together a conservative majority of the Republican Party and the conservative, mostly Southern wing of the Democratic Party. It was dominant in Congress from 1937 to 1963 and remained a political force until the mid-1980s, eventually dying out in the 1990s. In terms of congressional roll call votes, it primarily appeared on votes affecting labor unions. The conservative coalition did not operate on civil rights bills, for the two wings had opposing viewpoints.[43]

39th U.S. President Jimmy Carter, a Southern Democrat from the state of Georgia and the longest-lived president in U.S. history.

However, the conservative coalition did have the power to prevent unwanted bills from even coming to a vote. The coalition included many committee chairmen from the South who blocked bills by not reporting them from their committees. Furthermore, Howard W. Smith, Chairman of the House Rules Committee, often could kill a bill simply by not reporting it out with a favorable rule (he lost some of that power in 1961).[44]

The traditional conservative Democratic faction lost much of its influence in the 21st century as the South realigned towards the Republican Party.[45] Starting in the 2010s, however, a new set of moderate to conservative college-educated voters disillusioned with Trumpism began voting Democrat.[46][47]

See also

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Republican Party
Libertarian Party

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Yglesias, Matthew (July 26, 2016). "Bill Clinton is still a star, but today's Democrats are dramatically more liberal than his party". Vox. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  2. ^ Martin, Jonathan; Lee, Carole (March 10, 2009). "Obama: 'I am a New Democrat'". Politico. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  3. ^ Clement, Scott. "Moderate Democrats are quitting on Obamacare". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  4. ^ Ingraham, Christopher. "Obama says marijuana should be treated like 'cigarettes or alcohol'". The Washington Post. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  5. ^ Przybyla, Heidi. "Party of Clinton looks different than in 1992". USA Today.
  6. ^ Enten, Harry. "Hillary Clinton Was Liberal. Hillary Clinton Is Liberal". FiveThirtyEight.
  7. ^ a b Kapur, Sahil; Seitz-Wald, Alex (April 30, 2021). "Joe Biden is proving progressives wrong. And they're loving it". NBC News. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  8. ^ Lach, Eric (March 2, 2020). "On the Campaign Trail with Michael Bloomberg, Money Talks" – via www.newyorker.com.
  9. ^ Brenes, Michael (July 12, 2018). "Ocasio-Cortez shows the Democrats are moving left. But liberal centrists are still necessary". Vox.
  10. ^ Krugman, Paul (2007). The Conscience of a Liberal. New York: W. W. Norton.
  11. ^ From, Al (December 3, 2013). "Recruiting Bill Clinton". The Atlantic. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  12. ^ Hale, Jon F. (1995). "The Making of the New Democrats". Political Science Quarterly. 110 (2): 207–232. doi:10.2307/2152360. JSTOR 2152360.
  13. ^ Skelley, Geoffrey (December 20, 2018). "The House Will Have Just As Many Moderate Democrats As Progressives Next Year". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved 17 May 2020.
  14. ^ Davis, Susan. "U.S. House has fewer moderate Democrats". USA Today. Archived from the original on December 4, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
  15. ^ Ruth Bloch Rubin, ed. (2017). Building the Bloc: Intraparty Organization in the US Congress. Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9781316510421. In contrast to the halting mobilization of Insurgent Republicans and southern Democrats, the Blue Dogs' adoption of ... ideological bonafides, the Coalition worked to establish a Blue Dog brand and associate it with support for centrist policies.
  16. ^ "Lobbying from the center". The Hill. 26 January 2021.
  17. ^ Mendoza, Jessica (June 4, 2019). "Centrist Democrats are back. But these are not your father's Blue Dogs". Christian Science Monitor.
  18. ^ "Blue Dog PAC – bold leadership. commonsense solutions". bluedogdems.com. Retrieved 2023-02-03.
  19. ^ Wilentz, Sean (2018). "Fighting Words: No, "liberal" and "progressive" aren't synonyms. They have completely different histories—and the differences matter". Democracy Journal. Retrieved June 10, 2022.
  20. ^ Powell, Kevin (May 14, 2020). "The Power of Stacey Abrams". The Washington Post.
  21. ^ Vaughan, Sophie (February 25, 2020). "How Bernie Sanders is Reviving the Promise of FDR's Economic Bill of Rights". Progressive.org. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  22. ^ Gambino, Lauren (December 28, 2016). "Progressives see a leader in Bernie Sanders as they prepare to fight back". The Guardian.
