First presidency of Donald Trump
 | This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably. When this tag was added, its readable prose size was 24,000 words. (April 2024) |
 | |
| First presidency of Donald Trump January 20, 2017 – January 20, 2021 | |
| Cabinet | Full list |
|---|---|
| Party | Republican |
| Election | 2016 |
| Seat | White House |
|
| |
| Archived website Library website | |
| ||
|---|---|---|
|
Business and personal 45th & 47th President of the United States Tenure
Impeachments Civil and criminal prosecutions   |
||
.jpg)
Donald Trump's tenure as the 45th president of the United States began on January 20, 2017, when Trump was inaugurated and ended on January 20, 2021. Trump, a Republican from New York, took office following his electoral college victory over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election, in which he lost the popular vote to Clinton by nearly three million votes. Upon his inauguration, he became the first president in American history without prior public office or military background. Trump made an unprecedented number of false or misleading statements during his 2016 campaign and first presidency. His first presidency ended following his defeat in the 2020 presidential election to former Democratic vice president Joe Biden, after his first term in office.
Trump was unsuccessful in his efforts to repeal the Affordable Care Act but rescinded the individual mandate. He sought substantial spending cuts to major welfare programs, including Medicare and Medicaid. Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and a partial repeal of the Dodd–Frank Act. He appointed Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett to the Supreme Court. Trump reversed numerous environmental regulations, withdrew from the Paris Agreement on climate change, and signed the Great American Outdoors Act but later issued an Executive Order undercutting its impact. He signed the First Step Act aimed at reforming federal prisons. He enacted tariffs, triggering retaliatory tariffs from China, Canada, Mexico, and the European Union. He withdrew from the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations and signed the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement, a successor to the North American Free Trade Agreement with modest changes. The federal deficit significantly increased under Trump due to spending increases and tax cuts.
Trump implemented a controversial family separation policy for migrants apprehended at the United States–Mexico border, starting in 2018. His demand for the federal funding of a border wall resulted in the longest US government shutdown in history. He deployed federal law enforcement forces in response to the racial unrest in 2020. Trump's "America First" foreign policy was characterized by unilateral actions, disregarding traditional norms and allies. His administration implemented a major arms sale to Saudi Arabia; denied citizens from several Muslim-majority countries entry into the United States; recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel; and brokered the Abraham Accords, a series of normalization agreements between Israel and various Arab states. Trump withdrew United States troops from northern Syria, allowing Turkey to occupy the area. His administration made a conditional deal with the Taliban to withdraw United States troops from Afghanistan in 2021. Trump met North Korea's leader Kim Jong Un three times. He withdrew the United States from the Iran nuclear agreement and later escalated tensions in the Persian Gulf by ordering the assassination of General Qasem Soleimani.
Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) concluded that Russia interfered to favor Trump's candidacy and that while the prevailing evidence "did not establish that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government", possible obstructions of justice occurred during the course of that investigation. Trump attempted to pressure Ukraine to announce investigations into his political rival Joe Biden, triggering his first impeachment by the House of Representatives on December 18, 2019, but he was acquitted by the Senate on February 5, 2020. Trump reacted slowly to the COVID-19 pandemic, ignored or contradicted many recommendations from health officials in his messaging, and promoted misinformation about unproven treatments and the availability of testing.
Following his loss in the 2020 presidential election to Biden, Trump made unproven claims of widespread electoral fraud and initiated an extensive campaign to overturn the results. At a rally on January 6, 2021, Trump urged his supporters to march to the Capitol, where the electoral votes were being counted by Congress in order to formalize Biden's victory. A mob of Trump supporters stormed the Capitol, suspending the count and causing Vice President Mike Pence and other members of Congress to be evacuated. On January 13, the House voted to impeach Trump an unprecedented second time for incitement of insurrection, but he was later acquitted by the Senate again on February 13, after he had already left office.
Trump was elected for a second non-consecutive term in 2024 and will start his second presidency as the 47th president on January 20, 2025.
2016 election
Donald Trump officially announced his candidacy for the nomination of the Republican Party in the 2016 presidential election on June 16, 2015, at his Trump Tower residence. In May 2016, Trump clinched the nomination by winning a majority of the delegates to become the presumptive nominee for the Republican Party following the party's presidential primaries. Trump selected Governor Mike Pence of Indiana as his running mate, and they were officially nominated as the Republican ticket at the 2016 Republican National Convention.
With Democratic president Barack Obama term-limited, the Democrats nominated former secretary of state Hillary Clinton of New York for president and Senator Tim Kaine of Virginia for vice president.
Early on November 9, 2016, the day after the election, Trump was projected to have won Wisconsin (a flip from the previous presidential election), thereby receiving enough electoral votes to secure the presidency, becoming the president-elect of the United States. Trump won the presidential election with 304 electoral votes compared to Clinton's 227, though Clinton won a plurality of the nationwide popular vote, receiving nearly 2.9 million more votes than Trump. Trump thus became the fifth person to win the presidency while losing the popular vote.[1] The electoral votes were certified on January 6, 2017. In the concurrent congressional elections, Republicans maintained their majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, and Speaker of the House Paul Ryan and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell both remained in their posts.
Transition period, inauguration, and first 100 days
.jpg)
The presidential transition period began following Trump's victory in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, though Trump had chosen Bill Hagerty to begin planning for the transition in August 2016. During the transition period, Trump announced nominations for his cabinet and administration.
Trump was inaugurated on January 20, 2017, succeeding Barack Obama. He was sworn in by Chief Justice John Roberts.[2] In his seventeen-minute inaugural address, Trump painted a dark picture of contemporary America, pledging to end "American carnage" caused by urban crime and saying America's "wealth, strength, and confidence has dissipated" by jobs lost overseas.[3] He declared his strategy would be "America First."[2] The largest single-day protest in U.S. history, the Women's March, took place the day after his inauguration and was driven by opposition to Trump and his policies and views.[4]
Administration
The Trump administration was characterized by record turnover, particularly among White House staff. By early 2018, 43% of senior White House positions had turned over.[5] The administration had a higher turnover rate in the first two and a half years than the five previous presidents did over their entire terms.[6]
By October 2019, one in 14 of Trump's political appointees were former lobbyists; less than three years into his presidency, Trump had appointed more than four times as many lobbyists than his predecessor Barack Obama did over the course of his first six years in office.[7]
Trump's cabinet included U.S. senator from Alabama Jeff Sessions as attorney general,[8] banker Steve Mnuchin as Treasury Secretary,[9] retired Marine Corps general James Mattis as Defense Secretary,[10] and ExxonMobil CEO Rex Tillerson as Secretary of State.[11] Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him during the presidential campaign, such as neurosurgeon Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,[12] and South Carolina governor Nikki Haley as Ambassador to the United Nations.[13]
Cabinet
Days after the presidential election, Trump selected RNC Chairman Reince Priebus as his chief of staff.[14] Trump chose Sessions for the position of attorney general.[15]
In February 2017, Trump formally announced his cabinet structure, elevating the Director of National Intelligence and Director of the Central Intelligence Agency to cabinet level. The Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers, which had been added to the cabinet by Obama in 2009, was removed from the cabinet. Trump's cabinet consisted of 24 members, more than Obama at 23 or George W. Bush at 21.[16]
On February 13, 2017, Trump fired Michael Flynn from the post of National Security Advisor on grounds that he had lied to Vice President Pence about his communications with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak; Flynn later pleaded guilty to lying to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) about his contacts with Russia.[17] Flynn was fired amidst the ongoing controversy concerning Russian interference in the 2016 election and accusations that Trump's electoral team colluded with Russian agents.
In July 2017, John F. Kelly, who had served as secretary of Homeland Security, replaced Priebus as chief of staff.[18] In September 2017, Tom Price resigned as Secretary of HHS amid criticism over his use of private charter jets for personal travel.[19] Kirstjen Nielsen succeeded Kelly as secretary in December 2017.[20] Secretary of State Rex Tillerson was fired via a tweet in March 2018; Trump appointed Mike Pompeo to replace Tillerson and Gina Haspel to succeed Pompeo as the director of the CIA.[21] In the wake of a series of scandals, Scott Pruitt resigned as Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in July 2018.[22] Secretary of Defense Jim Mattis informed Trump of his resignation following Trump's abrupt December 19, 2018, announcement that the remaining 2,000 American troops in Syria would be withdrawn, against the recommendations of his military and civilian advisors.[23]
Trump fired numerous inspectors general of agencies, including those who were probing the Trump administration and close Trump associates. In 2020, he fired five inspectors general in two months. The Washington Post wrote, "For the first time since the system was created in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, inspectors general find themselves under systematic attack from the president, putting independent oversight of federal spending and operations at risk."[24]
Dismissal of James Comey
Trump dismissed FBI Director James Comey on May 9, 2017, saying he had accepted the recommendations of Attorney General Sessions and Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein to dismiss Comey. Sessions's recommendation was based on Rosenstein's, while Rosenstein wrote that Comey should be dismissed for his handling of the conclusion of the FBI investigation into the Hillary Clinton email controversy.[25] On May 10, Trump met Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov and Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak. Based on White House notes of the meeting, Trump told the Russians, "I just fired the head of the FBI. He was crazy, a real nut job ... I faced great pressure because of Russia. That's taken off."[26] On May 11, Trump said in a videoed interview, "... regardless of recommendation, I was going to fire Comey ... in fact, when I decided to just do it, I said to myself, I said, you know, this Russia thing with Trump and Russia is a made-up story."[27] On May 18, Rosenstein told members of the U.S. Senate that he recommended Comey's dismissal while knowing Trump had already decided to fire Comey.[28] In the aftermath of Comey's firing, the events were compared with those of the "Saturday Night Massacre" during Richard Nixon's administration and there was debate over whether Trump had provoked a constitutional crisis, as he had dismissed the man leading an investigation into Trump's associates.[29] Trump's statements raised concerns of potential obstruction of justice.[30] In Comey's memo about a February 2017 meeting with Trump, Comey said Trump attempted to persuade him to abort the investigation into Flynn.[31]
Judicial appointments
.jpg)
After Republicans won control of the U.S. Senate in 2014, only 28.6 percent of judicial nominees were confirmed, "the lowest percentage of confirmations from 1977 to 2018".[32] At the end of the Obama presidency, 105 judgeships were vacant.[33] Senate Republicans, led by Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell, prioritized confirming Trump's judicial appointees, doing so rapidly.[34] By November 2018, Trump had appointed 29 judges to the U.S. courts of appeals, more than any modern president in the first two years of a presidential term.[35]
Trump ultimately appointed 226 Article III federal judges and 260 federal judges in total.[36] His appointees, who were usually affiliated with the conservative Federalist Society, shifted the judiciary to the right.[37] A third of Trump's appointees were under 45 years old when appointed, far higher than under previous presidents.[37] Trump's judicial nominees were less likely to be female or ethnic minority than those of the previous administration.[38][39] Of Trump's judicial appointments to the U.S. courts of appeals (circuit courts), two-thirds were white men, compared to 31% of Obama nominees and 63% of George W. Bush nominees.[37][40]
Supreme Court nominations
Trump made three nominations to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett:
