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2013 United States Senate special election in New Jersey

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2013 United States Senate special election in New Jersey
← 2008 October 16, 2013 2014 →
Turnout24.5%[1]
 
Nominee Cory Booker Steve Lonegan
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote 740,742 593,684
Percentage 54.92% 44.02%
Booker:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%      90–100%
Lonegan:      40–50%      50–60%      60–70%      70–80%      80–90%
Tie:      40–50%
U.S. senator before election

Jeffrey Chiesa[a]
Republican

Elected U.S. Senator

Cory Booker
Democratic

Elections in New Jersey
Federal government
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U.S. House of Representatives
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Newark
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Jersey City
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Atlantic City
Mayoral elections

The 2013 United States Senate special election in New Jersey was held on October 16, 2013, to fill the New Jersey United States Senate Class 2 seat for the remainder of the term ending January 3, 2015. The vacancy resulted from the death of 5-term Democratic senator Frank Lautenberg on June 3, 2013.[2] On June 4, 2013, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie announced that a primary election to fill the vacancy would take place on August 13, 2013, and that a special election would follow on October 16, 2013.[3] Christie appointed Republican New Jersey Attorney General Jeffrey Chiesa to the seat as a placeholder; Chiesa announced at the time of his appointment that he would not be a candidate in the special election.[4]

The primary elections were won by Republican former Bogota Mayor Steve Lonegan and Democratic Newark Mayor Cory Booker. Booker defeated Lonegan on October 16, 2013, and became the first African-American elected to statewide office in New Jersey. 24.5% of registered voters cast ballots, making this the lowest voter turnout of any statewide election.[1][5]

Background

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Democrats and Republicans interested in running in the special primary were given six days, until June 10, to collect 1,000 signatures in order to appear on the special primary ballots.[6] Christie was criticized for spending millions of dollars to hold a separate election for Senate, despite the gubernatorial election already being scheduled for November.[citation needed] It was thought that Christie took this action to benefit himself politically, believing that likely Democratic nominee Cory Booker's presence on the ballot would inspire higher turnout from minority voters who would also vote for Christie's Democratic gubernatorial opponent, Barbara Buono.[citation needed]

On June 4, 2013, Christie appointed Republican Attorney General Jeffrey Chiesa to fill the Senate vacancy, making him the first (federal) Republican Senator from the state since Nicholas F. Brady in 1982, who, ironically got succeeded by Lautenberg;[7] Chiesa announced that he would not run in the special election.[8]

On June 13, 2013, the Appellate Division of the New Jersey Superior Court unanimously rejected the Democrats' challenge, which was brought by Somerset County Democratic chairwoman Marguerite M. Schaffer, to force Christie to change the special election date in October to the general election on November 5. They ruled "the Legislature has delegated broad authority to the State's governor" to set the election date.[9] On June 20, 2013, the New Jersey Supreme Court declined to hear a follow-up challenge to the special election date.[10]

New Jersey Democratic state senator Shirley Turner of Lawrenceville introduced legislation to move the general election on November 5 for all statewide offices, including governor, to the same date, October 16, as the U.S. Senate special election. This legislation was introduced in order to avoid spending an additional $12 million for a separate U.S. Senate election in October in addition to the general statewide election in November.[11] A bill, A4237, passed both legislative houses on June 27, 2013. Another bill, A4249, allowing eligible voters who cast ballots on October 16 for senator to also vote early for the November general election, finally passed both legislative houses on June 27. Both bills were sent to Governor Christie for approval or veto with little expectation that either would be signed by Christie into law.[12][13] The governor vetoed both bills on September 9, 2013.[14]