  23. ^ King, Martin Luther Jr. (2015). West, Cornel (ed.). The Radical King. Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1282-6.
  24. ^ Zeitz, Joshua (1 June 2019). "Progressives Should Read Progressive History—So They Don't Blow It This Time". Politico. Retrieved 2022-06-02.
  25. ^ "Congressional Progressive Caucus : Caucus Members". cpc-grijalva.house.gov. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
  26. ^ Reps. Marc Veasey (D-Texas) and Brendan Boyle (D-Pa. ) (2017-10-11). "It's time to rebuild the American Dream". The Hill. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  27. ^ "Boyle and Veasey form "Blue Collar Caucus" in Congress". Congressman Brendan Boyle. 2016-12-01. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  28. ^ "Democrats start a new caucus to reach Trump voters". POLITICO. February 6, 2017. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  29. ^ Daugherty, Alex (2017-02-17). "Can Democrats win back the blue-collar voters that flipped to Trump?". Charlotte Observer. Archived from the original on 2018-04-18. Retrieved 2022-08-03.
  30. ^ Inskeep, Steve (November 6, 2015). "Bernie Sanders On Being Jewish And A Democratic Socialist". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on February 23, 2023.
  31. ^ Isserman, Maurice (November 8, 2018). "Socialists in the House: A 100-Year History from Victor Berger to Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez". Archived from the original on September 7, 2020.
  32. ^ Taylor, Astra (June 17, 2020). "A New Group of Leftist Primary Challengers Campaign Through Protests and the Coronavirus". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on November 14, 2020.
  33. ^ "If You Want to Call Me a Socialist Then Call Me a Socialist". Jacobin. October 24, 2019. Archived from the original on June 15, 2020.
  34. ^ "Democratic Socialist Summer Lee's Victory in Penn. Gives Progressives a Boost in House". Democracy Now!. November 9, 2022. Archived from the original on November 9, 2022.
  35. ^ a b Eyal, Yonatan (2007-08-20). The Young America Movement and the Transformation of the Democratic Party, 1828–1861. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-46669-1.
  36. ^ Woodward, Colin (September 29, 2011). American Nations: A History of the Eleven Rival Regional Cultures of North America. Penguin Books.
  37. ^ Richardson, Heather Cox (March 12, 2020). How the South Won the Civil War: Oligarchy, Democracy, and the Continuing Fight for the Soul of America. New York: Oxford University Press.
  38. ^ Lemann, Nicholas (2007). Redemption: The Last Battle of the Civil War. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
  39. ^ Little, Becky (July 14, 2020). "How Woodrow Wilson Tried to Reverse Black American Progress". History. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
  40. ^ Mickey, Robert (February 19, 2015). Paths Out of Dixie: The Democratization of Authoritarian Enclaves in America's Deep South, 1944–1972.
  41. ^ Dallek, Robert (2004). Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President. p. 169.
  42. ^ Maxwell, Angie; Shields, Todd (June 24, 2019). The Long Southern Strategy: How Chasing White Voters in the South Changed American Politics. Oxford University Press.
  43. ^ "Conservative coalition remains potent in Congress" (PDF). 1969 CQ Almanac. Washington: CQ Press. 1969. pp. 1052–1059. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 29, 2022. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
  44. ^ Bruce J. Dierenfield, Keeper of the Rules: Congressman Howard W. Smith of Virginia (1987)
  45. ^ "The long goodbye". The Economist. November 11, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
  46. ^ Manchester, Julia (15 May 2023). "GOP watches as Trump's problems with suburban women go on display". The Hill. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  47. ^ Arnsdorf, Isaac (18 October 2022). "How the 'Never Trump' movement became 'Never Trumpism'". Washington Post. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
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References

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In the 20th century, Republican factions included the Progressive Republicans, the Reagan coalition, and the liberal Rockefeller Republicans.

In the 21st century, Republican factions include conservatives (represented in Congress by the Republican Study Committee and the Freedom Caucus), moderates (represented in Congress by the Republican Governance Group and by the Republican members of the Problem Solvers Caucus), and libertarians (represented in Congress by the Republican Liberty Caucus). During and after the presidency of Donald Trump, Trumpist and anti-Trumpist factions arose within the Republican Party.

