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List of United States Democratic Party presidential candidates

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This is a list of major Democratic Party candidates for president. The Democratic Party has existed since the dissolution of the Democratic-Republican Party in the 1820s, and the Democrats have nominated a candidate for president in every presidential election since the party's first convention in 1832. The list is divided into two sections, reflecting the increasing importance of primaries and caucuses following the changes stemming from the McGovern–Fraser Commission.

Only those candidates are included who were major contenders of the primaries and caucuses, and had held significant elective office or received substantial media coverage. Also, all those people are included who received at-least one delegate in the convention.

Candidates

[edit]

1972–present

[edit]
List of candidates
Year Candidate Born[a] Experience State Primaries Ref.
Logo Contests
won[b] 		% of
delegates
2024

Kamala Harris
 October 20, 1964
(age 59)
Oakland, California 		Vice President of the United States (2021–present)
U.S. senator from California (2017–2021) 		 California
0
99.3%[c]
 [1]
[2]

Joe Biden
 November 20, 1942
(age 81)
Scranton, Pennsylvania 		President of the United States (2021–present)
Vice President of the United States (2009–2017)
U.S. senator from Delaware (1973–2009) 		 Delaware
56
98.9%
 [3]

Dean Phillips
 January 20, 1969
(age 55)
Saint Paul, Minnesota 		U.S. representative from MN-03 (2019–present)
CEO of Phillips Distilling Company (2000–2012) 		 Minnesota
0
0.1%
 [4]

Jason Palmer
 December 1, 1971
(age 52)
Aberdeen, Maryland 		Venture capitalist  Maryland
1
0.08%
 [5]

Marianne Williamson
 July 8, 1952
(age 72)
Houston, Texas 		Author
Founder of Project Angel Food
Candidate for president in 2020 		 Washington, D.C.
0
0%
 [6]
2020

Joe Biden
 November 20, 1942
(age 77)
Scranton, Pennsylvania 		Vice President of the United States (2009–2017)
U.S. senator from Delaware (1973–2009)
Candidate for President in 1988 and 2008 		 Delaware
46
67.5%
 [7]

Bernie Sanders
 September 8, 1941
(age 78)
Brooklyn, New York 		U.S. senator from Vermont (2007–present)
U.S. representative from VT-AL (1991–2007)
Candidate for president in 2016 		 Vermont
9
27%
 [8]

Elizabeth Warren
 June 22, 1949
(age 71)
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 		U.S. senator from Massachusetts (2013–present)  Massachusetts
0
1.6%
 [9]

Michael Bloomberg
 February 14, 1942
(age 78)
Boston, Massachusetts 		Mayor of New York City, New York (2002–2013)
CEO of Bloomberg L.P. 		 New York
1
1.5%
 [10]

Pete Buttigieg
 January 19, 1982
(age 38)
South Bend, Indiana 		Mayor of South Bend, Indiana (2012–2020)  Indiana
1
0.5%
 [11]

Amy Klobuchar
 May 25, 1960
(age 60)
Plymouth, Minnesota 		U.S. senator from Minnesota (2007–present)  Minnesota
0
0.2%
 [12]

Tulsi Gabbard
 April 12, 1981
(age 39)
Leloaloa, American Samoa 		U.S. representative from HI-02 (2013–2021)  Hawaii
0
0.05%
 [13]

Tom Steyer
 June 27, 1957
(age 63)
Manhattan, New York 		Hedge fund manager

Founder of Farallon Capital and Beneficial State Bank

 California
0
0%
 [14]

Deval Patrick
 July 31, 1956
(age 64)
Chicago, Illinois 		Governor of Massachusetts (2007–2015)  Massachusetts
0
0%
 [15]

Michael Bennet
 November 28, 1964
(age 55)
New Delhi, India 		U.S. senator from Colorado (2009–present)  Colorado
0
0%
 [16]