The Christie administration looked into contingency plan options for additional state workers, transportation resources, voting machines and associated hardware, and skilled voting machine technicians in order to avoid any potential conflicts due to the short time span of 20 days between the special election and the general election.[15] Use of any of these options would increase the cost of $12 million for the October election, which would be in addition to $12 million for the August primary, that were both estimated by the New Jersey Office of Legislative Services. Contingency plans would be needed due to potential scheduling and logistical conflicts in the use of the same voting machines for both elections. New Jersey state law requires voting machines to be locked down for 15 days after an election, in case a defeated candidate seeks a recount. Voting machines would also need to be set up several days in advance of the general election. The state has made arrangements to reimburse by December 31, 2013, all necessary expenses after an audit of submitted election costs by each of the County Boards of Elections.[16][17]

Republican primary

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Candidates

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Declared

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Declined

[edit]

Endorsements

[edit]
Alieta Eck
Steve Lonegan

Polling

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Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin of
error 		Alieta
Eck 		Steve
Lonegan 		Other Undecided
Kean University[36] June 18, 2013 321 ±?% 15% 45% 12% 29%
Quinnipiac[37] July 2–7, 2013 330 ±5.4% 5% 62% 1% 32%
Quinnipiac[38] August 1–5, 2013 257 ±6.1% 10% 74% 3% 13%
Results by county:
  Lonegan—>90%
  Lonegan—80–90%
  Lonegan—70–80%
  Lonegan—60–70%

Results

[edit]
Republican primary results[39]
Party Candidate Votes %
Republican Steve Lonegan 103,280 80.09%
Republican Alieta Eck 25,669 19.91%
Total votes 128,958 100.00%

Democratic primary

[edit]

Candidates

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Declared

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Declined

[edit]

Endorsements

[edit]
Cory Booker

Statewide endorsements

National endorsements

Rush D. Holt, Jr.
Frank Pallone

Debates

[edit]

Polling

[edit]
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin of
error 		Cory
Booker 		Rush D.
Holt Jr. 		Sheila
Oliver 		Frank
Pallone 		Other Undecided
Rutgers-Eagleton[60] June 3–9, 2013 364 ±5.1% 55% 8% — 9% — 28%
Quinnipiac[61] June 7–9, 2013 306 ±5.6% 53% 10% — 9% 1% 27%
Monmouth[62] June 10–11, 2013 205 ±6.9% 63% 10% 6% 8% — 13%
Rasmussen[63] June 12–13, 2013 416 ±5% 54% 11% 5% 8% 3% 18%
Kean University[36] June 18, 2013 366 ±?% 49% 9% 9% 6% 5% 22%
Quinnipiac[37] July 2–7, 2013 400 ±4.9% 52% 8% 3% 10% 1% 27%
Monmouth[64] July 11–14, 2013 403 ±4.9% 49% 8% 3% 12% — 28%
Quinnipiac[38] August 1–5, 2013 388 ±5% 54% 15% 5% 17% 1% 8%
Results by county:
  Booker—70–80%
  Booker—60–70%
  Booker—50–60%
  Booker—40–50%
  Pallone—40–50%
  Holt—50–60%

Results

[edit]
Democratic primary results[39]
Party Candidate Votes %
Democratic Cory Booker 216,936 59.17%
Democratic Frank Pallone 72,584 19.80%
Democratic Rush Holt Jr. 61,463 16.76%
Democratic Sheila Oliver 15,656 4.27%
Total votes 366,639 100.00%

Special election

[edit]

Booker enjoyed advantages over Lonegan in fundraising and name recognition.[65] However, he was scrutinized regarding "his personal finances and the terms of his departure from law firm Trenk DiPasquale; the viability of his video startup, Waywire, and the investors behind it; and his behavior on Twitter, including messages to an Oregon stripper". Booker "also drew criticism from the left over his progressive credentials." Booker painted Lonegan as a "tea-party extremist", while Lonegan questioned Booker's performance as Mayor of Newark.[66]

Candidates

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Major party candidates

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Other candidates

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Debates

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Fundraising

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Candidate (party) Receipts Disbursements Cash on hand Debt
Cory Booker (D) $2,108,248 $2,582,837 $4,533,079 $0
Steve Lonegan (R) $129,766 $171,538 $192,586 $101,822
Source: Federal Election Commission[70][71] Reports through July 24, 2013