21st century factions

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Former President Donald Trump

During the presidency of Barack Obama, the Republican Party experienced internal conflict between its governing class (known as the Republican establishment) and the anti-establishment, small-government Tea Party movement.[1][2][3][4] In 2012, The New York Times identified six wings of the Republican Party: Main Street Voters, Tea Party Voters, Christian Conservatives, Libertarians, The Disaffected, and The Endangered Or Vanished.[5] In 2014, the Pew Research Center split Republican-leaning voters into three groups: Steadfast Conservatives, Business Conservatives, and Young Outsiders.[6] In 2019, during the presidency of Donald Trump, Perry Bacon Jr. of FiveThirtyEight.com asserted that there were five groups of Republicans: Trumpists, Pro-Trumpers, Trump-Skeptical Conservatives, Trump-Skeptical Moderates, and Anti-Trumpers.[7]

In February 2021, following Trump's 2020 loss to Democrat Joe Biden and the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Philip Bump of The Washington Post posited that the Republican Party in the U.S. House of Representatives consisted of three factions: the Trumpists (who voted against the second impeachment of Donald Trump in 2021, voted against stripping Marjorie Taylor Greene of her committee assignments, and supported efforts to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election), the accountability caucus (who supported either the Trump impeachment, the effort to discipline Greene, or both), and the pro-democracy Republicans (who opposed the Trump impeachment and the effort to discipline Greene but also opposed efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election results).[8] Also in February 2021, Carl Leubsdorf of the Dallas Morning News asserted that there were three groups of Republicans: Never Trumpers (including Bill Kristol, Sen. Mitt Romney, and governors Charlie Baker and Larry Hogan), Sometimes Trumpers (including Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell and former U.N. Ambassador Nikki Haley), and Always Trumpers (including Sens. Ted Cruz and Josh Hawley).[9]

In March 2021, one survey indicated that five factions of Republican voters had emerged following Trump's presidency: Never Trump, Post-Trump G.O.P. (voters who liked Trump but did not want him to run for president again), Trump Boosters (voters who approved of Trump, but identified more closely with the Republican Party than with Trump), Die-hard Trumpers, and Infowars G.O.P. (voters who subscribe to conspiracy theories).[10] In November 2021, Pew Research Center identified four Republican-aligned groups of Americans: Faith and Flag Conservatives, Committed Conservatives, the Populist Right, and the Ambivalent Right.[11]

As of 2023, congressional Republicans refer to the various House Republican factions as the Five Families.[12][13][14][15] Derived from The Godfather, the term refers to Mafia crime families.[13] The Five Families consist of "the right-wing House Freedom Caucus, the conservative Republican Study Committee, the business-minded Main Street Caucus, the mainstream Republican Governance Group", and the Republican members of the bipartisan Problem Solvers Caucus. The House Republican factions overlap with one another.[14]

Conservatives

[edit]
Main article: Conservatism in the United States
See also: Freedom Caucus, Republican Study Committee, Fiscal conservatism, and The Heritage Foundation
Senator Ted Cruz
Representative Chip Roy
Governor of Florida Ron DeSantis
Governor of Georgia Brian Kemp
Percent of self-identified conservatives by state in 2010:[16]
  49% and above
  45–48%
  41–44%
  37–40%
  33–36%
  32% and under

The conservative wing grew out of the 1950s and 1960s, with its initial leaders being Senator Robert A. Taft, Russell Kirk, and William F. Buckley Jr. Its central tenets include the promotion of individual liberty and free-market economics and opposition to labor unions, high taxes, and government regulation.[17]

In economic policy, conservatives call for a large reduction in government spending, less regulation of the economy, and privatization or changes to Social Security. Supporters of supply-side economics and neoliberalism predominate, but there are fiscal conservatives, deficit hawks and protectionists within the party as well. Before 1930, the Northeastern pro-manufacturing faction of the GOP was strongly committed to high tariffs, a political stance that returned to popularity in many conservative circles during the Trump presidency.[18][19] The conservative wing typically supports socially conservative positions, such as supporting gun rights and restrictions on abortion, though there is a wide range of views on such issues within the party.[20]

Conservatives generally oppose affirmative action, support increased military spending, and are opposed to gun control. On the issue of school vouchers, conservative Republicans split between supporters who believe that "big government education" is a failure and opponents who fear greater government control over private and church schools. Parts of the conservative wing have been criticized for being anti-environmentalist[21][22][23] and promoting climate change denial[24][25][26] in opposition to the general scientific consensus, making them unique even among other worldwide conservative parties.[26]

Long-term shifts in conservative thinking following the election of Trump have been described as a "new fusionism" of traditional conservative ideology and right-wing populist themes.[27] These have resulted in shifts towards greater support of national conservatism,[28] protectionism,[29] cultural conservatism, a more realist foreign policy, a repudiation of neoconservatism, reduced efforts to roll back entitlement programs, and a disdain for traditional checks and balances.[27]