- Trump nominated Neil Gorsuch in January 2017 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Justice Antonin Scalia in February 2016, which had not been filled by Obama because the Republican-majority Senate did not consider the nomination of Merrick Garland. The Senate confirmed Gorsuch in a mostly party-line vote of 54–45 in April 2017.[41] Gorsuch's confirmation was one of Trump's major first year accomplishments, made as part of a "100‑day pledge".[42]
- Trump nominated Brett Kavanaugh in July 2018 to replace retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy, who was considered a key swing vote on the Supreme Court. The Senate confirmed Kavanaugh in a mostly party-line vote of 50–48 in October 2018 after allegations that Kavanaugh had attempted to rape another student when they were both in high school, which Kavanaugh denied.[43][44]
- Trump nominated Amy Coney Barrett in September 2020 to fill the vacancy left by the death of Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Ginsburg was considered part of the Court's liberal wing and her replacement with a conservative jurist substantially changed the ideological composition of the Supreme Court.[45] Democrats opposed the nomination, arguing that the court vacancy should not be filled until after the 2020 presidential election. On October 26, 2020, the Senate confirmed Barrett by a mostly party-line vote of 52–48, with all Democrats opposing her confirmation.[46]
Leadership style
Trump's own staffers, subordinates, and allies frequently characterized Trump as infantile.[47] Trump reportedly eschewed reading detailed briefing documents, including the President's Daily Brief, in favor of receiving oral briefings.[48][49] Intelligence briefers reportedly repeated the President's name and title in order to keep his attention.[50][51] He was also known to acquire information by watching up to eight hours of television each day, most notably Fox News programs such as Fox & Friends and Hannity, whose broadcast talking points Trump sometimes repeated in public statements, particularly in early morning tweets.[52][53][54] Trump reportedly expressed anger if intelligence analyses contradicted his beliefs or public statements, with two briefers stating they had been instructed by superiors to not provide Trump with information that contradicted his public statements.[51]
Trump had reportedly fostered chaos as a management technique, resulting in low morale and policy confusion among his staff.[55][56] Trump proved unable to effectively compromise during the 115th U.S. Congress, which led to significant governmental gridlock and few notable legislative accomplishments despite Republican control of both houses of Congress.[57] Presidential historian Doris Kearns Goodwin found Trump lacked several traits of an effective leader, including "humility, acknowledging errors, shouldering blame and learning from mistakes, empathy, resilience, collaboration, connecting with people and controlling unproductive emotions."[58]
In January 2018, Axios reported Trump's working hours were typically around 11:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m. (a later start and an earlier end compared to the beginning of his presidency) and that he was holding fewer meetings during his working hours in order to accommodate Trump's desire for more unstructured free time (labelled as "executive time").[59] In 2019, Axios published Trump's schedule from November 7, 2018, to February 1, 2019, and calculated that around sixty percent of the time between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. was "executive time."[60]
False and misleading statements
The number and scale of Trump's statements in public speeches, remarks, and tweets identified as false by scholars, fact-checkers, and commentators were characterized as unprecedented for an American president,[65][66] and even unprecedented in U.S. politics.[67] The New Yorker called falsehoods a distinctive part of his political identity,[68] and they have also been described by Republican political advisor Amanda Carpenter as a gaslighting tactic.[69] His White House had dismissed the idea of objective truth,[70] and his campaign and presidency have been described as being "post-truth",[71] as well as hyper-Orwellian.[72] Trump's rhetorical signature included disregarding data from federal institutions that was incompatible to his arguments; quoting hearsay, anecdotal evidence, and questionable claims in partisan media; denying reality (including his own statements); and distracting when falsehoods were exposed.[73]
During the first year of Trump's presidency, The Washington Post's fact-checking team wrote that Trump was "the most fact-challenged politician" it had "ever encountered ... the pace and volume of the president's misstatements means that we cannot possibly keep up."[74] The Post found that as president, Trump made more than 30,000 false or misleading claims, increasing from an average of six a day in his first year as president to 39 claims a day in his final year.[75] The most common false or misleading claims by Trump involved the economy and jobs, his border wall proposal, and his tax legislation; he had also made false statements regarding prior administrations,[76] as well as other topics, including crime, terrorism, immigration, Russia and the Mueller probe, the Ukraine probe, immigration, and the COVID-19 pandemic.[61] Senior administration officials had also regularly given false, misleading, or tortured statements to the news media,[77][78] which made it difficult for the news media to take official statements seriously.[77]
Rule of law
Shortly before Trump secured the 2016 Republican nomination, The New York Times reported "legal experts across the political spectrum say" Trump's rhetoric reflected "a constitutional worldview that shows contempt for the First Amendment, the separation of powers, and the rule of law," adding "many conservative and libertarian legal scholars warn that electing Mr. Trump is a recipe for a constitutional crisis."[79] Political scientists warned that candidate Trump's rhetoric and actions mimicked those of other politicians who ultimately turned authoritarian once in office.[80] Some scholars have concluded that during Trump's tenure as president and largely due to his actions and rhetoric, the U.S. has experienced democratic backsliding.[81][82] Many prominent Republicans have expressed similar concerns that Trump's perceived disregard for the rule of law betrayed conservative principles.[83][84][85][86]
During the first two years of his presidency, Trump repeatedly sought to influence the Department of Justice to investigate Clinton,[87][88] the Democratic National Committee,[89] and Comey.[90] He persistently repeated a variety of allegations, at least some of which had already been investigated or debunked.[91][92] In spring 2018, Trump told White House counsel Don McGahn he wanted to order the Department of Justice to prosecute Clinton and Comey, but McGahn advised Trump such action would constitute abuse of power and invite possible impeachment.[93] In May 2018, Trump demanded that the Department of Justice investigate "whether or not the FBI/DOJ infiltrated or surveilled the Trump Campaign for Political Purposes," which the Department of Justice referred to its inspector general.[94] Although it is not unlawful for a president to exert influence on the Department of Justice to open an investigation, presidents have assiduously avoided doing so to prevent perceptions of political interference.[94][95]
Sessions resisted several demands by Trump and his allies for investigations of political opponents, causing Trump to repeatedly express frustration, saying at one point, "I don't have an attorney general."[96] While criticizing the special counsel investigation in July 2019, Trump falsely claimed that the Constitution ensures that "I have to the right to do whatever I want as president."[97] Trump had on multiple occasions either suggested or promoted views of extending his presidency beyond normal term limits.[98][99]
Trump frequently criticized the independence of the judiciary for unfairly interfering in his administration's ability to decide policy.[100] In November 2018, in an extraordinary rebuke of a sitting president, Roberts criticized Trump's characterization of a judge who had ruled against his policies as an "Obama judge", adding "That's not law."[101] In October 2020, twenty Republican former U.S. attorneys, among them appointees by each Republican president since Eisenhower, characterized Trump as "a threat to the rule of law in our country." Greg Brower, who worked in the Trump administration, asserted, "It's clear that President Trump views the Justice Department and the FBI as his own personal law firm and investigative agency."[102]
Relationship with the news media
.jpg)
.jpg)
Early into his presidency, Trump developed a highly contentious relationship with the news media, repeatedly referring to them as the "fake news media" and "the enemy of the people."[103] As a candidate, Trump had refused press credentials for offending publications but said he would not do so if elected.[104] Trump both privately and publicly mused about taking away critical reporters' White House press credentials.[105] At the same time, the Trump White House gave temporary press passes to far-right pro-Trump fringe outlets, such as InfoWars and The Gateway Pundit, which are known for publishing hoaxes and conspiracy theories.[105][106][107]
On his first day in office, Trump falsely accused journalists of understating the size of the crowd at his inauguration and called the news media "among the most dishonest human beings on earth." Trump's claims were notably defended by Press Secretary Sean Spicer, who claimed the inauguration crowd had been the biggest in history, a claim disproven by photographs.[108] Trump's senior adviser Kellyanne Conway then defended Spicer when asked about the falsehood, saying it was an "alternative fact", not a falsehood.[109]
The administration frequently sought to punish and block access for reporters who broke stories about the administration.[110][111][112][113] Trump frequently criticized right-wing media outlet Fox News for being insufficiently supportive of him,[114] threatening to lend his support for alternatives to Fox News on the right.[115] On August 16, 2018, the Senate unanimously passed a resolution affirming that "the press is not the enemy of the people."[116]
The relationship between Trump, the news media, and fake news has been studied. One study found that between October 7 and November 14, 2016, while one in four Americans visited a fake news website, "Trump supporters visited the most fake news websites, which were overwhelmingly pro-Trump" and "almost 6 in 10 visits to fake news websites came from the 10% of people with the most conservative online information diets."[117][118] Brendan Nyhan, one of the authors of the study, said in an interview, "People got vastly more misinformation from Donald Trump than they did from fake news websites."[119]
.jpg)
In October 2018, Trump praised U.S. representative Greg Gianforte for assaulting political reporter Ben Jacobs in 2017.[121] According to analysts, the incident marked the first time the president has "openly and directly praised a violent act against a journalist on American soil."[122] Later that month, as CNN and prominent Democrats were targeted with mail bombs, Trump initially condemned the bomb attempts but shortly thereafter blamed the "Mainstream Media that I refer to as Fake News" for causing "a very big part of the anger we see today in our society."[123]
The Trump Justice Department obtained by court order the 2017 phone logs or email metadata of reporters from CNN, The New York Times, The Washington Post, BuzzFeed, and Politico as part of investigations into leaks of classified information.[124]
Trump continued his use of Twitter following the presidential campaign. He continued to personally tweet from @realDonaldTrump, his personal account, while his staff tweet on his behalf using the official @POTUS account. His use of Twitter was unconventional for a president, with his tweets initiating controversy and becoming news in their own right.[125] Some scholars have referred to his time in office as the "first true Twitter presidency."[126] The Trump administration described Trump's tweets as "official statements by the President of the United States."[127] The federal judge Naomi Reice Buchwald ruled in 2018 that Trump's blocking of other Twitter users due to opposing political views violated the First Amendment and he must unblock them.[128] The ruling was upheld on appeal.[129][130]
His tweets have been reported as ill-considered, impulsive, vengeful, and bullying, often being made late at night or in the early hours of the morning.[131][132][133] His tweets about a Muslim ban were successfully turned against his administration to halt two versions of travel restrictions from some Muslim-majority countries.[134] He has used Twitter to threaten and intimidate his political opponents and potential political allies needed to pass bills.[135] Many tweets appear to be based on stories Trump has seen in the media, including far-right news websites such as Breitbart and television shows such as Fox & Friends.[136][137]
Trump used Twitter to attack federal judges who ruled against him in court cases[138] and to criticize officials within his own administration, including then-Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, then-National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein, and, at various times, Attorney General Jeff Sessions.[139] Tillerson was eventually fired via a tweet by Trump.[140] Trump also tweeted that his Justice Department is part of the American "deep state";[141] that "there was tremendous leaking, lying and corruption at the highest levels of the FBI, Justice & State" Departments;[139] and that the special counsel investigation is a "WITCH HUNT!"[142] In August 2018, Trump used Twitter to write that Attorney General Jeff Sessions "should stop" the special counsel investigation immediately; he also referred to it as "rigged" and its investigators as biased.[143]
Twitter Safety @TwitterSafetyAfter close review of recent Tweets from the @realDonaldTrump account and the context around them we have permanently suspended the account due to the risk of further incitement of violence.