Top contributors

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Cory Booker Contribution Steve Lonegan Contribution
Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan $34,800 Lance for Congress $2,000
Time Warner $33,000
Slate Path Capital $23,400
Loews Corporation $20,000
Cole, Schotz, Meisel, Forman & Leonard, PA $19,050
Lazard $18,500
Monness, Crespi, Hardt & Co Inc. $15,600
Walt Disney Company $15,200
Falcon Edge Capital $15,000
Harvest Partners $15,000
Source: OpenSecrets[72]

Top industries

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Cory Booker Contribution Steve Lonegan Contribution
Financial Institutions $314,500 Candidate Committees $5,000
Lawyers/Law Firms $156,725 Republican/Conservative $500
Entertainment Industry $131,000 Misc Issues $250
Real Estate $115,390 Pro-Life Organizations $250
Business Services $63,050
Misc Finance $62,850
Retired $54,700
Non-Profit Organizations $48,100
Manufacturing & Distributing $42,600
Universities $34,500
Source: OpenSecrets[73]

Polling

[edit]
Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin of
error 		Steve
Lonegan (R) 		Cory
Booker (D) 		Other Undecided
Quinnipiac[61] June 7–9, 2013 858 ±3.4% 27% 54% — 18%
Monmouth[62] June 10–11, 2013 560 ±4.2% 37% 53% — 10%
Rasmussen[63] June 10–11, 2013 1,000 ±3% 33% 50% — 17%
Quinnipiac[37] July 2–7, 2013 1,068 ±3% 30% 53% 1% 16%
Quinnipiac[38] August 1–5, 2013 2,042 ±2.2% 29% 54% 1% 16%
Monmouth[74] August 15–18, 2013 696 ±3.7% 38% 54% 2% 5%
Fairleigh Dickinson University[75] August 21–27, 2013 700 ±3.7% 22% 50% 4% 23%
Rutgers-Eagleton[76] September 3–9, 2013 462 ±4.5% 29% 64% 1% 6%
Pulse Opinion Research[77] September 19, 2013 1,000 ±? 33% 52% 4% 10%
Stockton Polling Institute[78] September 15–21, 2013 812 ±3.4% 32.3% 58.4% — 9.1%
Quinnipiac[79] September 19–22, 2013 948 ±3.2% 41% 53% 1% 6%
Monmouth[80] September 26–29, 2013 571 ±4.1% 40% 53% 3% 4%
Fairleigh Dickinson University[81] September 30 – October 5, 2013 702 ±3.7% 29% 45% 3% 23%
Rasmussen[63] October 7, 2013 1,000 ±3% 41% 53% 1% 5%
Quinnipiac[82] October 5–7, 2013 899 ±3.3% 41% 53% 1% 5%
Stockton Polling Institute[83] October 3–8, 2013 729 ±3.6% 39% 50% — 11%
Monmouth[84] October 10–12, 2013 1,393 ±2.6% 42% 52% 2% 4%
Rutgers-Eagleton[85] October 7–13, 2013 513 ±4.3% 36% 58% 3% 3%
Harper Polling[86] October 13–14, 2013 778 ±3.5% 41% 52% 2% 5%
Quinnipiac[87] October 10–14, 2013 1,696 ±2.4% 40% 54% — 5%
Hypothetical polling

With Holt Jr.

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin of
error 		Steve
Lonegan (R) 		Rush D.
Holt Jr. (D) 		Other Undecided
Quinnipiac[61] June 7–9, 2013 858 ±3.4% 31% 36% 1% 32%
Monmouth[62] June 10–11, 2013 560 ±4.2% 41% 44% — 15%
Quinnipiac[37] July 2–7, 2013 1,068 ±3% 36% 37% 3% 24%

With Oliver

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin of
error 		Steve
Lonegan (R) 		Sheila
Oliver (D) 		Other Undecided
Monmouth[62] June 10–11, 2013 560 ±4.2% 42% 44% — 14%
Quinnipiac[37] July 2–7, 2013 1,068 ±3% 37% 35% 3% 16%