Christian right

[edit]
Main article: Christian right
See also: Christian nationalism § United States, Social conservatism in the United States, United States anti-abortion movement, and 2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States
House Speaker Mike Johnson
Former Vice President Mike Pence
Senator Marsha Blackburn
Governor of Tennessee Bill Lee

The Christian right is a conservative Christian political faction characterized by strong support of socially conservative and Christian nationalist policies.[30][31][32] Christian conservatives seek to use the teachings of Christianity to influence law and public policy.[33]

In the United States, the Christian right is an informal coalition formed around a core of evangelical Protestants and conservative Roman Catholics, as well as a large number of Latter-day Saints (Mormons).[34][35][36][37] The movement has its roots in American politics going back as far as the 1940s and has been especially influential since the 1970s.[38] In the late 20th century, the Christian right became strongly connected to the Republican Party.[39] Republican politicians associated with the Christian right in the 21st century include Tennessee Senator Marsha Blackburn, former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, and former Senator Rick Santorum.[40] Many within the Christian right have also identified as social conservatives, which sociologist Harry F. Dahms has described as Christian doctrinal conservatives (anti-abortion, anti-LGBT rights) and gun-rights conservatives (pro-NRA) as the two domains of ideology within social conservatism.[41] Christian nationalists generally seek to declare the U.S. a Christian nation, enforce Christian values, and overturn the separation of church and state.[31][32]

Libertarians

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Main article: Libertarian Republican
See also: Libertarian conservatism, Right-libertarianism, Libertarianism in the United States, Republican Liberty Caucus, and Tea Party Movement
Senator Mike Lee
Senator Rand Paul
Representative Thomas Massie
Governor of New Hampshire Chris Sununu

Libertarians make up a relatively small faction of the Republican Party.[6][42] In the 1950s and 60s, fusionism—the combination of traditionalist and social conservatism with political and economic right-libertarianism—was essential to the movement's growth.[43] This philosophy is most closely associated with Frank Meyer.[44] Barry Goldwater also had a substantial impact on the conservative-libertarian movement of the 1960s.[45]

Libertarian conservatives in the 21st century favor cutting taxes and regulations, repealing the Affordable Care Act, and protecting gun rights.[5] On social issues, they favor privacy, oppose the USA Patriot Act, and oppose the War on Drugs.[5] On foreign policy, libertarian conservatives favor non-interventionism.[46][47] The Republican Liberty Caucus, which describes itself as "the oldest continuously operating organization in the Liberty Republican movement with state charters nationwide", was founded in 1991.[48] The House Liberty Caucus is a congressional caucus formed by former Representative Justin Amash, a former Republican of Michigan who is now a member of the Libertarian Party.[49]

Prominent libertarian conservatives within the Republican Party include New Hampshire Governor Chris Sununu,[50][51] Senators Mike Lee and Rand Paul, Representative Thomas Massie, former Representative and Governor of South Carolina Mark Sanford,[52] and former Representative Ron Paul[53] (who was a Republican prior to 1987 and again from 1996 to 2015, and a Libertarian from 1987 to 1996 and since 2015). Ron Paul ran for president once as a Libertarian and twice more recently as a Republican.

The libertarian conservative wing of the party had significant cross-over with the Tea Party movement.[54][55]

Neoconservatives

[edit]
Main article: Neoconservatism
See also: United States involvement in regime change, American imperialism, and Interventionism (politics)
Senator Tom Cotton
Senator Lindsey Graham
Former Secretary of State Mike Pompeo
Former National Security Advisor John Bolton

Neoconservatives promote an interventionist foreign policy to promote democracy or American interests abroad. Many neoconservatives were in earlier days identified as liberals or were affiliated with the Democrats. Neoconservatives have been credited with importing into the Republican Party a more active international policy. Neoconservatives are amenable to unilateral military action when they believe it serves a morally valid purpose (such as the spread of democracy).[56][57] Many of its adherents became politically famous during the Republican presidential administrations of the late 20th century, and neoconservatism peaked in influence during the administration of George W. Bush and Dick Cheney, when they played a major role in promoting and planning the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[58]

Prominent neoconservatives in the Bush-Cheney administration included John Bolton, Paul Wolfowitz, Elliott Abrams, Richard Perle, and Paul Bremer. During and after Donald Trump's presidency, neoconservatism has declined and non-interventionism and isolationism has grown among elected federal Republican officeholders.[59][60]

