Legge romanization

Legge romanization is a transcription system for Mandarin Chinese, used by the prolific 19th-century sinologist James Legge. It was replaced by the Wade–Giles system, which itself has been largely supplanted by Hanyu Pinyin. The Legge system is still to be found in Legge's widely available translation of the I Ching, and in some derivative works such as Aleister Crowley's version of the I Ching. The transcription was initially devised by Max Müller for the publication of the multi-volume Sacred Books of the East.^[1]

Description

Although frequently called a "transliteration", Legge's system is a transcription of Chinese, as there can be no transliteration of Chinese script into any phonetic script, like the Latin alphabet.^{[citation needed]}

Features of the Legge system include:

the use of ⟨h⟩ to signal consonantal aspiration: e.g. pinyin ⟨pi⟩ or Wade–Giles ⟨p'i⟩ corresponds to ⟨phî⟩,
the use of a Fraktur letter z ⟨𝖟⟩^[2] distinct from Roman ⟨z⟩, and
the use of italicized consonants distinct from their normal forms.

Comparing words in the Legge system with the same words in Wade–Giles shows that there are often minor but non-systematic differences, which makes direct correlation of the systems difficult.

Vowels

The system uses the following vowels and semivowels:

a â ă e ê i î o u û ü w y

Vowel letters also occur in various digraphs, which include:

âi âo âu eh ei ih ui

Consonants

Legge transcription uses the following consonants:

		Bilabial		Labiodental	Alveolar		Retroflex		Alveolo-palatal	Velar
		Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiced	Voiceless	Voiceless	Voiced
Nasal			m [m] ㄇ m			n [n] ㄋ n					ng [ŋ] ㄫ ng
Plosive	Unaspirated	p [p] ㄅ b			t [t] ㄉ d					k [k] ㄍ g
Plosive	Aspirated	ph [pʰ] ㄆ p			th [tʰ] ㄊ t					kh [kʰ] ㄎ k
Affricate	Unaspirated				𝖟 [ts] ㄗ z		k [ʈʂ] ㄓ zh		k [tɕ] ㄐ j
Affricate	Aspirated				𝖟h [tsʰ] ㄘ c		kh [ʈʂʰ] ㄔ ch		kh [tɕʰ] ㄑ q
Fricative				f [f] ㄈ f	s [s] ㄙ s		sh [ʂ] ㄕ sh		hs [ɕ] ㄒ x	h [x] ㄏ h
Liquid						l [l] ㄌ l		z [ɻ~ʐ] ㄖ r

References

^ Max Müller, ed. (1879). "Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets". The Sacred Books of the East. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. xlviii–lv.
^ Müller, Max (1854). Proposals for a Uniform Missionary Alphabet. London. p. 44.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

External links

Legge transcription of Yijing hexagram names — alongside their Wade–Giles and Pinyin forms

[1] Max Müller, ed. (1879). "Transliteration of Oriental Alphabets". The Sacred Books of the East. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. xlviii–lv.

[Muller1854-2] Müller, Max (1854). Proposals for a Uniform Missionary Alphabet. London. p. 44.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[1]

[2]