Andrew Yang
 January 13, 1975
(age 45)
Schenectady, New York 		Entrepreneur

Founder of Venture for America

 New York
0
0%
 [17]
2016

Hillary Clinton
 October 26, 1947
(age 68)
Chicago, Illinois 		67th
U.S. Secretary of State(2009–2013) 		 New York
34
54%
 [18]

Bernie Sanders
 September 8, 1941
(age 74)
Brooklyn, New York 		U.S. Senator from Vermont

(2007–present)

 Vermont
23
46%
 [19]

Martin O'Malley
 January 18, 1963
(age 53)
Washington, D.C. 		61st Governor of Maryland

(2007–2015)

 Maryland
0
0%
 [20]
2012

Barack Obama
 August 4, 1961
(age 51)
Honolulu, Hawaii 		President of the United States (2009–2017)  Illinois
56
100%
 [21]

John Wolfe Jr.
 April 21, 1954
(age 58)
Nashville, Tennessee 		Candidate for Tennessee's 3rd congressional district elections in 1998, 2002, 2004 and 2010  Tennessee
0
0%
 [22]
2008

Barack Obama
 August 4, 1961
(age 47)
Honolulu, Hawaii 		U.S. Senator from Illinois

(2005–2008)

 Illinois
33
72.2%
 [23]

Hillary Clinton
 October 26, 1947
(age 60)
Chicago, Illinois 		First Lady of the United States(1993–2001)

U.S. Senator from New York (2001–2009)

 New York
23
22.9%
 [24]

John Edwards
 June 10, 1953
(age 55)
Seneca, South Carolina 		 U.S. Senator from North Carolina 

(1999–2005)

 North Carolina
0
0%
 [25]

Bill Richardson
 November 15, 1947
(age 60)
Pasadena, California 		30thGovernor of New Mexico

(2003–2011)

 New Mexico
0
0%
 [26]

Joe Biden
 November 20, 1942
(age 65)
Scranton, Pennsylvania 		U.S. senator from Delaware (1973–2009)
Candidate for President in 1988 and 2008 		 Delaware
0
0%
 [27]

Chris Dodd
 May 27, 1944
(age 64)
Willimantic, Connecticut 		U.S. Senator from Connecticut

(1981–2011)

 Connecticut
0
0%
 [28]

Mike Gravel
 May 13, 1930
(age 78)
Springfield, Massachusetts 		U.S. Senator from Alaska

(1969–1981)

 Alaska
0
0%
 [29]

Dennis Kucinich
 October 8, 1946
(age 61)
Cleveland, Ohio 		U.S. Representative for Ohio's 10th

(1997–2013)

 Ohio
0
0%
 [30]
2004

John Kerry
 December 11, 1943
(age 60)
Aurora, Colorado 		U.S. Senator

from Massachusetts (1985–2013)

 Massachusetts
52
98.4%
 [31]

John Edwards
 June 10, 1953
(age 51)
Seneca, South Carolina 		U.S. Senator

from North Carolina (1999–2005)

 North Carolina
2
0%
 [32]

Howard Dean
 November 17, 1948
(age 55)
East Hampton, New York 		Former Governor

of Vermont (1991–2003)

 Vermont
1
0%
 [33]

Wesley Clark
 December 23, 1944
(age 59)
Chicago, Illinois 		Supreme Allied

Commander Europe (1997–2000)

 Arkansas
1
0%
 [34]

Dennis Kucinich
 October 8, 1946
(age 57)
Cleveland, Ohio 		U.S. Representative

from Ohio (1997–2013)

 Ohio
0
1%
 [35]

Al Sharpton
 October 3, 1954
(age 49)
New York City 		Activist and

television host

 New York
0
0%
 [36]

Joe Lieberman
 February 24, 1942
(age 62)
Stamford, Connecticut 		U.S. Senator

from Connecticut (1989–2013)

 Connecticut
0
0%
 [37]

Dick Gephart
 January 31, 1941
(age 63)
St. Louis, Missouri 		House Minority Leader

(1995–2003)

 Missouri
0
0%
 [38]

Carol Moseley Braun
 August 16, 1947
(age 56)
Chicago, Illinois 		Former U.S. Senator

from Illinois (1993–1999)