January 8, 2021[144]
In February 2020, Trump tweeted criticism of the prosecutors' proposed sentence for Trump's former aide Roger Stone. A few hours later, the Justice Department replaced the prosecutors' proposed sentence with a lighter proposal. This gave the appearance of presidential interference in a criminal case and caused a strong negative reaction. All four of the original prosecutors withdrew from the case; more than a thousand former Department of Justice lawyers signed a letter condemning the action.[145][146] On July 10, Trump commuted the sentence of Stone days before he was due to report to prison.[147]
In response to the mid-2020 George Floyd protests, some of which resulted in looting,[148] Trump tweeted on May 25 that "when the looting starts, the shooting starts." Not long after, Twitter restricted the tweet for violating the company's policy on promoting violence.[149] On May 28, Trump signed an executive order which sought to limit legal protections of social media companies.[150]
On January 8, 2021, Twitter announced that they had permanently suspended Trump's personal account "due to the risk of further incitement of violence" following the Capitol attack.[151] Trump announced in his final tweet before the suspension that he would not attend the inauguration of Joe Biden.[152] Other social media platforms like Facebook, Snapchat, YouTube and others also suspended the official handles of Donald Trump.[153][154]
Domestic affairs
Agriculture
.jpg)
Due to Trump's trade tariffs combined with depressed commodities prices, American farmers faced the worst crisis in decades.[155] Trump provided farmers $12 billion in direct payments in July 2018 to mitigate the negative impacts of his tariffs, increasing the payments by $14.5 billion in May 2019 after trade talks with China ended without agreement.[156] Most of the administration's aid went to the largest farms.[157] Politico reported in May 2019 that some economists in the United States Department of Agriculture were being punished for presenting analyses showing farmers were being harmed by Trump's trade and tax policies, with six economists having more than 50 years of combined experience at the Service resigning on the same day.[158] Trump's fiscal 2020 budget proposed a 15% funding cut for the Agriculture Department, calling farm subsidies "overly generous".[155]
Consumer protections
The administration reversed a Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) rule that had made it easier for aggrieved consumers to pursue class actions against banks; the Associated Press characterized the reversal as a victory for Wall Street banks.[159] Under Mick Mulvaney's tenure, the CFPB reduced enforcement of rules that protected consumers from predatory payday lenders.[160][161] Trump scrapped a proposed rule from the Obama administration that airlines disclose baggage fees.[162] Trump reduced enforcement of regulations against airlines; fines levied by the administration in 2017 were less than half of what the Obama administration did the year before.[163]
Criminal justice
The New York Times summarized the Trump administration's "general approach to law enforcement" as "cracking down on violent crime", "not regulating the police departments that fight it", and overhauling "programs that the Obama administration used to ease tensions between communities and the police".[164] Trump reversed a ban on providing federal military equipment to local police departments[165] and reinstated the use of civil asset forfeiture.[166] The administration stated that it would no longer investigate police departments and publicize their shortcomings in reports, a policy previously enacted under the Obama administration. Later, Trump falsely claimed that the Obama administration never tried to reform the police.[167][168]
In December 2017, Sessions and the Department of Justice rescinded a 2016 guideline advising courts against imposing large fines and fees on poor defendants.[169]
.jpg)
Despite Trump's pro-police rhetoric, his 2019 budget plan proposed nearly fifty percent cuts to the COPS Hiring Program which provides funding to state and local law enforcement agencies to help hire community policing officers.[170] Trump appeared to advocate police brutality in a July 2017 speech to police officers, prompting criticism from law enforcement agencies.[171] In 2020, the inspector general of the Department of Justice criticized the Trump administration for reducing police oversight and eroding public confidence in law enforcement.[172]
In December 2018, Trump signed the First Step Act, a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill which sought to rehabilitate prisoners and reduce recidivism, notably by expanding job training and early-release programs, and lowering mandatory minimum sentences for nonviolent drug offenders.[173]
The number of prosecutions of child-sex traffickers has showed a decreasing trend under the Trump administration relative to the 2nd term of Obama administration.[174][175] Under the Trump administration, the SEC charged the fewest number of insider trading cases since the Reagan administration.[176]
Presidential pardons and commutations
During his presidency, Trump pardoned or commuted the sentences of 237 individuals.[177] Most of those pardoned had personal or political connections to Trump.[178] A significant number had been convicted of fraud or public corruption.[179] Trump circumvented the typical clemency process, taking no action on more than ten thousand pending applications, using the pardon power primarily on "public figures whose cases resonated with him given his own grievances with investigators".[180]
Drug policy
In a May 2017 departure from the policy of the Department of Justice under Obama to reduce long jail sentencing for minor drug offenses and contrary to a growing bipartisan consensus, the administration ordered federal prosecutors to seek maximum sentencing for drug offenses.[181] In a January 2018 move that created uncertainty regarding the legality of recreational and medical marijuana, Sessions rescinded a federal policy that had barred federal law enforcement officials from aggressively enforcing federal cannabis law in states where the drug is legal.[182] The administration's decision contradicted then-candidate Trump's statement that marijuana legalization should be "up to the states".[183] That same month, the VA said it would not research cannabis as a potential treatment against PTSD and chronic pain; veterans organizations had pushed for such a study.[184] In December 2018, Trump signed the Agriculture Improvement Act of 2018, which included de-scheduling certain cannabis products, leading to a rise in legal Delta-8—a step which resembled legalization.[185]
Capital punishment
Between July 2020[186] and the end of Trump's term, the federal government executed thirteen people; the first executions since 2002.[187] In this time period, Trump oversaw more federal executions than any president in the preceding 120 years.[187]
Disaster relief
Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria
Three hurricanes hit the U.S. in August and September 2017: Harvey in southeastern Texas, Irma on the Florida Gulf coast, and Maria in Puerto Rico. Trump signed into law $15 billion in relief for Harvey and Irma, and later $18.67 billion for all three.[188] The administration came under criticism for its delayed response to the humanitarian crisis on Puerto Rico.[189] Politicians of both parties had called for immediate aid for Puerto Rico, and criticized Trump for focusing on a feud with the National Football League instead.[190] Trump did not comment on Puerto Rico for several days while the crisis was unfolding.[191] According to The Washington Post, the White House did not feel a sense of urgency until "images of the utter destruction and desperation – and criticism of the administration's response – began to appear on television."[192] Trump dismissed the criticism, saying distribution of necessary supplies was "doing well". The Washington Post noted, "on the ground in Puerto Rico, nothing could be further from the truth."[192] Trump cited Puerto Rico’s remote location as an impediment to providing prompt relief, saying "This is an island surrounded by water. Big water. Ocean water."[193] Trump also criticized Puerto Rico officials.[194] A BMJ analysis found the federal government responded much more quickly and on a larger scale to the hurricane in Texas and Florida than in Puerto Rico, despite the fact that the hurricane in Puerto Rico was more severe.[188] A 2021 HUD Inspector General investigation found that the Trump administration erected bureaucratic hurdles which stalled approximately $20 billion in hurricane relief for Puerto Rico.[195]
At the time of FEMA's departure from Puerto Rico, one third of Puerto Rico residents still lacked electricity and some places lacked running water.[196] A New England Journal of Medicine study estimated the number of hurricane-related deaths during the period September 20 to December 31, 2017, to be around 4,600 (range 793–8,498)[197] The official death rate due to Maria reported by the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico is 2,975; the figure was based on an independent investigation by George Washington University commissioned by the governor of Puerto Rico.[198] Trump falsely claimed the official death rate was wrong, and said the Democrats were trying to make him "look as bad as possible".[199]
Puerto Rico Governor Ricardo Rosselló wrote that as he and Trump were in a helicopter surveying damage from the hurricane, Trump said, "Nature has a way of coming back. Well, it does until it does not. Who knows with nuclear warfare what will happen. But I tell you what. If nuclear war happens, we won't be second in line pressing the button."[200] Axios reported that Trump suggested that they explore the possibility of bombing and nuking hurricanes to stop their arrival, that these suggestions were recorded in National Security Council memos, that Trump denied making the suggestions, and that a senior official defended Trump's suggestion by saying, "It takes strong people to respond to him in the right way when stuff like this comes up."[201][202]
California wildfires
Trump misleadingly blamed the destructive wildfires in 2018 in California, on "gross" and "poor" "mismanagement" of forests by California, saying there was no other reason for these wildfires. The fires in question were not "forest fires"; most of the forest was owned by federal agencies; and climate change in part contributed to the fires.[203] Trump mentioned Finland as a model, saying, "they spend a lot of time on raking and cleaning and doing things, and they don't have any problem. And when it is, it is a very small problem. So I know everybody is looking at that—to that end. And it's going to work out. It's going to work out well."[204]
In September 2020, California's worst wildfires in history prompted Trump to visit the state. In a briefing to state officials, Trump said that federal assistance was necessary, and again baselessly asserted that the lack of forestry, not climate change, is the underlying cause of the fires.[205]
Economy
| Year | Unemploy- ment[206] |
GDP[207] | Real GDP growth[208] |
Fiscal data[209][210] | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Receipts | Outlays | Deficit | Debt | ||||
| ending | Dec 31 (calendar year) | Sep 30 (fiscal year)[1] | |||||
| 2016* | 4.9% | $18.695 | 1.7% | $3.268 | $3.853 | – $0.585 | $14.2 |
| 2017 | 4.4% | $19.480 | 2.3% | $3.316 | $3.982 | – $0.665 | $14.7 |
| 2018 | 3.9% | $20.527 | 2.9% | $3.330 | $4.109 | – $0.779 | $15.8 |
| 2019 | 3.7% | $21.373 | 2.3% | $3.463 | $4.447 | – $0.984 | $16.8 |
| 2020 | 8.1% | $20.894 | –3.4% | $3.421 | $6.550 | – $3.129 | $21.0 |
Trump's economic policies have centered on cutting taxes, deregulation, and trade protectionism. Trump primarily stuck to or intensified traditional Republican economic policy positions that benefitted corporate interests or the affluent, with the exception of his trade protectionist policies.[211] Deficit spending, combined with tax cuts for the wealthy, caused the U.S. national debt to sharply increase.[212][213][214][215]
One of Trump's first actions was to indefinitely suspend a cut in fee rates for federally-insured mortgages implemented by the Obama administration which saved individuals with lower credit scores around $500 per year on a typical loan.[216] Upon taking office, Trump halted trade negotiations with the European Union on the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, which had been underway since 2013.[217]
The administration proposed changes to the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (food stamps), which if implemented would lead millions to lose access to food stamps and limit the amount of benefits for remaining recipients.[218]
During his tenure, Trump repeatedly sought to intervene in the economy to affect specific companies and industries.[219] Trump sought to compel power grid operators to buy coal and nuclear energy, and sought tariffs on metals to protect domestic metal producers.[219] Trump also publicly attacked Boeing and Lockheed Martin, sending their stocks tumbling.[220] Trump repeatedly singled out Amazon for criticism and advocated steps that would harm the company, such as ending an arrangement between Amazon and the United States Postal Service (USPS) and raising taxes on Amazon.[221][222] Trump expressed opposition to the merger between Time Warner (the parent company of CNN) and AT&T.[223]
The Trump campaign ran on a policy of reducing America's trade deficit, particularly with China.[224] The overall trade deficit increased during Trump's presidency.[225] The goods deficit with China reached a record high for the second consecutive year in 2018.[226]
A 2021 study, which used the synthetic control method, found no evidence Trump had an impact on the U.S. economy during his time in office.[227] Analysis conducted by Bloomberg News at the end of Trump's second year in office found that his economy ranked sixth among the last seven presidents, based on fourteen metrics of economic activity and financial performance.[228] Trump repeatedly and falsely characterized the economy during his presidency as the best in American history.[229]
_(cropped).jpg)
In February 2020, amid the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. entered a recession.[230][231]
Taxation
In September 2017, Trump proposed the most sweeping federal tax overhaul in many years.[232] Trump signed the tax legislation on December 22, 2017, after it passed Congress on party-line votes.[233][234][235] The tax bill was the first major legislation signed by Trump.[236] The $1.5 trillion bill reduced the corporate federal tax rate from 35% to 21%,[234] its lowest point since 1939.[235] The bill also cut the individual tax rate, reducing the top rate from 39.6% to 37%, although these individual tax cuts expire after 2025;[234] as a result, "by 2027, every income group making less than $75,000 would see a net tax increase."[236] The bill doubled the estate tax exemption (to $22 million for married couples); and allowed the owners of pass-through businesses to deduct 20% of business income.[234] The bill doubled the standard deduction while eliminating many itemized deductions,[236] including the deduction for state and local taxes.[234] The bill also repealed the individual health insurance mandate contained in the Affordable Care Act.[236]
