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Teochew Romanization Pe̍h-ūe-jī
Bible in Teochew Romanised, printed for the British and Foreign Bible Society by the English Presbyterian Mission Press, 1915
Script type	Latin alphabet (modified)
Creator	John Campbell Gibson William Duffus
Time period	c. 1875 — ?
Languages	Swatow dialect and Teochew dialect
Related scripts
Parent systems	Pe̍h-ōe-jī Teochew Romanization

Teochew Romanization, also known as Swatow Church Romanization, or in local name Pe̍h-ūe-jī (白話字), is an orthographically similar to Pe̍h-ōe-jī, and used to write Chaoshan dialect (including Teochew dialect and Swatow dialect). It was introduced by John Campbell Gibson and William Duffus, two British missionary, in Swatow in 1875.

History

The romanization of Teochew could be traced back to 1840s. The earliest attempt to write the language in Latin script was done by a Baptist missionary William Dean in his publication First Lessons in the Tie-chiw Dialect in 1841 in Bangkok, however its tonal system was said in-complete.

The first complete orthographic system was done by John Campbell Gibson and William Duffus, two Presbyterianism missionaries, in 1875. The orthography was generally based on the Pe̍h-ōe-jī system, another work of presbyterian for Amoy dialect. The first translation of Bible, Gospel of Luke, in Swatow romanization was published in 1876. It has been said that the vernacular orthographic system are much more easier for those illiterate person to learn in their own mother tongue.

Other systems done by Baptist missionaries like Adele Marion Fielde (1883) & Josiah Goddard (1888) were generally used as phonetic notation instead of an orthography.

By the effort of churches in practicing of the Teochew romanization, the number of users growing and came to high tide in 1910s. However, starting in 1920s, Chinese government promoted the education in Mandarin and more people enable to read and write in Chinese characters. Therefore, the promotion of romanization vernacular become less necessary. Until 1950s, there was estimate about thousand users of Teochew romanization.

Spelling schemes

Alphabet

There are total 18 of basic Latin alphabets employed in the orthography.

Capital letters	A	B	CH	CHH	E	G	H	I	J	K	KH	L	M	N	ᴺ	NG	O	P	PH	S	T	TH	TS	TSH	U	Ṳ	Z
Lowercase letters	a	b	ch	chh	e	g	h	i	j	k	kh	l	m	n	ⁿ	ng	o	p	ph	s	t	th	ts	tsh	u	ṳ	z

Initial

		Lateral	Nasal	Stop		Affricate		Fricative
				Unaspirated	Aspirated	Unaspirated	Aspirated
Bilabial	Voiceless			p [p] 邊 (pian)	ph [pʰ] 頗 (phó)
	Voiced		m [m] 門 (mûn)	b [b] 文 (bûn)
Alveolar	Voiceless			t [t] 地 (tī)	th [tʰ] 他 (tha)	ts [ts] 之 (tsṳ)	tsh [tsʰ] 出 (tshut)	s [s] 思 (sṳ)
	Voiced	l [l] 柳 (liú)	n [n] 挪 (nô)			z [dz] 而 (zṳ̂)
Alveolo-palatal	Voiceless					ch [tɕ] 貞 (cheng)	chh [tɕʰ] 刺 (chhì)	s [ɕ] 時 (sî)
	Voiced					j [dʑ] 入 (ji̍p)
Velar	Voiceless			k [k] 球 (kiû)	kh [kʰ] 去 (khṳ̀)
	Voiced		ng [ŋ] 俄 (ngô)	g [ɡ] 語 (gṳ́)
Glottal	Voiceless							h [h] 喜 (hí)