Republican members of the 118th Congress with neoconservative stances include Senators Tom Cotton[61] and Lindsey Graham.[62]

Moderates

[edit]
See also: Center-right politics, Republican Governance Group, Moderate conservatism, and Problem Solvers Caucus
Senator Susan Collins
Senator Lisa Murkowski
Reprensentative Brian Fitzpatrick
Governor of Vermont Phil Scott
Governor of Nevada Joe Lombardo
Governor of Utah Spencer Cox

Moderate Republicans tend to be conservative-to-moderate on fiscal issues and moderate-to-liberal on social issues, and usually represent swing states or blue states. Moderate Republican voters are typically highly educated, affluent, socially moderate or liberal and often Never Trump.[63] Ideologically, such Republicans resemble the conservative liberals of Europe.[64]

While they sometimes share the economic views of other Republicans (i.e. lower taxes, deregulation, and welfare reform), moderate Republicans differ in that some are for affirmative action,[65] LGBT rights and same-sex marriage, legal access to and even public funding for abortion, gun control laws, more environmental regulation and action on climate change, fewer restrictions on immigration and a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants, and embryonic stem cell research.[66][67] In the 21st century, some former Republican moderates have switched to the Democratic Party.[68][69][70]

Prominent 21st century moderate Republicans include Senators Lisa Murkowski of Alaska and Susan Collins of Maine[71][72][73][74] and several current or former governors of northeastern states, such as Charlie Baker of Massachusetts[75] and Phil Scott of Vermont.[76] Another moderate Republican is incumbent governor of Nevada Joe Lombardo, who was previously the Sheriff of Clark County.[77]

One of the most high-ranking moderate Republicans in recent history was Colin Powell as Secretary of State in the first term of the George W. Bush administration (Powell left the Republican Party in January 2021 following the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, and had endorsed every Democrat for president in the general election since 2008).[78]

The Republican Governance Group is a caucus of moderate Republicans within the House of Representatives.[13]

Trumpists

[edit]
Main article: Trumpism
See also: Right-wing populism, Radical right (United States), National conservatism, List of politicians associated with Trumpism, and MAGA Squad
Senator Josh Hawley
Senator Tommy Tubberville
Representative Elise Stefanik
Representative Marjorie Taylor Greene

Sometimes referred as the MAGA or "America first" movement,[79][80] it is the dominant faction in the Republican Party as of 2024.[81][82][83][84] Trumpism is a movement associated with the political base of former president Donald Trump,[85] and has been described as consisting of a range of right-wing ideologies including but not limited to right-wing populism,[86][87][88] national conservatism,[89] neo-nationalism,[90] and Trumpism.[91][85][92] They have been described by some as the American political variant of the far-right.[93][94][95]

Despite producing no manifesto,[96] the Trumpist faction supports cuts to spending.[97][98] In international relations, Trumpists support U.S. aid to Israel but not to Ukraine,[99][100] are generally supportive towards Russia,[101][102][103] and favor an isolationist "America First" foreign policy agenda.[104][105][106][107] They generally reject compromise within the party and with the Democrats,[108][109] and are willing to oust fellow Republican office holders they deem to be too moderate.[110][111] Compared to other Republicans, the Trumpist faction is more likely to be immigration restrictionists,[112] and to be against free trade,[113] neoconservatism,[114] and environmental protection laws.[115]

The Republican Party's populist and far-right movements emerged in occurrence with a global increase in populist movements in the 2010s and 2020s,[116] coupled with entrenchment and increased partisanship within the party since 2010, fueled by the rise of the Tea Party movement which has also been described as far-right.[117] The election of Trump in 2016 split the party into pro-Trump and anti-Trump factions.[118][119]

When conservative columnist George Will advised voters of all ideologies to vote for Democratic candidates in the Senate and House elections of November 2018,[120] political writer Dan McLaughlin at the National Review responded that doing so would make the Trumpist faction even more powerful within the Republican party.[121] Anticipating Trump's likely defeat in the U.S. presidential election held on November 3, 2020, Peter Feaver wrote in Foreign Policy magazine: "With victory having been so close, the Trumpist faction in the party will be empowered and in no mood to compromise or reform."[122] A poll conducted in February 2021 indicated that a plurality of Republicans (46% versus 27%) would leave the Republican Party to join a new party if Trump chose to create it.[123] Nick Beauchamp, assistant professor of political science at Northeastern University, says he sees the country as divided into four parties, with two factions representing each of the Democratic and Republican parties: "For the GOP, there's the Trump faction—which is the larger group—and the non-Trump faction".[124]