With Pallone

Poll source Date(s)
administered 		Sample
size 		Margin of
error 		Steve
Lonegan (R) 		Frank
Pallone (D) 		Other Undecided
Quinnipiac[61] June 7–9, 2013 858 ±3.4% 29% 39% 2% 31%
Monmouth[62] June 10–11, 2013 560 ±4.2% 40% 45% — 14%
Quinnipiac[37] July 2–7, 2013 1,068 ±3% 34% 38% 3% 25%

Results

[edit]
Results of the November election by municipality

Booker defeated Lonegan on October 16, 2013.[88] Booker resigned as Mayor of Newark on October 30, 2013[89] and was sworn in on October 31, 2013, as the junior U.S. senator from New Jersey.[90]

United States Senate special election in New Jersey, 2013[91]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Cory Booker 740,742 54.92% −1.11%
Republican Steve Lonegan 593,684 44.02% +2.07%
Independent Edward C. Stackhouse Jr. 5,138 0.38% N/A
Independent Robert Depasquale 3,137 0.23% N/A
Independent Stuart Meissner 2,051 0.15% N/A
Independent Pablo Olivera 1,530 0.11% N/A
Independent Antonio Nico Sabas 1,336 0.10% N/A
Independent Eugene M. LaVergne 1,041 0.08% N/A
Total votes 1,348,659 100.00% N/A
Democratic gain from Republican

Counties that flipped from Democratic to Republican

[edit]

By congressional district

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Booker won 6 of 12 congressional districts.[92]

District Booker Lonegan Representative
1st 61.54% 37.33% Rob Andrews
2nd 45.7% 53.1% Frank LoBiondo
3rd 46.25% 52.73% Jon Runyan
4th 41.35% 57.31% Chris Smith
5th 49.0% 50.25% Scott Garrett
6th 55.97% 42.93% Frank Pallone Jr.
7th 43.81% 55.31% Leonard Lance
8th 78.1% 20.46% Albio Sires
9th 65.83% 33.1% Bill Pascrell
10th 86.23% 12.63% Donald Payne Jr.
11th 46.69% 52.49% Rodney Frelinghuysen
12th 64.8% 34.15% Rush Holt Jr.