According to The New York Times, the plan would result in a "huge windfall" for the very wealthy but would not benefit those in the bottom third of the income distribution.[232] The nonpartisan Tax Policy Center estimated that the richest 0.1% and 1% would benefit the most in raw dollar amounts and percentage terms from the tax plan, earning 10.2% and 8.5% more income after taxes respectively.[237] Middle-class households would on average earn 1.2% more after tax, but 13.5% of middle class households would see their tax burden increase.[237] The poorest fifth of Americans would earn 0.5% more.[237] Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin argued that the corporate income tax cut would benefit workers the most, while the nonpartisan Joint Committee on Taxation, the Congressional Budget Office and many economists estimated that owners of capital would benefit vastly more than workers.[238] A preliminary estimate by the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget found that the tax plan would add more than $2 trillion over the next decade to the federal debt,[239] while the Tax Policy Center found that it would add $2.4 trillion to the debt.[237] A 2019 Congressional Research Service analysis found that the tax cuts had "a relatively small (if any) first-year" growth effect on the economy.[240] A 2019 analysis by the Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget concluded that Trump's policies will add $4.1 trillion to the national debt from 2017 to 2029. Around $1.8 trillion of debt is projected to eventually arise from the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.[241]
Trade
.jpg)
.jpg)
In March 2018, Trump imposed tariffs on solar panels and washing machines of 30–50%.[242] In March 2018, he imposed tariffs on steel (25%) and aluminum (10%) from most countries,[243][244] which covered an estimated 4.1% of U.S. imports.[245] On June 1, 2018, this was extended to the European Union, Canada, and Mexico.[244] In separate moves, the Trump administration has set and escalated tariffs on goods imported from China, leading to a trade war.[246] The tariffs angered trading partners, who implemented retaliatory tariffs on U.S. goods,[247] and adversely affected real income and GDP.[248] A CNBC analysis found that Trump "enacted tariffs equivalent to one of the largest tax increases in decades", while Tax Foundation and Tax Policy Center analyses found the tariffs could wipe out the benefits of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 for many households.[249][250] The two countries reached a "phase one" truce agreement in January 2020. The bulk of the tariffs remained in place until talks were to resume after the 2020 election. Trump provided $28 billion in cash aid to farmers affected by the trade war.[251][252][253] Studies have found that the tariffs also adversely affected Republican candidates in elections.[254] An analysis published by The Wall Street Journal in October 2020 found the trade war did not achieve the primary objective of reviving American manufacturing, nor did it result in the reshoring of factory production.[255]
Three weeks after Republican senator Chuck Grassley, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, wrote an April 2019 Wall Street Journal op-ed entitled "Trump's Tariffs End or His Trade Deal Dies", stating "Congress won't approve USMCA while constituents pay the price for Mexican and Canadian retaliation," Trump lifted steel and aluminum tariffs on Mexico and Canada.[256] Two weeks later, Trump unexpectedly announced he would impose a 5% tariff on all imports from Mexico on June 10, increasing to 10% on July 1, and by another 5% each month for three months, "until such time as illegal migrants coming through Mexico, and into our Country, STOP".[257] Grassley commented the move as a "misuse of presidential tariff authority and counter to congressional intent".[258] That same day, the Trump administration formally initiated the process to seek congressional approval of USMCA.[259] Trump's top trade advisor, U.S. Trade Representative Robert Lighthizer, opposed the new Mexican tariffs on concerns it would jeopardize passage of USMCA.[260] Treasury secretary Steven Mnuchin and Trump senior advisor Jared Kushner also opposed the action. Grassley, whose committee is instrumental in passing USMCA, was not informed in advance of Trump's surprise announcement.[261] On June 7, Trump announced the tariffs would be "indefinitely suspended" after Mexico agreed to take actions, including deploying its National Guard throughout the country and along its southern border.[262] The New York Times reported the following day that Mexico had actually agreed to most of the actions months earlier.[263]
As a presidential candidate in 2016, Trump pledged to withdraw from the Trans-Pacific Partnership, a trade agreement with eleven Pacific Rim nations which the United States had signed earlier that year. China was not a party to the agreement, which was intended to allow the United States to guide trade relations in the region. He incorrectly asserted the deal was flawed because it contained a "back door" that would allow China to enter the agreement later. Trump announced the American withdrawal from the deal days after taking office. Upon the American withdrawal, the remaining partners renamed it the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership. In September 2021, China formally applied to join that agreement in an effort to replace the United States as its hub; China's state-run Global Times said the move would "cement the country's leadership in global trade" and leave the United States "increasingly isolated."[264][265]
Education
Trump appointed Betsy DeVos as his secretary of education. Her nomination was confirmed on a 50–50 Senate vote with Vice President Pence called upon to break the tie (the first time a vice president had cast a tie-breaking vote on a Cabinet nomination).[266] Democrats opposed DeVos as underqualified, while Republicans supported DeVos because of her strong support of school choice.[266]
In 2017, Trump revoked an Obama administration memo which provided protections for people in default on student loans.[267] The United States Department of Education cancelled agreements with the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to police student loan fraud.[268] The administration rescinded a regulation restricting federal funding to for-profit colleges unable to demonstrate that college graduates had a reasonable debt-to-earnings ratio after entering the job market.[269] Seth Frotman, the CFPB student loan ombudsman, resigned, accusing the Trump administration of undermining the CFPB's work on protecting student borrowers.[270] DeVos marginalized an investigative unit within the Department of Education that under Obama investigated predatory activities by for-profit colleges. An investigation started under Obama into the practices of DeVry Education Group, which operates for-profit colleges, was halted in early 2017, and the former dean at DeVry was made into the supervisor for the investigative unit later that summer. DeVry paid a $100 million fine in 2016 for defrauding students.[271]
In 2017, the administration reversed an Obama administration guidance on how schools and universities should combat sexual harassment and sexual violence.[272][273]
Election integrity
On the eve of the 2018 midterm elections, Politico described the Trump administration's efforts to combat election propaganda as "rudderless". At the same time, U.S. intelligence agencies warned about "ongoing campaigns" by Russia, China, and Iran to influence American elections.[274]
Energy
The administration's "America First Energy Plan" did not mention renewable energy and instead focused on fossil fuels.[275] The administration enacted 30% tariffs on imported solar panels. The American solar energy industry is highly reliant on foreign parts (80% of parts are made abroad); as a result, the tariffs could raise the costs of solar energy, reduce innovation and reduce jobs in the industry – which in 2017 employed nearly four times as many American workers as the coal industry.[276][277] The administration reversed standards put in place to make commonly used lightbulbs more energy-efficient.[278]
Trump rescinded a rule requiring oil, gas and mining firms to disclose how much they paid foreign governments,[279] and withdrew from the international Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) which required disclosure of payments by oil, gas and mining companies to governments.[280]
In 2017, Trump ordered the reversal of an Obama-era ban on new oil and gas leasing in the Arctic Ocean and environmentally sensitive areas of the North Atlantic coast, in the Outer Continental Shelf.[281] Trump's order was halted by a federal court, which ruled in 2019 that it unlawfully exceeded his authority.[281] Trump also revoked the 2016 Well Control Rule, a safety regulation adopted after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill; this action is the subject of legal challenges from environmental groups.[282][283][284]
_.png)
In January 2018, the administration singled out Florida for exemption from the administration's offshore drilling plan. The move stirred controversy because it came after Florida governor Rick Scott, who was considering a 2018 Senate run, complained about the plan. The move raised ethical questions about the appearance of "transactional favoritism" because Trump owns a coastal resort in Florida, and because of the state's status as a crucial "swing state" in the 2020 presidential election.[285] Other states sought similar offshore drilling exemptions,[286] and litigation ensued.[287][288]
Despite rhetoric about boosting the coal industry, coal-fueled electricity generating capacity declined faster during Trump's presidency than during any previous presidential term, falling 15% with the idling of 145 coal-burning units at 75 power plants. An estimated 20% of electricity was expected to be generated by coal in 2020, compared to 31% in 2017.[289]
Environment
By October 2020, the administration had overturned 72 environmental regulations and was in process of reversing an additional 27.[290] A 2018 American Journal of Public Health study found that in Trump's first six months in office, the United States Environmental Protection Agency adopted a pro-business attitude unlike that of any previous administration, as it "moved away from the public interest and explicitly favored the interests of the regulated industries".[291]
Analyses of EPA enforcement data showed that the Trump administration brought fewer cases against polluters, sought a lower total of civil penalties and made fewer requests of companies to retrofit facilities to curb pollution than the Obama and Bush administrations. According to The New York Times, "confidential internal E.P.A. documents show that the enforcement slowdown coincides with major policy changes ordered by Mr. Pruitt's team after pleas from oil and gas industry executives."[292] In 2018, the administration referred the lowest number of pollution cases for criminal prosecution in 30 years.[293] Two years into Trump's presidency, The New York Times wrote he had "unleashed a regulatory rollback, lobbied for and cheered on by industry, with little parallel in the past half-century".[294] In June 2018, David Cutler and Francesca Dominici of Harvard University estimated conservatively that the Trump administration's modifications to environmental rules could result in more than 80,000 additional U.S. deaths and widespread respiratory ailments.[295] In August 2018, the administration's own analysis showed that loosening coal plant rules could cause up to 1,400 premature deaths and 15,000 new cases of respiratory problems.[296] From 2016 to 2018, air pollution increased by 5.5%, reversing a seven-year trend where air pollution had declined by 25%.[297]
All references to climate change were removed from the White House website, with the sole exception of mentioning Trump's intention to eliminate the Obama administration's climate change policies.[298] The EPA removed climate change material on its website, including detailed climate data.[299] In June 2017, Trump announced U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, a 2015 climate change accord reached by 200 nations to cut greenhouse gas emissions.[300] In December 2017, Trump – who had repeatedly called scientific consensus on climate a "hoax" before becoming president – falsely implied that cold weather meant climate change was not occurring.[301] Through executive order, Trump reversed multiple Obama administration policies meant to tackle climate change, such as a moratorium on federal coal leasing, the Presidential Climate Action Plan, and guidance for federal agencies on taking climate change into account during National Environmental Policy Act action reviews. Trump also ordered reviews and possibly modifications to several directives, such as the Clean Power Plan (CPP), the estimate for the "social cost of carbon" emissions, carbon dioxide emission standards for new coal plants, methane emissions standards from oil and natural gas extraction, as well as any regulations inhibiting domestic energy production.[302] The administration rolled back regulations requiring the federal government to account for climate change and sea-level rise when building infrastructure.[303] The EPA disbanded a 20-expert panel on pollution which advised the EPA on the appropriate threshold levels to set for air quality standards.[304]
.jpg)
The administration has repeatedly sought to reduce the EPA budget.[305] The administration invalidated the Stream Protection Rule, which limited dumping of toxic wastewater containing metals, such as arsenic and mercury, into public waterways,[306] regulations on coal ash (carcinogenic leftover waste produced by coal plants),[307] and an Obama-era executive order on protections for oceans, coastlines and lakes enacted in response to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[308] The administration refused to act on recommendations from EPA scientists urging greater regulation of particulate pollution.[309]
The administration rolled back major Clean Water Act protections, narrowing the definition of the "waters of the United States" under federal protection.[310] Studies by the Obama-era EPA suggest that up to two-thirds of California's inland freshwater streams would lose protections under the rule change.[311] The EPA sought to repeal a regulation which required oil and gas companies to restrict emissions of methane, a potent greenhouse gas.[312] The EPA rolled back automobile fuel efficiency standards introduced in 2012.[313] The EPA granted a loophole allowing a small set of trucking companies to skirt emissions rules and produce glider trucks that emit 40 to 55 times the air pollutants of other new trucks.[314] The EPA rejected a ban on the toxic pesticide chlorpyrifos; a federal court then ordered the EPA to ban chlorpyrifos, because the EPA's own extensive research showed it caused adverse health effects in children.[294] The administration scaled back the ban on the use of the solvent methylene chloride,[315] and lifted a rule requiring major farms to report pollution emitted through animal waste.[316]
The administration suspended funding on several environmental research studies,[317][318] a multi-million-dollar program that distributed grants for research the effects of chemical exposure on children[319][320] and $10-million-a-year research line for NASA's Carbon Monitoring System.[321] including an unsuccessful attempt to kill aspects of NASA's climate science program.[321]