Lilliana Mason, associate professor of political science at Johns Hopkins University, states that Donald Trump solidified the trend among Southern white conservative Democrats since the 1960s of leaving the Democratic Party and joining the Republican Party: "Trump basically worked as a lightning rod to finalize that process of creating the Republican Party as a single entity for defending the high status of white, Christian, rural Americans. It's not a huge percentage of Americans that holds these beliefs, and it's not even the entire Republican Party; it's just about half of it. But the party itself is controlled by this intolerant, very strongly pro-Trump faction."[125]

Rachel Kleinfeld, senior fellow at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, describes it as an authoritarian, antidemocratic movement that has successfully weaponized cultural issues, and that cultivates a narrative placing white people, Christians, and men at the top of a status hierarchy as its response to the so-called "Great Replacement" theory, a claim that minorities, immigrants, and women, enabled by Democrats, Jews, and elites, are displacing white people, Christians, and men from their rightful positions in American society.[126]

In 2022, a faction emerged of Trump loyalists within the Freedom Caucus known as the 'MAGA Squad', including Paul Gosar, Marjorie Greene, Matt Gaetz, Madison Cawthorn, Louie Gohmert, Mary Miller, Mo Brooks, Andy Biggs, Scott Perry and Lauren Boebert. While "not a formal caucus", it was described as more radical than the mainstream Freedom Caucus,[127][128][129] and supportive of primary challenges against incumbent Republicans during the 2022 United States House of Representatives elections.[130][131]

In a speech he gave on November 2, 2022, at Washington's Union Station near the U.S. Capitol, President Biden asserted that "the pro-Trump faction" of the Republican Party is trying to undermine the U.S. electoral system and suppress voting rights.[132][133]

Anti-Trump faction

[edit]
Main article: Never Trump movement
Senator Mitt Romney
Senator Todd Young
Former Representative Liz Cheney
Former Representative Adam Kinzinger

A divide has formed in the party between those who remain loyal to Donald Trump and those who oppose him.[134] A recent survey concluded that the Republican Party was divided between pro-Trump (the "Trump Boosters," "Die-hard Trumpers," and "Infowars G.O.P." wings) and anti-Trump factions (the "Never Trump" and "Post-Trump G.O.P." wings).[10] Senator John McCain was an early leading critic of Trumpism within the Republican Party, refusing to support the then-Republican presidential nominee in the 2016 presidential election.[135]

Several critics of the Trump faction have faced various forms of retaliation. Representative Liz Cheney was removed from her position as Republican conference chair in the House of Representatives, which was widely perceived as retaliation for her criticism of Trump;[136] in 2022, she was defeated by a pro-Trump primary challenger.[137] Representative Adam Kinzinger decided to retire at the end of his term, while Murkowski faced a pro-Trump primary challenger in 2022 against Kelly Tshibaka whom she defeated.[138][139] A primary challenge to Romney had been suggested[140] by Jason Chaffetz, who has criticized his opponents within the Republican Party as "Trump haters".[141] Representative Anthony Gonzalez, one of 10 House Republicans who voted to impeach Trump over the Capitol riot, called him "a cancer" while announcing his retirement.[142] Former Governor of New Jersey Chris Christie, who was running against Trump in the 2024 Republican primaries, called him "a lonely, self-consumed, self-serving, mirror hog" in his presidential announcement.[143] Indiana senator Todd Young is one of few elected Republican senators that has pledged to not support Trump's 2024 campaign.[144]

Organizations associated with this faction include The Lincoln Project,[145] Republican Accountability Project[146] and Republicans for the Rule of Law.[147]

Political caucuses

[edit]
Election year Republican Study Committee Republican Governance Group Freedom Caucus
2020
157 / 213
45 / 213
45 / 213
2022
156 / 222
42 / 222
46 / 222

Historical factions

[edit]

Half-Breeds

[edit]
Main article: Half-Breeds (politics)
Further information: Mugwumps

The Half-Breeds were a reformist faction of the 1870s and 1880s. The name, which originated with rivals claiming they were only "half" Republicans, came to encompass a wide array of figures who did not all get along with each other. Generally speaking, politicians labeled Half-Breeds were moderates or progressives who opposed the machine politics of the Stalwarts and advanced civil service reforms.[150]