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ In June 2013, Chiesa was appointed by Governor Chris Christie to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Senator Frank Lautenberg.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "New Jersey Senate election turnout; only 24%". USAToday. October 18, 2013.
  2. ^ Blake, Aaron (June 3, 2013). "Sen. Frank Lautenberg dead at 89". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved June 3, 2013.
  3. ^ "Writ of Election" (PDF). June 4, 2013.
  4. ^ "N.J. Gov. Chris Christie appoints state Attorney General Jeff Chiesa to Senate - The Washington Post". The Washington Post.
  5. ^ "Official numbers show record low voter turnout for Christie-Buono race". nj.com. December 3, 2013. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
  6. ^ "Christie outlines special election for Lautenberg's U.S. Senate seat". Star-Ledger. June 4, 2013.
  7. ^ a b Aaron Blake (June 6, 2013). "Christie to appoint Jeff Chiesa to Senate". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  8. ^ Zernike, Kate; Santora, Marc (June 6, 2013). "Christie Picks New Jersey's Attorney General to Be Interim Senator". The New York Times. Retrieved June 6, 2013.
  9. ^ Linhorst, Michael; Campisi, Anthony (June 14, 2013). "Appellate ruling upholds Christie's move to schedule special Senate contest before Election Day". The Record. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  10. ^ Campisi, Anthony (June 20, 2013). "N.J. Supreme Court leaves special Senate election in October". The Record. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
  11. ^ Celock, John (June 9, 2013). "Shirley Turner Proposes Moving New Jersey Elections In 2013 To October". The Huffington Post. Retrieved June 14, 2013.
  12. ^ "Bills 2012 - 2013". New Jersey Legislature. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 30, 2013. Search by "A4237".
  13. ^ Livio, Susan K. (June 27, 2013). "Ill-fated bills challenging Christie plan for Oct. 16 Senate election pass". The Star-Ledger. NJ.com. Retrieved June 30, 2013.
  14. ^ Friedman, Matt (September 9, 2013). "Christie vetoes bill to move general election to Octobers". The Star-Ledger. NJ.com. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  15. ^ Rizzo, Salvador (June 20, 2013). "Christie calling in reinforcements for N.J. election bonanza". Star-Ledger. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  16. ^ Giles, Robert F. (July 17, 2013). "Reimbursement for Specified Expenses for the 2013 Special Primary Election/Special General Election for the office of U.S. Senate" (PDF). NJ Division of Elections. New Jersey State League of Municipalities. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2013. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
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  26. ^ "Christie calls for October election to fill Lautenberg's Senate seat : page all". NorthJersey.com. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
  27. ^ "Kyrillos and Bramnick Out »". June 6, 2013.
  28. ^ David Giambusso (June 6, 2013). "Sheila Oliver 'seriously considering' run for U.S. Senate in special election". NJ.com. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  29. ^ Santora, Marc (June 7, 2013). "Geraldo Rivera is Not the King of Rohan". National Journal. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  30. ^ "Former gubernatorial candidate Levine backs Eck early over Lonegan in Senate race". The New York Observer. June 9, 2013.
  31. ^ "Alieta Eck gains key endorsement". article.wn.com.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Endorsements". Archived from the original on June 14, 2013. Retrieved June 9, 2013.
  33. ^ Pizarro, Max (June 5, 2013). "Carroll throws his support behind Lonegan for U.S. Senate". PolitickerNJ. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  34. ^ "Lonegan lands endorsement of Hunterdon GOP chair". The New York Observer. June 8, 2013.
  35. ^ a b c d e https://www.facebook.com/LoneganforSenate [user-generated source]
  36. ^ a b Kean University Archived January 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  37. ^ a b c d e f Quinnipiac Archived July 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  38. ^ a b c Quinnipiac Archived August 11, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  39. ^ a b "2013 New Jersey Senate Special Election Primaries". August 13, 2013.
  40. ^ a b Delli Santi, Angela; Mulvihill, Geoff (June 8, 2013). "Cory Booker formally enters NJ Senate race, endorsed by Bill Bradley". theGrio. Associated Press. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  41. ^ Max Pizarro (June 6, 2013). "Holt officially gets in the U.S. Senate contest". Politicker NJ. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  42. ^ Friedman, Matthew (January 13, 2013). "Assembly Speaker Sheila Oliver stirs up field with potential Senate run". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