 Illinois
0
0%
 [39]
2000

Al Gore
 March 31, 1948
(age 52)
Washington, D.C. 		Vice President of the United States (1993–2001)  Tennessee
56
99.8%
 [40]

Bill Bradley
 July 28, 1943
(age 57)
Crystal City, Missouri 		U.S. Senator from New Jersey (1979–1997)  New Jersey
0
0%
 [41]
1996

Bill Clinton
 August 19, 1946
(age 50)

Hope, Arkansas

President of the United States (1993–2001)  Arkansas
34
99.7%
 [42]
Roland Riemers
 May 15, 1943
(age 53)

Lake City, Minnesota

Republican primary candidate for 1976 United States Senate election in Minnesota  North Dakota
–
1
0%
 [43]

Lyndon LaRouche
 September 8, 1922
(age 73)

Rochester, New Hampshire

Perennial candidate for President in 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988 and 1992 elections.  Virginia
–
0
0%
 [43]

James D. Griffin
 June 29, 1929
(age 67)

Buffalo, New York

Mayor of Buffalo (1978–1993)  New York
–
0
0%
 [43]
1992

Bill Clinton
 August 19, 1946
(age 45)

Hope, Arkansas

Governor of Arkansas(1979–1981, 1983–1992)  Arkansas
37
78.6%
 [44]

Jerry Brown
 April 7, 1938
(age 54)

San Francisco, California

Governor of California(1975–1983)  California
–
6
13.9%
 [45]

Paul Tsongas
 February 14, 1941
(age 51)

Lowell, Massachusetts

U.S. Senator

from Massachusetts (1979–1985)

 Massachusetts
9
6.7%
 [46]

Bob Kerrey
 August 27, 1943
(age 48)

Lincoln, Nebraska

U.S. Senator

from Nebraska (1989–2001)

 Nebraska
1
0%
 [47]

Tom Harkin
 August 27, 1943
(age 48)

Cumming, Iowa

U.S. Senator from Iowa

(1985–2015)

 Iowa
3
0%
 [47]

Larry Agran
 February 2, 1945
(age 47)

Chicago, Illinois

Mayor of Irvine, California (1982–1984, 1986–1990)  California
–
0
0.07%
 [48]
1988 Michael Dukakis 1933 Governor MA 31
Jesse Jackson 1941 Minister IL 14
Al Gore 1948 Senator TN 7
Dick Gephardt 1941 Representative MO 3
Paul Simon 1928 Senator IL 1
Gary Hart 1936 F. Senator CO 0
Bruce Babbitt 1938 F. Governor AZ 0
1984 Walter Mondale 1928 F. Vice President MN 21
Gary Hart 1936 Senator CO 26
Jesse Jackson 1941 Minister IL 3
John Glenn 1921 Senator OH 0
George McGovern 1922 F. Senator SD 0
Reubin Askew 1928 F. Governor FL 0
Alan Cranston 1914 Senator CA 0
Ernest Hollings 1922 Senator SC 0
1980 Jimmy Carter 1924 President GA 38
Ted Kennedy 1932 Senator MA 12
Jerry Brown 1938 Governor CA 0
Cliff Finch 1927 Governor MS 0
1976 Jimmy Carter 1924 F. Governor GA 30
Jerry Brown 1938 Governor CA 3
George Wallace 1919 Governor AL 3
Mo Udall 1922 Senator AZ 3
Henry M. Jackson 1912 Senator WA 4
Frank Church 1924 Senator ID 5
Robert Byrd 1917 Senator WV 1
Birch Bayh 1928 Senator IN 0
Lloyd Bentsen 1921 Senator TX 0
Walter E. Fauntroy 1933 Delegate DC 0
Fred R. Harris 1930 F. Senator OK 0
Sargent Shriver 1915 F. Ambassador MD 0
1972 George McGovern 1922 Senator SD 11
Hubert Humphrey 1911 F. Vice President MN 4
Edmund Muskie 1914 Senator ME 3
George Wallace 1919 Governor AL 6
Henry M. Jackson 1912 Senator WA 0
Terry Sanford 1917 F. Governor NC 0
John Lindsay 1921 Mayor NY 0
Walter E. Fauntroy 1933 Delegate DC 1
Shirley Chisholm 1924 Representative NY 0
Eugene McCarthy 1916 F. Senator MN 0

1832–1968

[edit]

These pre-1972 candidates won at least 10% of the delegates on at least one convention ballot.