Progressive Republicans

[edit]
See also: Progressive Era
President Theodore Roosevelt

Historically, the Republican Party included a progressive wing that advocated using government to improve the problems of modern society. Theodore Roosevelt, an early leader of the progressive movement, advanced a "Square Deal" domestic program as president (1901–09) that was built on the goals of controlling corporations, protecting consumers, and conserving natural resources.[151] After splitting with his successor, William Howard Taft, in the aftermath of the Pinchot–Ballinger controversy,[152] Roosevelt sought to block Taft's re-election, first by challenging him for the 1912 Republican presidential nomination, and then when that failed, by entering the 1912 presidential contest as a third party candidate, running on the Progressive ticket. He succeeded in depriving Taft of a second term, but came in second behind Democrat Woodrow Wilson.

After Roosevelt's 1912 defeat, the progressive wing of the party went into decline. Progressive Republicans in the U.S. House of Representatives held a "last stand" protest in December 1923, at the start of the 68th Congress, when they refused to support the Republican Conference nominee for Speaker of the House, Frederick H. Gillett, voting instead for two other candidates. After eight ballots spanning two days, they agreed to support Gillett in exchange for a seat on the House Rules Committee and pledges that subsequent rules changes would be considered. On the ninth ballot, Gillett received 215 votes, a majority of the 414 votes cast, to win the election.[153]

In addition to Theodore Roosevelt, leading early progressive Republicans included Robert M. La Follette, Charles Evans Hughes, Hiram Johnson, William Borah, George W. Norris, William Allen White, Victor Murdock, Clyde M. Reed and Fiorello La Guardia.[154]

Radical Republicans

[edit]
Main article: Radical Republicans
Further information: Butlerism
Frank Leslie's Illustrated "Grant's Last Outrage in Louisiana", January 23, 1875

The Radical Republicans were a major factor of the party from its inception in 1854 until the end of the Reconstruction Era in 1877. The Radicals strongly opposed slavery, were hard-line abolitionists, and later advocated equal rights for the freedmen and women. They were often at odds with the moderate and conservative factions of the party. During the American Civil War, Radical Republicans pressed for abolition as a major war aim and they opposed the moderate Reconstruction plans of Abraham Lincoln as too lenient on the Confederates. After the war's end and Lincoln's assassination, the Radicals clashed with Andrew Johnson over Reconstruction policy.[155]

After winning major victories in the 1866 congressional elections, the Radicals took over Reconstruction, pushing through new legislation protecting the civil rights of African Americans. John C. Frémont of Michigan, the party's first nominee for president in 1856, was a Radical Republican. Upset with Lincoln's politics, the faction split from the Republican Party to form the short-lived Radical Democracy Party in 1864 and again nominated Frémont for president. They supported Ulysses S. Grant for president in 1868 and 1872. As Southern Democrats retook control in the South and enthusiasm for continued Reconstruction declined in the North, their influence within the GOP waned.[155]

Reagan coalition

[edit]
President Ronald Reagan, namesake of the Reagan coalition
Main article: Reagan coalition

According to historian George H. Nash, the Reagan coalition in the Republican Party, which centered around Ronald Reagan and his administration throughout all of the 1980s (continuing in the late 1980s with the George H. W. Bush administration), originally consisted of five factions: the libertarians, the traditionalists, the anti-communists, the neoconservatives, and the religious right (which consisted of Protestants, Catholics, and some Jewish Republicans).[17][156]

Rockefeller Republicans

[edit]
Main article: Rockefeller Republican
Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, namesake of the Rockefeller Republicans

Moderate or liberal Republicans in the 20th century, particularly those from the Northeast and West Coast, were referred to as "The Eastern Establishment" or "Rockefeller Republicans", after Nelson Rockefeller.[157][158][159]

With their power decreasing in the final decades of the 20th century, many Rockefeller-style Republicans were replaced by conservative and moderate Democrats, such as those from the Blue Dog or New Democrat coalitions. Writer and academic Michael Lind contended that by the mid-1990s, the liberalism of Democratic President Bill Clinton and the Third Way movement were in many ways to the right of Dwight Eisenhower, Rockefeller, and John Lindsay, the Republican mayor of New York City in the late 1960s.[160]