  43. ^ "Oliver tells Dems she'll file papers to run for Senate tomorrow". The New York Observer. June 10, 2013.
  44. ^ Joseph, Cameron (June 4, 2013). "Pallone tells NJ Dem congressman he's running for Senate". The Hill. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  45. ^ Pizarro, Max (June 4, 2013). "Andrews will not pursue U.S. Senate seat". PolitickerNJ. Retrieved June 4, 2013.
  46. ^ a b Friedman, Matt (June 7, 2013). "Beth Mason, wealthy Democratic activist, won't run for Senate". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  47. ^ Darryl R. Isherwood (June 5, 2013). "U.S. Sen. Race: Pallone and Holt in, Booker mum, Sweeney out, Bramnick and others mulling". Politicker NJ. Retrieved June 7, 2013.
  48. ^ Pizarro, Max (June 8, 2013). "DiVincenzo in with Booker at kickoff". PolitickerNJ. Retrieved June 8, 2013.
  49. ^ Arco, Matthew (June 10, 2013). "Norcross says Booker will win Senate race". PolitickerNJ. Retrieved June 10, 2013.
  50. ^ Pizarro, Max (June 17, 2013). "Whelan backs Booker for U.S. Senate". PolitickerNJ. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  51. ^ Tau, Byron (June 4, 2013). "Mo Cowan endorses Cory Booker run". Politico.
  52. ^ Giambusso, David (June 13, 2013). "Maryland Gov. Martin O'Malley endorses Booker for Senate". The Star-Ledger. Retrieved June 15, 2013.
  53. ^ Strauss, Daniel (July 16, 2013). "Ivanka Trump hosting fundraiser for Cory Booker". TheHill.
  54. ^ Young, Elise (June 8, 2013). "Zuckerberg Plans Fundraiser for Cory Booker's Senate Run". Bloomberg. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  55. ^ "Cory Booker for Senator". The New York Times. August 2, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  56. ^ "Inquirer Editorial: Booker best of a fine field". The Philadelphia Inquirer. August 5, 2013. Archived from the original on August 8, 2013. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  57. ^ Pizarro, Max (June 13, 2013). "Mercer Dems back Holt for U.S. Senate". PolitickerNJ. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  58. ^ Matt Friedman, Star-Ledger, July 17, 2013 "Rush Holt Wins Sussex County Democrats' Senate Straw Poll http://www.nj.com/politics/index.ssf/2013/07/holt_wins_sussex_county_democrats_senate_straw_poll.html
  59. ^ Pizarro, Max (June 13, 2013). "Monmouth County Dems going with Pallone in special election". PolitickerNJ. Retrieved June 18, 2013.
  60. ^ Rutgers-Eagleton
  61. ^ a b c d Quinnipiac Archived June 12, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  62. ^ a b c d e Monmouth
  63. ^ a b c Rasmussen
  64. ^ Monmouth
  65. ^ Staff, Star-Ledger (October 17, 2013). "Cory Booker makes history as he defeats Steve Lonegan in U.S. Senate election". nj.com.
  66. ^ Titus, Elizabeth (October 16, 2013). "Booker wins New Jersey Senate seat". POLITICO.
  67. ^ Glueck, Katie (August 14, 2013). "Cory Booker wins N.J. Senate primary". Politico. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
  68. ^ Pizarro, Max (June 5, 2013), Lonegan running for US Senate; Doherty backing him, PolitickerNJ.com, retrieved June 6, 2013
  69. ^ a b c d e f Campisi, Anthony (August 13, 2013). "Dumont man among 6 to file for N.J. Senate run as third-party candidates". Politico. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
  70. ^ Federal Election Commission. "Details for Committee ID : C00540500". fec.gov. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
  71. ^ Federal Election Commission. "2Details for Committee ID : C00546044". fec.gov. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2013.
  72. ^ "Top Contributors 2014 Race: New Jersey Senate". OpenSecrets. July 29, 2013.
  73. ^ "Top Industries 2014 Race: New Jersey Senate". OpenSecrets. July 29, 2013.
  74. ^ Monmouth
  75. ^ Fairleigh Dickinson University
  76. ^ Rutgers-Eagleton [permanent dead link‍]
  77. ^ Pulse Opinion Research
  78. ^ Stockton Polling Institute
  79. ^ Quinnipiac Archived September 26, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  80. ^ Monmouth
  81. ^ Fairleigh Dickinson University
  82. ^ Quinnipiac
  83. ^ Stockton Polling Institute
  84. ^ Monmouth
  85. ^ Rutgers-Eagleton
  86. ^ Harper Polling
  87. ^ Quinnipiac Archived October 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  88. ^ "Mayor Cory Booker Now Senator-Elect Cory Booker". Intelligencer. October 16, 2013.
  89. ^ Lee, Eunice (October 31, 2013). "See Cory Booker's resignation letter as he bids farewell to Newark City Hall, goes to Washington". nj.com.
  90. ^ "Cory Booker takes his superhero act to the Senate". MSNBC. October 31, 2013.
  91. ^ "Official List Candidates for US Senate - For SPECIAL GENERAL ELECTION FOR US SENATE 10/16/2013 Election" (PDF). New Jersey Secretary of State. October 28, 2013. Retrieved November 7, 2013.
  92. ^ "Daily Kos Elections' statewide election results by congressional and legislative districts". Daily Kos. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
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