List of candidates (1832-1968)
Year Position Name Home[d] Born First
ballot % 		Final contested
ballot %[e]
1968 Vice President Hubert Humphrey MN 1911 67.5 -
Senator Eugene McCarthy MN 1916 23.1 -
1964 President Lyndon B. Johnson TX 1908 100 -
1960 Senator John F. Kennedy MA 1917 52.9 -
Senator Lyndon B. Johnson TX 1908 26.8 -
1956 F. Governor Adlai Stevenson II IL 1900 65.9 -
Governor W. Averell Harriman NY 1891 15.3 -
1952 Governor Adlai Stevenson II IL 1900 10.2
Senator Estes Kefauver TN 1903 24.4 22.7
Senator Richard Russell, Jr. GA 1897 21.7 21.3
F. Ambassador W. Averell Harriman NY 1891 10.2 0
1948 President Harry S. Truman MO 1884 75
Senator Richard Russell, Jr. GA 1897 21.6 -
1944 President Franklin D. Roosevelt NY 1882 92.4 -
1940 President Franklin D. Roosevelt NY 1882 86.3 -
1936 President Franklin D. Roosevelt NY 1882 100 -
1932 Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt NY 1882 57.7 -
F. Governor Al Smith NY 1873 17.5 16.5
1928 Governor Al Smith NY 1873 77.2 -
1924 F. Ambassador John W. Davis WV 1873 2.8 18.7[f]
F. Sec. of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo CA 1863 39.4 17.5[g]
Governor Al Smith NY 1873 30.4 32.4[h]
1920 Governor James M. Cox OH 1870 12.7 -
F. Sec. of the Treasury William Gibbs McAdoo CA 1863 25.1 25.5
Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer PA 1872 24.2 0.1
Governor Al Smith NY 1873 10.3 0
1916 President Woodrow Wilson NJ 1856 100 -
1912 Governor Woodrow Wilson NY 1856 29.8 -
Speaker Champ Clark MO 1850 40.5 7.7
Governor Judson Harmon OH 1846 13.6 1.1
Representative Oscar Underwood AL 1862 10.8 0
1908 F. Representative William Jennings Bryan NE 1860 88.7 -
1904 State judge Alton Parker NY 1852 65.8 -
Representative William Randolph Hearst NY 1863 20 -
1900 F. Representative William Jennings Bryan NE 1860 100 -
1896 F. Representative William Jennings Bryan NE 1860 14.7 -
F. Representative Richard P. Bland MO 1835 25.3 1.2
F. Governor Robert E. Pattison PA 18 10.4 10.2
1892 F. President Grover Cleveland NY 1837 67.8 -
Senator David B. Hill NY 18 12.5 -
Governor Horace Boies IA 18 11.3 -
1888 President Grover Cleveland NY 1837 100 -
1884 Governor Grover Cleveland NY 1837 64 -
Senator Thomas F. Bayard DE 1828 27.8 24.8
F. Senator Allen G. Thurman OH 1813 14.4 9.8
F. Speaker Samuel J. Randall PA 1828 10 0.7
1880 General Winfield Scott Hancock PA 1824 23.1 -
Senator Thomas F. Bayard DE 1828 20.8 15.2
Speaker Samuel J. Randall PA 1828 0.8 17.4
F. Representative Henry B. Payne NY 18 11 0
1876 Governor Samuel J. Tilden NY 1814 54.4 -
Governor Thomas A. Hendricks IN 1819 19 11.5
General Winfield Scott Hancock PA 1824 10.2 7.9
1872 F. Representative Horace Greeley NY 1811 93.7 -
1868 F. Governor Horatio Seymour NY 1810 0 -
F. Representative George H. Pendleton OH 1825 33.1 0
Senator Thomas A. Hendricks IN 1819 0.7 45.9
General Winfield Scott Hancock PA 1824 10.5 32.6
President Andrew Johnson TN 1808 20.5 1.3
F. Lt. Governor Sanford E. Church NY 1815 10.7 0
1864 General George B. McClellan NJ 1826 77 -
F. Governor Thomas H. Seymour CT 1807 16.8 -
1860 Senator Stephen A. Douglas IL 1813 57.7 -
F. Sec. of the Treasury James Guthrie KY 1792 14.1 26[i]
Senator Robert M. T. Hunter VA 1809 16.7 6.3[j]
1856 F. Sec. of State James Buchanan PA 1791 45.8 -
President Franklin Pierce NH 1804 41.4 0
Senator Stephen A. Douglas IL 1813 11.1 41.2
1852 F. Senator Franklin Pierce NH 1804 0 -
Senator Lewis Cass MI 1782 39.2 0.7
F. Sec. of State James Buchanan PA 1791 31.4 0
F. Sec. of War William L. Marcy NY 1786 9.1 0
Senator Stephen A. Douglas IL 1813 6.8 0.7
1848 Senator Lewis Cass MI 1782 49 -
Sup. Court Justice Levi Woodbury NH 1789 10 0
Sec. of State James Buchanan PA 1791 10 0
1844 F. Speaker James K. Polk TN 1795 0 -
F. President Martin Van Buren NY 1782 54.9 0
F. Sec. of War Lewis Cass MI 1782 31.2 10.9
F. Vice President Richard Mentor Johnson KY 1780 9 0
1840 President Martin Van Buren NY 1782 100 -
1836 Vice President Martin Van Buren NY 1782 100 -
1832 President Andrew Jackson TN 1767 100 -