The EPA expedited the process for approving new chemicals and made the process of evaluating the safety of those chemicals less stringent; EPA scientists expressed concerns that the agency's ability to stop hazardous chemicals was being compromised.[322][323] Internal emails showed that Pruitt aides prevented the publication of a health study showing some toxic chemicals endanger humans at far lower levels than the EPA previously characterized as safe.[324] One such chemical was present in high quantities around several military bases, including groundwater.[324] The non-disclosure of the study and the delay in public knowledge of the findings may have prevented the government from updating the infrastructure at the bases and individuals who lived near the bases to avoid the tap water.[324]
The administration weakened enforcement the Endangered Species Act, making it easier to start mining, drilling and construction projects in areas with endangered and threatened species.[325][326] The administration has actively discouraged local governments and businesses from undertaking preservation efforts.[326]
The administration sharply reduced the size of two national monuments in Utah by approximately two million acres, making it the largest reduction of public land protections in American history.[327] Shortly afterwards, Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke advocated for downsizing four additional national monuments and changing the way six additional monuments were managed.[328] In 2019, the administration sped up the process for environmental reviews for oil and gas drilling in the Arctic; experts said the speeding up made reviews less comprehensive and reliable.[329] According to Politico, the administration sped up the process in the event that a Democratic administration was elected in 2020, which would have halted new oil and gas leases in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[329] The administration sought to open up more than 180,000 acres of the Tongass National Forest in Alaska, the largest in the country, for logging.[330]
In April 2018, Pruitt announced a policy change prohibiting EPA regulators from considering scientific research unless the raw data of the research was made publicly available. This would limit EPA regulators' use of much environmental research, given that participants in many such studies provide personal health information which is kept confidential.[331] The EPA cited two bipartisan reports and various nonpartisan studies about the use of science in government to defend the decision. However, the authors of those reports dismissed that the EPA followed their instructions, with one author saying, "They don't adopt any of our recommendations, and they go in a direction that's opposite, completely different. They don't adopt any of the recommendations of any of the sources they cite."[332]
In July 2020, Trump moved to weaken the National Environmental Policy Act by limiting public review to speed up permitting.[333] In August 2020, Trump signed the Great American Outdoors Act to fully fund the Land and Water Conservation Fund. He had intended to oppose the bill and gut the fund until Republican senators afraid of losing their reelection bids and the Senate majority changed his mind.[334][335]
Government size and regulations
The administration imposed far fewer financial penalties against banks and major companies accused of wrongdoing relative to the Obama administration.[336]
In the first six weeks of his tenure, Trump suspended – or in a few cases, revoked – more than 90 regulations.[337] In early 2017, Trump signed an executive order directing federal agencies to slash two existing regulations for every new one (without spending on regulations going up).[338] A September 2017 Bloomberg BNA review found that due to unclear wording in the order and the large proportion of regulations it exempts, the order had had little effect since it was signed.[339] The Trump OMB released an analysis in February 2018 indicating the economic benefits of regulations significantly outweigh the economic costs.[340] The administration ordered one-third of government advisory committees for federal agencies eliminated, except for committees that evaluate consumer product safety or committees that approve research grants.[341]
Trump ordered a four-month government-wide hiring freeze of the civilian work force (excluding staff in the military, national security, public safety and offices of new presidential appointees) at the start of his term.[342] He said he did not intend to fill many of the governmental positions that were still vacant, as he considered them unnecessary;[343] there were nearly 2,000 vacant government positions.[344]
The administration ended the requirement that nonprofits, including political advocacy groups who collect so-called dark money, disclose the names of large donors to the IRS; the Senate voted to overturn the administration's rule change.[345]
Guns
The administration banned bump stocks after such devices were used by the gunman who perpetrated the 2017 Las Vegas shooting.[346] In the wake of several mass shootings during the Trump administration, including August 2019 shootings in El Paso, Texas, and Dayton, Ohio, Trump called on states to implement red flag laws to remove guns from "those judged to pose a grave risk to public safety".[347] By November 2019, he abandoned the idea of red-flag laws.[348] Trump repealed a regulation that barred gun ownership from approximately 75,000 individuals who received Social Security checks due to mental illness and who were deemed unfit to handle their financial affairs.[349] The administration ended U.S. involvement in the UN Arms Trade Treaty to curb the international trade of conventional arms with countries having poor human rights records.[350]
Health care
.jpg)
The 2010 Affordable Care Act (also known as "Obamacare" or the ACA) elicited major opposition from the Republican Party from its inception, and Trump called for a repeal of the law during the 2016 election campaign.[352] On taking office, Trump promised to pass a healthcare bill that would cover everyone and result in better and less expensive insurance.[353][42] Throughout his presidency, Trump repeatedly asserted that his administration and Republicans in Congress supported protections for individuals with preexisting conditions; however, fact-checkers noted the administration supported attempts both in Congress and in the courts to roll back the ACA (and its protections for preexisting conditions).[354][355][356][357]
Congressional Republicans made two serious efforts to repeal the ACA. First, in March 2017, Trump endorsed the American Health Care Act (AHCA), a Republican bill to repeal and replace the ACA.[358] Opposition from several House Republicans, both moderate and conservative, led to the defeat of this version of the bill.[358] Second in May 2017, the House narrowly voted in favor of a new version of the AHCA to repeal the ACA, sending the bill to the Senate for deliberation.[358] Over the next weeks the Senate made several attempts to create a repeal bill; however, all the proposals were ultimately rejected in a series of Senate votes in late July.[358] The individual mandate was repealed in December 2017 by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act. The Congressional Budget Office estimated in May 2018 that repealing the individual mandate would increase the number of uninsured by eight million and that individual healthcare insurance premiums had increased by ten percent between 2017 and 2018.[359] The administration later sided with a lawsuit to overturn the ACA, including protections for individuals with pre-existing conditions.[360]
Trump repeatedly expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail",[361] and the Trump administration undermined Obamacare through various actions.[362] The open enrollment period was cut from twelve weeks to six, the advertising budget for enrollment was cut by 90%, and organizations helping people shop for coverage got 39% less money.[363][364][365] The CBO found that ACA enrollment at health care exchanges would be lower than its previous forecasts due to the Trump administration's undermining of the ACA.[363] A 2019 study found that enrollment into the ACA during the Trump administration's first year was nearly thirty percent lower than during 2016.[366] The CBO found that insurance premiums would rise sharply in 2018 due to the Trump administration's refusal to commit to continuing paying ACA subsidies, which added uncertainty to the insurance market and led insurers to raise premiums for fear they will not get subsidized.[363]
The administration ended subsidy payments to health insurance companies, in a move expected to raise premiums in 2018 for middle-class families by an average of about twenty percent nationwide and cost the federal government nearly $200 billion more than it saved over a ten-year period.[367] The administration made it easier for businesses to use health insurance plans not covered by several of the ACA's protections, including for preexisting conditions,[355] and allowed organizations not to cover birth control.[368] In justifying the action, the administration made false claims about the health harms of contraceptives.[369]
The administration proposed substantial spending cuts to Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security Disability Insurance. Trump had previously vowed to protect Medicare and Medicaid.[370][371] The administration reduced enforcement of penalties against nursing homes that harm residents.[372] As a candidate and throughout his presidency, Trump said he would cut the costs of pharmaceuticals. During his first seven months in office, there were 96 price hikes for every drug price cut.[373] Abandoning a promise he made as candidate, Trump announced he would not allow Medicare to use its bargaining power to negotiate lower drug prices.[374]
Reproductive rights
Trump reinstated the Mexico City policy, also known as the global gag rule, prohibiting funding to foreign non-governmental organizations that perform abortions as a method of family planning in other countries.[375] The administration implemented a policy restricting taxpayer dollars given to family planning facilities that mention abortion to patients, provide abortion referrals, or share space with abortion providers.[376][377] As a result, Planned Parenthood, which provides Title X birth control services to 1.5 million women, withdrew from the program.[378] Throughout his presidency, Trump pressed for a ban on late-term abortions and made frequent false claims about them.[379][380][381]
In 2018, the administration prohibited scientists at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) from acquiring new fetal tissue for research,[382] and a year later stopped all medical research by government scientists that used fetal tissue.[383]
The administration geared HHS funding towards abstinence education programs for teens rather than the comprehensive sexual education programs the Obama administration funded.[384]
Trump's Supreme Court nominees, Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett voted to overturn Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey in Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization. Trump took credit for the decision, which threw abortion rights back to the states.[385]
Opioid epidemic
Trump nominated Tom Marino to become the nation's drug czar but the nomination was withdrawn after an investigation found he had been the chief architect of a bill that crippled the enforcement powers of the Drug Enforcement Administration and worsened the opioid crisis.[386]
Kellyanne Conway led White House efforts to combat the opioid epidemic; Conway had no experience or expertise on matters of public health, substance abuse, or law enforcement.[387] Conway sidelined drug experts and opted instead for the use of political staff. Politico wrote in 2018 that the administration's "main response" to the opioid crisis "so far has been to call for a border wall and to promise a 'just say no' campaign".[387]
In October 2017, the administration declared a 90-day public health emergency over the opioid epidemic and pledged to urgently mobilize the federal government in response to the crisis. On January 11, 2018, twelve days before the declaration ran out, Politico noted that "beyond drawing more attention to the crisis, virtually nothing of consequence has been done."[388] The administration had not proposed any new resources or spending, had not started the promised advertising campaign to spread awareness about addiction, and had yet to fill key public health and drug positions in the administration.[388] One of the top officials at the Office of National Drug Control Policy, which is tasked with multi-billion-dollar anti-drug initiatives and curbing the opioid epidemic, was a 24-year old campaign staffer from the Trump 2016 campaign who lied on his CV and whose stepfather went to jail for manufacturing illegal drugs; after the administration was contacted about the official's qualifications and CV, the administration gave him a job with different tasks.[389]
COVID-19 pandemic
In 2018, before the COVID-19 pandemic, the Trump administration reorganized the Global Health Security and Biodefense unit at the NSC by merging it with other related units.[390] Two months prior to the outbreak in Wuhan China, the Trump Administration had cut nearly $200 million in funding to Chinese research scientists studying animal coronaviruses.[391] Throughout his presidency he also proposed budget cuts to global health.[392] The Trump administration ignored detailed plans on how to mass-produce protective respirator masks under a program that had been launched by the Obama administration to alleviate a mask shortage for a future pandemic.[393]
From January to mid-March 2020, Trump consistently downplayed the threat posed by COVID-19 to the United States, giving many optimistic public statements.[394] He accused Democrats and media outlets of exaggerating the seriousness of the situation, describing Democrats' criticism of his administration's response as a "hoax".[395][396] By March 2020, however, Trump had adopted a more somber tone on the matter, acknowledging for the first time that COVID-19 was "not under control".[397][398] Although the CDC recommended people wear face masks in public when social distancing is not possible, Trump continually refused to wear one.[399] He praised and encouraged protesters who violated stay-at-home orders in Democratic states, as well as praised Republican governors who violated the White House's own COVID-19 guidelines regarding re-opening their economies.[400][401]
The White House Coronavirus Task Force was led by Vice President Mike Pence, Coronavirus Response Coordinator Deborah Birx, and Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner.[402] Congress appropriated $8.3 billion in emergency funding, which Trump signed into law on March 6.[403] During his oval office address on March 11, Trump announced an imminent travel ban between Europe and the U.S. The announcement caused chaos in European and American airports, as Americans abroad scrambled to get flights back to the U.S. The administration later had to clarify that the travel ban applied to foreigners coming from the Schengen Area, and later added Ireland and the UK to the list.[404][405] Previously, in late January 2020, the administration banned travel to the U.S. from China; prior to the decision, major U.S. carriers had already announced that they would no longer fly to and from China.[406] On March 13, Trump designated COVID-19 pandemic as a national emergency, as the number of known cases of COVID-19 in the country exceeded 1,500, while known deaths exceeded 40.[407]