Finals

Vowels					Coda-ending
Types	Articulation		Simple	Nasal	Glottal Stop		Bilabial		Alveolar		Velar
	Backness	Height			Simple	Nasal	Nasal	Stop	Nasal	Stop	Nasal	Stop
Monophthongs	Front	Open	a [a] 膠 (ka)	aⁿ [ã] 柑 (kaⁿ)	ah [aʔ] 甲 (kah)	ahⁿ [ãʔ] 垃 (na̍hⁿ)	am [am] 甘 (kam)	ap [ap̚] 鴿 (kap)	an [an] 干 (kan)	at [at̚] 結 (kat)	ang [aŋ] 江 (kang)	ak [ak̚] 覺 (kak)
		Mid	e [e] 家 (ke)	eⁿ [ẽ] 更 (keⁿ)	eh [eʔ] 格 (keh)	ehⁿ [ẽʔ] 脈 (me̍hⁿ)					eng [eŋ] 經 (keng)	ek [ek̚] 革 (kek)
		Close	i [i] 枝 (ki)	iⁿ [ĩ] 天 (thiⁿ)	ih [iʔ] 砌 (kih)	ihⁿ [ĩʔ] 碟 (tihⁿ)	im [im] 金 (kim)	ip [ip̚] 急 (kip)	in [in] 斤 (kin)	it [it̚] 吉 (kit)
	Back	Mid	o [o] 高 (ko)	oⁿ [õ] 望 (mōⁿ)	oh [oʔ] 閣 (koh)	ohⁿ [õʔ] 瘼 (mo̍hⁿ)					ong [oŋ] 公 (kong)	ok [ok̚] 國 (kok)
		Close	u [u] 龜 (ku)		uh [uʔ] 嗝 (kuh)				un [un] 君 (kun)	ut [ut̚] 骨 (kut)
			ṳ [ɯ] 車 (kṳ)		ṳh [ɯʔ] 嗻 (tsṳ̍h)				ṳn [ɯn] 巾 (kṳn)	ṳt [ɯt̚] 乞 (khṳt)	ṳng [ɯŋ] 扛 (kng)
Diphthongs	Front	Closing	ai [ai] 皆 (kai)	aiⁿ [ãĩ] 愛 (àiⁿ)
	Backward		au [au] 交 (kau)	auⁿ [ãũ] 好 (hàuⁿ)	auh [auʔ] 樂 (ga̍uh)	auhⁿ [ãuʔ] 鬧 (nauhⁿ)
	Front	Opening	ia [ia] 佳 (kia)	iaⁿ [ĩã] 京 (kiaⁿ)	iah [iaʔ] 揭 (kiah)	aihⁿ [ãiʔ] 捱 (nga̍ihⁿ)	iam [iam] 兼 (kiam)	iap [iap̚] 劫 (kiap)	ian [ian] 堅 (kian)	iat [iat̚] 潔 (kiat)	iang [iaŋ] 姜 (kiang)	iak [iak̚] 龠 (iak)
			ie [ie] 蕉 (chie)	ieⁿ [ĩẽ] 薑 (kieⁿ)	ieh [ieʔ] 借 (chieh)				ien [ien] 堅 (kien)	iet [iet̚] 潔 (kiet)
	Backward		io [io] 蕉 (chio)	ioⁿ [ĩõ] 薑 (kioⁿ)	ioh [ioʔ] 借 (chioh)						iong [ioŋ] 恭 (kiong)	iok [iok̚] 鞠 (kiok)
		Close	iu [iu] 鳩 (khiu)	iuⁿ [ĩũ] 幼 (iùⁿ)
	Forward	Closing	oi [oi] 雞 (koi)	oiⁿ [õĩ] 間 (koiⁿ)	oih [oiʔ] 夾 (koih)
	Back		ou [ou] 孤 (kou)	ouⁿ [õũ] 虎 (hóuⁿ)
	Forward	Opening	ua [ua] 柯 (kua)	uaⁿ [ũã] 官 (kuaⁿ)	uah [uaʔ] 割 (kuah)		uam [uam] 凡 (huâm)	uap [uap̚] 法 (huap)	uan [uan] 關 (kuan)	uat [uat̚] 決 (kuat)	uang [uaŋ] 光 (kuang)	uak [uak̚] 廓 (kuak)
			ue [ue] 瓜 (kue)	ueⁿ [ũẽ] 果 (kúeⁿ)	ueh [ueʔ] 郭 (kueh)	uehⁿ [uẽʔ] 襪 (gu̍ehⁿ)			uen [uen] 關 (kuen)	uet [uet̚] 決 (kuet)	ueng [ueŋ] 榮 (ueng)	uek [uek̚] 獲 (hu̍ek)
		Close	ui [ui] 規 (kui)	uiⁿ [ũĩ] 跪 (kũiⁿ)
Triphthongs	Backward	Close-up	iau [iau] 驕 (kiau)	iauⁿ [ĩãũ] 掀 (hiauⁿ)	iauh [iauʔ] 躍 (iauh)	iauhⁿ [iãuʔ] 躍 (iauhⁿ)
			iou [iou] 驕 (kiou)	iouⁿ [ĩõũ] 掀 (hiouⁿ)	iouh [iouʔ] 躍 (iouh)	iouhⁿ [iõuʔ] 躍 (iouhⁿ)
	Forward		uai [uai] 乖 (kuai)	uaiⁿ [ũãĩ] 檨 (suāiⁿ)		uaihⁿ [uãiʔ] 轉 (ua̍ihⁿ)
Syllabic consonant					ngh [ŋʔ] 夗 (n̍gh)		m [m] 唔 (m̃)				ng [ŋ] 黃 (n̂g)
											hng [ŋ̊ŋ̍] 園 (hn̂g)
Generally practices in Swatow dialect   Generally practices in Teochew dialect   Generally practices in Kityang dialect