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Age provided is the age at the subsequent Convention.
  2. ^ The number of state and territorial primaries won by the candidate.
  3. ^ Harris joined the race after the primaries had concluded, following the withdrawal of Biden as the presumptive nominee. The number presented is the soft count of delegates she is set to receive at the 2024 convention.
  4. ^ Home state or territory.
  5. ^ Percent of delegates won on the final contested ballot, before shifts. A "-" indicates that there was only one contested ballot.
  6. ^ The 1924 convention required 103 ballots to determine the nominee; this column represents the 100th ballot.
  7. ^ The 1924 convention required 103 ballots to determine the nominee; this column represents the 100th ballot.
  8. ^ The 1924 convention required 103 ballots to determine the nominee; this column represents the 100th ballot.
  9. ^ The 1860 convention required 59 ballots over two conventions to determine the nominee after Southern delegates walked out; this column represents the 57th ballot, when the first convention adjourned.
  10. ^ The 1860 convention required 59 ballots over two conventions to determine the nominee after Southern delegates walked out; this column represents the 57th ballot, when the first convention adjourned.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Schrader, Adam; Moran, Mark (July 21, 2024). "Biden drops out of presidential race, endorses Harris". United Press International. Retrieved July 21, 2024.
  2. ^ "Harris says she will "earn and win" Democratic nomination". CNN. July 21, 2024.
  3. ^ Gittleson, Ben; Nagle, Molly (April 25, 2023). "Joe Biden announces he is running for president again, setting up possible Trump rematch". ABC News. Retrieved April 25, 2023.
  4. ^ Lebowitz, Megan (October 26, 2023). "Democratic Rep. Dean Phillips launches a White House bid, challenging Biden". NBC News. Retrieved October 27, 2023.
  5. ^ Pipia, Lindsey (May 15, 2024). "American Samoa primary victor Jason Palmer bows out of the presidential race". NBC News. Retrieved May 15, 2024.
  6. ^ Weissert, Will (March 4, 2023). "Marianne Williamson opens long shot 2024 challenge to Biden". San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved March 4, 2023.
  7. ^ Burns, Alexander; Martin, Jonathan (2019-04-25). "Joe Biden Announces 2020 Run for President, After Months of Hesitation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  8. ^ "Bernie Sanders announces run for presidency in 2020: 'We're gonna win'". The Guardian. 2019-02-20. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  9. ^ Taylor, Kate (2019-02-09). "Elizabeth Warren Formally Announces 2020 Presidential Bid in Lawrence, Mass". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  10. ^ Dan Merica, Cristina Alesci and Jake Tapper. "Michael Bloomberg is the latest 2020 Democratic hopeful". CNN. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  11. ^ "Pete Buttigieg officially announces 2020 presidential campaign". NBC News. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  12. ^ Breuninger, Kevin (2019-02-10). "Minnesota Democrat Amy Klobuchar declares bid for 2020 presidential nomination". CNBC. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  13. ^ Oliphant, James (2019-02-03). "Congresswoman Gabbard officially declares 2020 candidacy". Reuters. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  14. ^ "Tom Steyer launches 2020 campaign after saying he wouldn't". AP NEWS. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  15. ^ Dan Merica and Jeff Zeleny (2019-11-14). "Deval Patrick announces presidential campaign : CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  16. ^ "Colorado senator Michael Bennet launches 2020 presidential run". the Guardian. Associated Press. 2019-05-02. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  17. ^ "Andrew Yang: Everything you need to know about the 2020 presidential candidate". ABC News. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  18. ^ Chozick, Amy (2015-04-12). "Hillary Clinton Announces 2016 Presidential Bid". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  19. ^ Dan Merica. "Bernie Sanders announces his presidential run - CNNPolitics". CNN. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  20. ^ Haberman, Maggie (2015-05-30). "Martin O'Malley Announces Presidential Campaign, Pushing Image of Vitality". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  21. ^ Kolawole, Chris Cillizza and Emi (2011-04-04). "President Obama announces reelection bid". Washington Post. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  22. ^ "Meet John Wolfe, Candidate Posing a Challenge to Obama in Arkansas". ABC News. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  23. ^ Nagourney, Adam; Zeleny, Jeff (2007-02-11). "Obama Formally Enters Presidential Race". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  24. ^ "Hillary Clinton launches White House bid: 'I'm in' - CNN.com". www.cnn.com. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  25. ^ "John Edwards Announces He Will Run for President". ABC News. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  26. ^ Wayne, Leslie (2007-05-22). "Richardson Officially Enters '08 Democratic Presidential Race". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
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  29. ^ "National Briefing Washington: A 'Maverick' For President". The New York Times. Associated Press. 2006-04-18. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  30. ^ "Kucinich launches another presidential bid". NBC News. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  31. ^ Nagourney, Adam (2004-05-02). "CAMPAIGN 2004: THE MASSACHUSETTS SENATOR; KERRY STRUGGLING TO FIND A THEME, DEMOCRATS FEAR". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  32. ^ "Edwards Announcement C-SPAN.org". www.c-span.org. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  33. ^ Wilgoren, Jodi (2004-03-03). "THE 2004 CAMPAIGN: THE FORMER GOVERNOR; Out of Running, Dean Wins Home Primary". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  34. ^ "Campaign Profile: Wesley Clark - 2004-01-08 Voice of America - English". www.voanews.com. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  35. ^ "NPR : Dennis Kucinich, The 2004 Democratic Presidential Candidates". legacy.npr.org. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  36. ^ "NPR : Al Sharpton, The 2004 Democratic Presidential Candidates". legacy.npr.org. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  37. ^ Nagourney, Adam (2003-01-14). "Lieberman Announces Run For the White House in '04". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  38. ^ "Dick Gephardt Formally Announces Presidential Candidacy". 2004 Presidential Campaign Blog. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
  39. ^ "MPR: Carol Moseley Braun announces her candidacy for president". news.minnesota.publicradio.org. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
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  41. ^ "Bradley to make official announcement - September 7, 1999". edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2021-06-26.
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