Although the U.S. government was initially quick to develop a diagnostic test for COVID-19, U.S. COVID-19 testing efforts from mid-January to late-February lost pace compared to the rest of the world.[408] ABC News described the testing as "shockingly slow".[409] When the WHO distributed 1.4 million COVID-19 tests in February, the U.S. chose instead to use its own tests. At that time, the CDC had produced 160,000 COVID-19 tests, but many were defective. As a result, fewer than 4,000 tests were done in the U.S. by February 27, with U.S. state laboratories conducting only about 200. In this period, academic laboratories and hospitals had developed their own tests, but were not allowed to use them until February 29, when the Food and Drug Administration issued approvals for them and private companies.[410] A comprehensive New York Times investigation concluded that "technical flaws, regulatory hurdles, business-as-usual bureaucracies and lack of leadership at multiple levels" contributed to the testing failures.[411] An Associated Press investigation found the administration made its first bulk orders for vital health care equipment, such as N95 respirator masks and ventilators, in mid-March.[412]
.jpg)
On March 26, the U.S. became the country with the highest number of confirmed COVID-19 infections, with over 82,000 cases.[413] On April 11, the U.S. became the country with the highest official death toll for COVID-19, with over 20,000 deaths.[414] The HHS Inspector General released a report in April of its survey of 323 hospitals in late March; reporting severe shortages of test supplies and extended waits for results, widespread shortages of personal protective equipment (PPE), and other strained resources due to extended patient stays while awaiting test results.[415][416] Trump called the IG's report "just wrong", and subsequently Trump replaced the inspector general.[417]
Following a dramatic economic downturn as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, federal intervention in providing Governmental aid was heavily lobbied for resulting in the initial signing of a $8 Billion aid package relating to vaccine research and outbreak prevention among states on March 8, 2020[418] and a secondary $192 billion aid package addressing sick leave for workers, expanding unemployment benefits and increased testing resources.[419] A subsequent $2.2 trillion aid package was later proposed and signed into law March 27, 2020, titled the CARES Act which provided forgivable loans for small businesses, increased unemployment benefits, a temporary child tax credit and further aid towards state and local governments in addressing the pandemic. The CARES Act emerged as the largest economic stimulus bill in American history with limited opposition against it; passing unanimously in the Senate and 419–6 in the House.[420][421] An additional $900 Billion would be further dedicated to the pandemic in the 2021 Consolidated Appropriations Act that was signed into law December 27, 2020, despite initial opposition by Trump following criticism of the individual stimulus payments as too low and of the bill as having wasteful spending.[422][423]
In May 2020, five months into the pandemic, Trump announced that the U.S. would withdraw from the WHO.[424] In July 2020, Trump's secretary of state, Mike Pompeo, formally notified the UN of U.S. decision to withdraw from the WHO, to take effect on July 6, 2021.[425][426] Biden reversed Trump's decision to withdraw the U.S. from the WHO on January 20, 2021, on his first day in office.[425]
On May 15, 2020, Trump announced the public-private partnership Operation Warp Speed to fund and accelerate the development, manufacture and distribution of a COVID-19 vaccine with $10 billion in funding (later increased to $18 billion). Some of the first companies to develop COVID-19 vaccines, such as AZD1222, mRNA-1273, and Ad26.COV2-S received funding from this program.[427][428]
In June 2020, amid surges in COVID-19 case numbers, Trump administration officials falsely claimed that the steep rise was due to increased testing; public health experts disputed the administration's claims, noting that the positivity rate of tests was increasing.[429][430]
In October 2020, after a superspreader event at the White House, Trump announced that he and Melania Trump had tested positive for COVID-19 and would begin quarantining at the White House.[431] Despite having the virus, Trump did not self-isolate and did not abstain from unnecessary risky behaviors. Trump was criticized for leaving his hospital room at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center to go on a joyride to greet his supporters, thus exposing United States Secret Service agents to the disease.[432]
According to sources in the Biden administration, the Trump administration left no plan for vaccine distribution to the Biden administration, however, Anthony Fauci rejected this, stating that they were "certainly not starting from scratch, because there is activity going on in the distribution," and that the new administration was improving upon existing distribution efforts.[433] In the last quarter of 2020, Trump administration officials lobbied Congress not to provide extra funding to states for vaccine rollout, thus hindering the vaccination rollout. One of those officials, Paul Mango, the deputy chief of staff for policy at the Department of Health and Human Services, claimed that states did not need extra money because they hadn't spent all the previously allocated money for vaccines given by the CDC.[434]
Housing and urban policy
In December 2017, The Economist described the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), led by Carson, as "directionless". Most of the top HUD positions were unfilled and Carson's leadership was "inconspicuous and inscrutable". Of the policies HUD was enacting, The Economist wrote, "it is hard not to conclude that the governing principle at HUD is to take whatever the Obama administration was doing, and do the opposite."[435] HUD scaled back the enforcement of fair housing laws, halted several fair housing investigations started by the Obama administration and removed the words "inclusive" and "free from discrimination" from its mission statement.[436] The administration designated Lynne Patton, an event planner who had worked on the Trump campaign and planned Eric Trump's wedding, to lead HUD's New York and New Jersey office (which oversees billions of federal dollars).[437]
Immigration
Trump has repeatedly characterized illegal immigrants as criminals, although some studies have found they have lower crime and incarceration rates than native-born Americans.[438] Prior to taking office, Trump promised to deport the estimated eleven million illegal immigrants living in the United States and to build a wall along the Mexico–U.S. border.[439] During his presidency, Trump reduced legal immigration substantially while the illegal immigrant population remained the same.[440] The administration took several steps to limit the rights of legal immigrants, which included attempted revocations of Temporary Protected Status for Central American refugees,[441] 60,000 Haitians (who emigrated following the 2010 Haiti earthquake),[442] and 200,000 Salvadorans (who emigrated following a series of devastating earthquakes in 2001)[443] as well as making it illegal for refugees and asylum seekers,[444] and spouses of H-1B visa holders to work in the U.S.[445] A federal judge blocked the administration's attempt to deport the TPS recipients, citing what the judge said was Trump's racial "animus against non-white, non-European immigrants".[446] The administration slashed refugee admissions to record low levels (since the modern program began in 1980).[447] The administration made it harder non-citizens who served in the military to receive necessary paperwork to pursue U.S. citizenship.[448] The administration's key legislative proposal on immigration was the 2017 RAISE Act, a proposal to reduce legal immigration levels to the U.S. by fifty percent by halving the number of green cards issued, capping refugee admissions at 50,000 a year and ending the visa diversity lottery.[449] In 2020, the Trump administration set the lowest cap for refugees in the modern history of the United States for the subsequent year: 15,000 refugees.[450] The administration increased fees for citizen applications, as well as caused delays in the processing of citizen applications.[451]
By February 2018, arrests of undocumented immigrants by ICE increased by forty percent during Trump's tenure. Arrests of noncriminal undocumented immigrants were twice as high as during Obama's final year in office. Arrests of undocumented immigrants with criminal convictions increased only slightly.[452] In 2018, experts noted that the Trump administration's immigration policies had led to an increase in criminality and lawlessness along the U.S.–Mexico border, as asylum seekers prevented by U.S. authorities from filing for asylum had been preyed upon by human smugglers, organized crime and corrupt local law enforcement.[453] To defend administration policies on immigration, the administration fudged data and presented intentionally misleading analyses of the costs associated with refugees (omitting data that showed net positive fiscal effects),[454] as well as created the Victims of Immigration Crime Engagement to highlight crimes committed by undocumented immigrants (there is no evidence undocumented immigrants increase the U.S. crime rate).[455] In January 2018, Trump was widely criticized after referring to Haiti, El Salvador, and African nations in general as "shithole countries" at a bipartisan meeting on immigration. Multiple international leaders condemned his remarks as racist.[456]
Upon taking office, Trump directed the DHS to begin work on a wall.[457] An internal DHS report estimated Trump's wall would cost $21.6 billion and take 3.5 years to build (far higher than the Trump 2016 campaign's estimate ($12 billion) and the $15 billion estimate from Republican congressional leaders).[458] In a January 2017 phone call between Trump and Mexican president Enrique Peña Nieto, Trump conceded that the U.S. would pay for the border wall, not Mexico as he promised during the campaign, and implored Nieto to stop saying publicly the Mexican government would not pay for the border wall.[459] In January 2018, the administration proposed spending $18 billion over the next ten years on the wall, more than half of the $33 billion spending blueprint for border security.[460] Trump's plan would reduce funding for border surveillance, radar technology, patrol boats and customs agents; experts and officials say these are more effective at curbing illegal immigration and preventing terrorism and smuggling than a border wall.[460]
The administration sought to add a citizenship question to the 2020 census, which experts warned would likely result in severe undercounting of the population and faulty data,[461] with naturalized U.S. citizens, legal immigrants, and undocumented immigrants all being less likely to respond to the census.[462] Blue states were estimated to get fewer congressional seats and lower congressional appropriations than they would otherwise get, because they have larger non-citizen populations.[463] Thomas B. Hofeller, an architect of Republican gerrymandering, had found adding the census question would help to gerrymander maps that "would be advantageous to Republicans and non-Hispanic whites" and that Hofeller had later written the key portion of a letter from the Trump administration's Justice Department justifying the addition of a citizenship question by claiming it was needed to enforce the 1965 Voting Rights Act.[464] In July 2019, the Supreme Court in Department of Commerce v. New York blocked the administration from including the citizenship question on the census form.[465]
During the 2018 midterm election campaign, Trump sent nearly 5,600 troops to the U.S.–Mexico border for the stated purpose of protecting the United States against a caravan of Central American migrants.[466] The Pentagon had previously concluded the caravan posed no threat to the U.S. The border deployment was estimated to cost as much as $220 million by the end of the year.[467] With daily warnings from Trump about the dangers of the caravan during the midterm election campaign, the frequency and intensity of the caravan rhetoric nearly stopped after election day.[468]
Family separation policy
In May 2018, the administration announced it would separate children from parents caught unlawfully crossing the southern border into the United States. Parents were routinely charged with a misdemeanor and jailed; their children were placed in separate detention centers with no established procedure to track them or reunite them with their parent after they had served time for their offence, generally only a few hours or days.[469] Later that month, Trump falsely accused Democrats of creating that policy, despite it originating from his own administration, and urged Congress to "get together" and pass an immigration bill.[470] Members of Congress from both parties condemned the practice and pointed out that the White House could end the separations on its own.[471] The Washington Post quoted a White House official as saying Trump's decision to separate migrant families was to gain political leverage to force Democrats and moderate Republicans to accept hardline immigration legislation.[472]
Six weeks into the implementation of the "zero tolerance" policy, at least 2,300 migrant children had been separated from their families.[473] The American Academy of Pediatrics, the American College of Physicians and the American Psychiatric Association condemned the policy, with the American Academy of Pediatrics saying the policy was causing "irreparable harm" to the children.[474][472] The policy was extremely unpopular, more so than any major piece of legislation in recent memory.[475] Videos and images of children held in cage-like detention centers, distraught parents separated from their children, and sobbing children caused an outcry.[473] George Takei and other survivors of Japanese internment camps have also criticized the conditions in these centers.[476][477][478] After criticism, DHS secretary Kirstjen Nielsen falsely claimed that "We do not have a policy of separating families at the border."[479]
On June 20, 2018, amid worldwide outrage and enormous political pressure to roll back his policy, Trump reversed the family-separation policy by signing an executive order,[473] despite earlier having said "you can't do it through an executive order."[473] Six days later, as the result of a class-action lawsuit filed by the American Civil Liberties Union, U.S. District Judge Dana Sabraw issued a nationwide preliminary injunction against the family-separation policy, and required the government to reunite separated families within 30 days.[480] By November 2020, the parents of 666 children still had not been found.[481] The administration refused to provide funds to cover the expenses of reuniting families, and volunteer organizations continue to provide both volunteers and funding.[482][483][484] The administration also refused to pay for mental health services for the families and orphaned children traumatized by the separations.[485]