Nowadays, in most part of Chaoshan cities, almost all alveolar-codas (-n/-t) have turned become velar (-ng/-k), therefore, they are unseen in 1960's Peng'im system. However, these codas are still practiced by native speakers in few border townships like Fenghuang (鳳凰), Sanrao (三饒), and Nan'ao.

Tones

There are 8 tones in Teochew and mark as below,

Number	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Chinese Tone names (modern)	Dark-level 陰平 (Im-phêⁿ)	Dark-rising 陰上 (Im-siãng)	Dark-departing 陰去 (Im-khṳ́)	Dark-entering 陰入 (Im-ji̍p)	Light-level 陽平 (Iôⁿ-phêⁿ)	Light-rising 陽上 (Iôⁿ-siãng)	Light-departing 陽去 (Iôⁿ-khṳ́)	Light-entering 陽入 (Iôⁿ-ji̍p)
Chinese Tone names (alternative)	Upper-even 上平 (Chiẽⁿ-phêⁿ)	Upper-high 上上 (Chiẽⁿ-siãng)	Upper-going 上去 (Chiẽⁿ-khṳ́)	Upper-entering 上入 (Chiẽⁿ-ji̍p)	Lower-even 下平 (Ẽ-phêⁿ)	Lower-high 下上 (Ẽ-siãng)	Lower-going 下去 (Ẽ-khṳ́)	Lower-entering 下入 (Ẽ-ji̍p)
Chinese Tone names (traditional)	Upper-level 上平 (Chiẽⁿ-phêⁿ)	Rising 上聲 (Siãng-siaⁿ)	Upper-departing 上去 (Chiẽⁿ-khṳ́)	Upper-entering 上入 (Chiẽⁿ-ji̍p)	Lower-level 下平 (Ẽ-phêⁿ)	Lower-departing 下去 (Ẽ-khṳ́)	Departing 去聲 (Khù-siaⁿ)	Lower-entering 下入 (Ẽ-ji̍p)
Pitches	˧ (33)	˥˨ (52)	˨˩˧ (213)	˨ (2)	˥ (55)	˧˥ (35)	˩ (11)	˦ (4)
Tone types	Mid level	High falling	Low dipping	Low stop	Top level	High rising	Bottom level	High stop
Diacritics	none	Acute accent	Grave accent	none	Circumflex	Tilde	Macron	Overstroke
Example	hun 分	hún 粉	hùn 訓	hut 忽	hûn 雲	hũn 混	hūn 份	hu̍t 佛
Sandhi	1	6	2 or 5	8	7 or 3	3 or 7	7 or 3	4

Both first and fourth tones are unmarking but both could be differenced by their coda-endings. Those ending with stop consonants such as -p, -t, -k, and -h are belong to the fourth, and those simple and nasal vowels, or ending in nasal consonants (-m, -n, -ng), are belong to the first.