Stalwarts

[edit]
Main article: Stalwarts (politics)
Further information: Blaine faction

The Stalwarts were a traditionalist faction that existed from the 1860s through the 1880s. They represented "traditional" Republicans who favored machine politics and opposed the civil service reforms of Rutherford B. Hayes and the more progressive Half-Breeds.[161] They declined following the elections of Hayes and James A. Garfield. After Garfield's assassination by Charles J. Guiteau, his Stalwart Vice President Chester A. Arthur assumed the presidency. However, rather than pursuing Stalwart goals he took up the reformist cause, which curbed the faction's influence.[150]

Birchers

[edit]
Main article: John Birch Society
Further information: Far-right politics

Members of the John Birch Society, known as Birchers, were an influential faction[162] from the 1960s to the 1980s, associated with the radical right, anti-communism, and ultraconservatism.[163][page needed] The John Birch Society was founded in 1958 by businessman Robert W. Welch Jr., and is controversial for its promotion of conspiracy theories.[164]

Tea Party movement

[edit]
Main article: Tea Party movement
See also: List of politicians affiliated with the Tea Party movement
Former Representative Ron Paul

The Tea Party movement was an American fiscally conservative political movement within the Republican Party that began in 2009 following the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States.[165][166] Members of the movement have called for lower taxes, and for a reduction of the national debt of the United States and federal budget deficit through decreased government spending.[167][168] The movement supports small-government principles[169][170] and opposes government-sponsored universal healthcare.[171] It has been described as a popular constitutional movement.[172]

On matters of foreign policy, the movement largely supports avoiding being drawn into unnecessary conflicts and opposes "liberal internationalism".[173] Its name refers to the Boston Tea Party of December 16, 1773, a watershed event in the launch of the American Revolution.[174] By 2016, Politico said that the modern Tea Party movement was "pretty much dead now"; however, the article noted that it seemed to die in part because some of its ideas had been "co-opted" by the mainstream Republican Party.[175]

Politicians associated with the Tea Party include former Representatives Ron Paul, Michele Bachmann and Allen West,[176][177] Senators Ted Cruz, Mike Lee, Rand Paul and Tim Scott,[178][179][180] former Senator Jim DeMint,[179] former acting White House Chief of Staff Mick Mulvaney,[181] and 2008 Republican vice presidential nominee and former Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[177] Although there has never been any one clear founder or leader of the movement, Palin scored highest in a 2010 Washington Post poll asking Tea Party organizers "which national figure best represents your groups?".[182] Ron Paul was described in a 2011 Atlantic article as its "intellectual godfather".[183] Both Paul and Palin, although ideologically different in many ways, had a major influence on the emergence of the movement due to their separate 2008 presidential primary and vice presidential general election runs respectively.[184][173]

Several political organizations were created in response to the movement's growing popularity in the late 2000s and into the early 2010s, including the Tea Party Patriots, Tea Party Express and Tea Party Caucus.

See also

[edit]

References

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Further reading

[edit]
  • Barone, Michael and Richard E. Cohen. The Almanac of American Politics, 2010 (2009). 1,900 pages of minute, nonpartisan detail on every state and district and member of Congress.
  • Baker, Peter, and Susan Glasser. The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017-2021 (2022) excerpt
  • Dyche, John David. Republican Leader: A Political Biography of Senator Mitch McConnell (2009).
  • Edsall, Thomas Byrne. Building Red America: The New Conservative Coalition and the Drive For Permanent Power (2006). Sophisticated analysis by liberal.
  • Crane, Michael. The Political Junkie Handbook: The Definitive Reference Book on Politics (2004). Nonpartisan.
  • Frank, Thomas. What's the Matter with Kansas (2005). Attack by a liberal.
  • Frohnen, Bruce, Beer, Jeremy and Nelson, Jeffery O., eds. American Conservatism: An Encyclopedia (2006). 980 pages of articles by 200 conservative scholars.
  • Hamburger, Tom and Peter Wallsten. One Party Country: The Republican Plan for Dominance in the 21st Century (2006). Hostile.
  • Hemmer, Nicole. Partisans: The Conservative Revolutionaries Who Remade American Politics in the 1990s (2022)
  • Hewitt, Hugh. GOP 5.0: Republican Renewal Under President Obama (2009).
  • Ross, Brian. "The Republican Un-Civil War – The Neocons and the Tea Party Fight for Control of the GOP" (August 9, 2012). Truth-2-Power.
  • Wooldridge, Adrian and John Micklethwait. The Right Nation: Conservative Power in America (2004). Sophisticated nonpartisan analysis.
  • "A Guide to the Republican Herd" (October 5, 2006). The New York Times.
  • "Belief Spectrum Brings Party Splits" (October 4, 1998). The Washington Post.
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