Travel bans
In January 2017, Trump signed an executive order which indefinitely suspended admission of asylum seekers fleeing the Syrian Civil War, suspended admission of all other refugees for 120 days, and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen for 90 days. The order also established a religious test for refugees from Muslim nations by giving priority to refugees of other religions over Muslim refugees.[486] Later, the administration seemed to reverse a portion of part of the order, effectively exempting visitors with a green card.[487] After the order was challenged in the federal courts, several federal judges issued rulings enjoining the government from enforcing the order.[487] Trump fired acting attorney general Sally Yates after she said she would not defend the order in court; Yates was replaced by Dana Boente, who said the Department of Justice would defend the order.[488]
A new executive order was signed in March which limited travel to the U.S. from six different countries for 90 days, and by all refugees who do not possess either a visa or valid travel documents for 120 days.[489] The new executive order revoked and replaced the executive order issued in January.[490]
In June, the Supreme Court partially stayed certain injunctions that were put on the order by two federal appeals courts earlier, allowing the executive order to mostly go into effect. In October, the Court dismissed the case, saying the orders had been replaced by a new proclamation, so challenges to the previous executive orders are moot.[491]
In September, Trump signed a proclamation placing limits on the six countries in the second executive order and added Chad, North Korea, and Venezuela.[492] In October 2017, Judge Derrick Watson, of the U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii issued another temporary restraining order.[493] In December 2017, the Supreme Court allowed the September 2017 travel restrictions to go into effect while legal challenges in Hawaii and Maryland are heard. The decision effectively barred most citizens of Iran, Libya, Syria, Yemen, Somalia, Chad and North Korea from entry into the United States along with some government officials from Venezuela and their families.[494]
In January 2020, Trump added Nigeria, Myanmar, Eritrea, Kyrgyzstan, Sudan, and Tanzania to the visa ban list.[495][496]
Amid the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, Trump further restricted travel from Iran on February 29, 2020, and advised American citizens not to travel to specific regions in Italy and South Korea in response to COVID-19.[497] In March 2020, the Trump administration later issued a ban on entrants from all Schengen Area countries, eventually including Ireland and the UK.[498]
2018–2019 federal government shutdown
The federal government was partially shut down from December 22, 2018, until January 25, 2019, (the longest shutdown in U.S. history) over Trump's demand that Congress provide $5.7 billion in federal funds for a U.S.–Mexico border wall.[499] The House and Senate lacked votes necessary to support his funding demand and to overcome Trump's refusal to sign the appropriations last passed by Congress into law.[500] In negotiations with Democratic leaders leading up to the shutdown, Trump commented he would be "proud to shut down the government for border security".[501] By mid-January 2019, the White House Council of Economic Advisors estimated that each week of the shutdown reduced GDP by 0.1 percentage points, the equivalent of 1.2 points per quarter.[502]
In September 2020, Brian Murphy – who until August 2020 was the Under Secretary of Homeland Security for Intelligence and Analysis – asserted in a whistleblower complaint[503] that during the shutdown senior DHS officials sought to inflate the number of known or suspected terrorists who had been apprehended at the border, to increase support for funding the wall. NBC News reported that in early 2019 a DHS spokeswoman, Katie Waldman, pushed the network to retract a story that correctly cited only six such apprehensions in the first half of 2018, compared to the nearly four thousand a year the administration was publicly claiming. The story was not retracted, and Waldman later became the press secretary for Vice President Pence and wife of Trump advisor Stephen Miller.[504][505]
LGBT rights
The administration rolled back numerous LGBT protections, in particular those implemented during the Obama administration, covering issues such as health care, education, employment, housing, military, and criminal justice, as well as foster care and adoption.[506][507] The administration rescinded rules prohibiting taxpayer-funded adoption and foster care agencies from discriminating against LGBT adoption and foster parents.[508] The Department of Justice reversed its position on whether the Civil Rights Act's workplace protections covered LGBT individuals and argued in state and federal courts for a constitutional right for businesses to discriminate on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity.[506] The administration exempted government contractors from following federal workplace discrimination rules, as long as they could cite religious reasons for doing so.[506]
The administration rescinded a directive that public schools treat students according to their gender identity.[506] The administration rescinded a federal policy that allowed transgender students to use bathrooms corresponding to their gender identity, and dropped a lawsuit against North Carolina's "bathroom bill".[509] The administration rescinded rules that prohibited discrimination against LGBT patients by health care providers.[506][510] Rules were rescinded to give transgender homeless people equal access to homeless shelters, and to house transgender prison inmates according to their gender identity "when appropriate".[506] HHS stopped collecting information on LGBT participants in its national survey of older adults,[511] and the Census Bureau removed "sexual orientation" and "gender identity" as proposed subjects for possible inclusion on the decennial census or American Community Survey.[511] The Justice Department and Labor Department cancelled quarterly conference calls with LGBT organizations.[511]
Trump said he would not allow "transgender individuals to serve in any capacity in the U.S. Military", citing disruptions and medical costs.[506] In March 2018, he signed a Presidential Memorandum to prohibit transgender persons, whether transitioned or not, with a history or diagnosis of gender dysphoria from military service, except for individuals who have had 36 consecutive months of stability "in their biological sex before accession" and currently serving transgender persons in military service.[506] Studies have found that allowing transgender individuals to serve in the military has "little or no impact on unit cohesion, operational effectiveness, or readiness"[512] and that medical costs associated with transgender service members would be "minimal".[513]
In 2017, the Treasury Department imposed sanctions on Chechen President Ramzan Kadyrov and a Chechen law enforcement official, citing anti-gay purges in Chechnya.[514] In February 2019, the administration launched a global campaign to end the criminalization of homosexuality; the initiative was pushed by Richard Grenell, the U.S. ambassador to Germany. Asked about the administration's campaign, Trump appeared to be unaware of it.[515] In February 2020, Trump appointed Grenell acting Director of National Intelligence (DNI), marking the first time in history an openly gay official served in a Cabinet Level position.[516]
George Floyd protests
Donald J. Trump @realDonaldTrumpReplying to @realDonaldTrump
....These THUGS are dishonoring the memory of George Floyd, and I won't let that happen. Just spoke to Governor Tim Walz and told him that the Military is with him all the way. Any difficulty and we will assume control but, when the looting starts, the shooting starts. Thank you!
May 29, 2020[517]
.jpg)
In response to the 2020 rioting and looting amid nationwide protests against racism and police brutality after a white Minneapolis Police Department officer murdered an African American man named George Floyd, Trump tweeted a quote, "when the looting starts, the shooting starts", coined in 1967 by a Miami police chief that has been widely condemned by civil rights groups.[518][519] Trump later addressed protestors outside the White House by saying they "would have been greeted with the most vicious dogs, and most ominous weapons, I have ever seen" if they breached the White House fence.[519]
Photo-op at St. John's Episcopal Church
_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg)
On June 1, 2020, hundreds of police officers, members of the National Guard and other forces, in riot gear used smoke canisters, rubber bullets, batons and shields to disperse a crowd of peaceful protesters outside St. John's Episcopal Church across Lafayette Square from the White House.[520][521] A news crew from Australia was attacked by these forces[522] and clergy on the church's porch suffered effects of the gas and were dispersed along with the others.[523] Trump, accompanied by other officials including the secretary of defense, then walked across Lafayette Square and posed for pictures while he was holding a Bible up for the cameras, outside the church which had suffered minor damage from a fire started by arsonists the night before.[524][525][526] Mariann Edgar Budde, Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Washington said she was "outraged" by Trump's actions,[527] which also received widespread condemnation from other religious leaders.[528][529][530] However, the reaction from the religious right and evangelicals generally praised the visit.[531][532][533]
Deployment of federal law enforcement to cities
In July 2020, federal forces were deployed to Portland, Oregon, in response to rioting during protests against police brutality, which had resulted in vandalism to the city's federal courthouse.[534] The Department of Homeland Security cited Trump's June 26 executive order to protect statues and monuments as allowing federal officers to be deployed without the permission of individual states.[535][536] Federal agents fired pepper spray or tear gas at protesters who got too close to the U.S. courthouse.[537] The heavily armed officers were dressed in military camouflage uniforms (without identification) and used unmarked vans to arrest protestors, some of whom were nowhere near the federal courthouse.[538][539][540]
The presence and tactics of the officers drew widespread condemnation. Oregon officials including the governor, the mayor of Portland, and multiple members of Congress asked the DHS to remove federal agents from the city.[541][542][543] The mayor said the officers were causing violence and "we do not need or want their help."[541] Multiple Congressional committees asked for an investigation, saying "Citizens are concerned that the Administration has deployed a secret police force."[544][545] Lawsuits against the administration were filed by the American Civil Liberties Union[546] and the attorney general of Oregon.[547] The inspectors general for the Justice Department and Homeland Security announced investigations into the deployment.[548]
Trump said he was pleased with the way things were going in Portland and said that he might send federal law enforcement to many more cities, including New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Detroit, Baltimore, and Oakland – "all run by liberal Democrats".[549] Albuquerque and Milwaukee were also named as potential targets.[550][551]
Under a deal worked out between Governor Kate Brown and the Trump administration, federal agents withdrew to standby locations on July 30, while state and local law enforcement forces took over responsibility for protecting the courthouse; they made no arrests and mostly stayed out of sight. Protests that night were peaceful. A DHS spokesperson said federal officers would remain in the area at least until the following Monday.[552]
Science
The administration marginalized the role of science in policymaking, halted numerous research projects, and saw the departure of scientists who said their work was marginalized or suppressed.[320] In 2018, 19 months after Trump took office, meteorologist Kelvin Droegemeier became the Science Advisor to the President; this was the longest period without a science advisor since the 1976 administration.[553] While preparing for talks with Kim Jong-un, the White House did not do so with the assistance of a White House science adviser or senior counselor trained in nuclear physics. The position of chief scientist in the State Department or the Department of Agriculture was not filled. The administration nominated Sam Clovis to be chief scientist in the U.S. Department of Agriculture, but he had no scientific background and the White House later withdrew the nomination. The administration successfully nominated Jim Bridenstine, who had no background in science and rejected the scientific consensus on climate change, to lead NASA. The U.S. Department of the Interior, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) disbanded advisory committees,[554] while the Department of Energy prohibited use of the term "climate change".[555][556] In March 2020, The New York Times reported that an official at the Interior Department has repeatedly inserted climate change-denying language into the agency's scientific reports, such as those that affect water and mineral rights.[557]
During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, the Trump administration replaced career public affairs staff at the Department of Health and Human Services with political appointees, including Michael Caputo, who interfered with weekly Centers for Disease Control scientific reports and attempted to silence the government's most senior infectious disease expert, Anthony Fauci, "sowing distrust of the FDA at a time when health leaders desperately need people to accept a vaccine in order to create the immunity necessary to defeat the novel coronavirus".[558] One day after Trump noted that he might dismiss an FDA proposal to improve standards for emergency use of a COVID-19 vaccine, the presidents of the National Academies of Sciences and Medicine issued a statement expressing alarm at political interference in science during a pandemic, "particularly the overriding of evidence and advice from public health officials and derision of government scientists".[559][560]
Space
.jpg)
NASA began the Artemis program in December 2017, with its initial focus on returning humans to the Moon for commercial mining and research, aiming to secure the leading position in the emerging commercial space race. Trump also promoted the United States Space Force. On December 20, 2019, the Space Force Act, developed by Democratic representative Jim Cooper and Republican representative Mike Rogers, was signed as part of the National Defense Authorization Act. The act reorganized the Air Force Space Command into the United States Space Force, and created the first new independent military service since the Army Air Forces were reorganized as the U.S. Air Force in 1947.
Surveillance
In 2019, Trump signed into law a six-year extension of Section 702 of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, allowing the NSA to conduct searches of foreigners' communications without any warrant. The process incidentally collects information from Americans.[561]
Veterans affairs
Prior to David Shulkin's firing in April 2018, The New York Times described the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) as a "rare spot of calm in the Trump administration". Shulkin built upon changes started under the Obama administration to do a long-term overhaul of the VA system.[562] In May 2018, legislation to increase veterans' access to private care was stalled, as was a VA overhaul which sought to synchronize medical records.[563] In May 2018, there were reports of a large number of resignations of senior staffers and a major re-shuffling.[562]
In August 2018, ProPublica reported that three wealthy patrons of Trump's Mar-a-Lago club, formed an "informal council" that strongly influenced VA policy, including reviewing a confidential $10 billion contract to modernize the VA's records.[564] The Government Accountability Office announced in November 2018 that it would investigate the matter.[565]
In 2018, Trump signed into law the VA MISSION Act, which expanded eligibility for the Veterans Choice program, allowing veterans greater access to private sector healthcare.[566] Trump falsely asserted more than 150 times that he created the Veterans Choice program, which has in fact existed since being signed into law by president Obama in 2014.[567][568]
Voting rights
Under the Trump administration, the Justice Department limited enforcement actions to protect voting rights, and in fact often defended restrictions on voting rights imposed by various states that have been challenged as voter suppression.[569][570] The Justice Department under Trump has filed only a single new case under the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[570] Trump's Justice Department opposed minority voters' interests in all of the major voting litigation since 2017 in which the Justice Department Civil Rights Division Voting Section has been involved.[570]
Trump has repeatedly alleged, without evidence, there was widespread voter fraud.[571] The administration created a commission with the stated purpose to review the extent of voter fraud in the wake of Trump's false claim that millions of unauthorized votes cost him the popular vote in the 2016 election. It was chaired by Vice President Pence, while the day-to-day administrator was Kris Kobach, best known for promoting restrictions on access to voting. The commission began its work by requesting each state to turn over detailed information about all registered voters in their database. Most states rejected the request, citing privacy concerns or state laws.[572] Multiple lawsuits were filed against the commission. Maine Secretary of State Matthew Dunlap said Kobach was refusing to share working documents and scheduling information with him and the other Democrats on the commission. A federal judge ordered the commission to hand over the documents.[573] Shortly thereafter, Trump disbanded the commission, and informed Dunlap that it would not obey the court order to provide the documents because the commission no longer existed.[574] Election integrity experts argued that the commission was disbanded because of the lawsuits, which would have led to greater transparency and accountability and thus prevented the Republican members of the commission from producing a sham report to justify restrictions on voting rights.[573] It was later revealed the commission had, in its requests for Texas voter data, specifically asked for data that identifies voters with Hispanic surnames.[575]
White nationalists and Charlottesville rally
On August 13, 2017, Trump condemned violence "on many sides" after a gathering of hundreds of white nationalists in Charlottesville, Virginia, the previous day (August 12) turned deadly. A white supremacist drove a car into a crowd of counter-protesters, killing one woman and injuring 19 others. According to Sessions, that action met the definition of domestic terrorism.[576] During the rally there had been other violence, as some counter-protesters charged at the white nationalists with swinging clubs and mace, throwing bottles, rocks, and paint.[577][578][579] Trump did not expressly mention neo-Nazis, white supremacists, or the alt-right movement in his remarks on August 13,[580] but the following day condemned "the KKK, neo-Nazis, white supremacists, and other hate groups".[581] On August 15, he again blamed "both sides".[582]
Many Republican and Democratic elected officials condemned the violence and hatred of white nationalists, neo-Nazis and alt-right activists. Trump came under criticism from world leaders[583] and politicians,[584][580] as well as a variety of religious groups[585] and anti-hate organizations[586] for his remarks, which were seen as muted and equivocal.[584] The New York Times reported Trump "was the only national political figure to spread blame for the 'hatred, bigotry and violence' that resulted in the death of one person to 'many sides'",[584] and said Trump had "buoyed the white nationalist movement on Tuesday as no president has done in generations".[587]
Foreign affairs
.jpg)
The foreign policy positions expressed by Trump during his presidential campaign changed frequently, so it was "difficult to glean a political agenda, or even a set of clear, core policy values ahead of his presidency".[589] Under a banner of "America First", the Trump administration distinguished itself from past administrations with frequent open admiration of authoritarian rulers and rhetorical rejections of key human rights norms.[590]
Despite pledges to reduce the number of active duty U.S. military personnel deployed overseas, the number was essentially the same three years into Trump's presidency as they were at the end of Obama's.[591]
In August 2019, Trump cancelled a state visit to Denmark by invitation of Queen Margrethe II due to Danish Prime Minister Mette Frederiksen having called Trump's suggestion to buy Greenland, a territory within the Danish Realm, "an absurd discussion".[592][593][594][595][596][597]
On October 27, 2019, ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi killed himself and three children by detonating a suicide vest during the Barisha raid conducted by the U.S. Delta Force in Syria's northwestern Idlib Province.[598]
Trump withdrew from the Open Skies Treaty, a nearly three-decade old agreement promoting transparency of military forces and activities.[599]
Defense
.jpg)
As a candidate and as president, Trump called for a major build-up of American military capabilities. Trump announced in October 2018 that the United States would withdraw from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty with Russia. The goal was to enable the United States to counter increasing Chinese intermediate nuclear missile capabilities in the Pacific.[600] In December 2018, Trump complained about the amount the United States spends on an "uncontrollable arms race" with Russia and China. Trump said that the $716 billion which the United States was spending on the "arms race" was "Crazy!". He had previously praised his own increased defense spending, five months earlier. The total fiscal 2019 defense budget authorization was $716 billion, although missile defense and nuclear programs made up about $10 billion of the total.[601][602]
During 2018, Trump falsely asserted that he had secured the largest defense budget authorization ever, the first military pay raise in ten years, and that military spending was at least 4.0% of GDP, "which got a lot bigger since I became your president".[603]
Controversy arose in November 2019 after Trump pardoned or promoted three soldiers accused or convicted of war crimes.[604] The most prominent case involved Eddie Gallagher, a Navy SEAL team chief who had been reported to Navy authorities by his own team members for sniping at an unarmed civilian girl and an elderly man. Gallagher faced court martial for the murder of a wounded teenage combatant, among other charges. The medic of his SEAL team was granted immunity to testify against him, but on the witness stand the medic reversed what he had previously told investigators and testified that he himself had murdered the teenage combatant. Gallagher was subsequently acquitted of the murder charge against him, and the Navy demoted him to the lowest possible rank due to his conviction on another charge. The Navy later moved to strip Gallagher of his Trident pin and to eject him from the Navy. Trump intervened to restore Gallagher's rank and pin. Many military officers were enraged by Trump's intervention, as they felt it disrupted principles of military discipline and justice. Secretary of the Navy Richard Spencer protested Trump's intervention and was forced to resign; in his resignation letter, he sharply rebuked Trump for his judgment in the matter. Trump told a rally audience days later, "I stuck up for three great warriors against the deep state."[605][606][607]
The Trump administration sharply increased the frequency of drone strikes compared to the preceding Obama administration, in countries such as Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia, Syria and Yemen,[608][609] rollbacked transparency in reporting drone strike deaths,[610] and reduced accountability.[611] In March 2019, Trump ended the Obama policy of reporting the number of civilian deaths caused by U.S. drone strikes, claiming that this policy was unnecessary.[612]
Afghanistan
The number of U.S. troops deployed to Afghanistan decreased significantly during Trump's presidency. By the end of Trump's term in office troop levels in Afghanistan were at the lowest levels since the early days of the war in 2001.[613] Trump's presidency saw an expansion of drone warfare and a massive increase in civilian casualties from airstrikes in Afghanistan relative to the Obama administration.[610]
In February 2020, the Trump administration signed a deal with the Taliban, which if upheld by the Taliban, would result in the withdrawal of United States troops from Afghanistan by May 2021 (Trump's successor Joe Biden later extended the deadline to September 2021).[614][615] As part of the deal, the U.S. agreed to the release of 5,000 Taliban members who were imprisoned by the Afghan government; some of these ex-prisoners went on to join the 2021 Taliban offensive that felled the Afghan government.[616][617]
In 2020, US casualties in Afghanistan reached their lowest level for the entire war.[618] In Iraq, casualties increased, being significantly higher in Trump's term than Obama's second term.[619]
Following the collapse of the Afghan government and the fall of Kabul in August 2021, accusations by Olivia Troye surfaced on Twitter of the Trump Administration deliberately obstructing the visa process for Afghans who had helped U.S. efforts in Afghanistan.[620]
China
On January 19, 2021, Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announced that the Department of State had determined that "genocide and crimes against humanity" had been perpetrated by China against the Uyghur Muslims and other ethnic minorities in Xinjiang.[621] The announcement was made on the last day of Trump's presidency. The incoming president, Joe Biden, had already declared during his presidential campaign, that such a determination should be made.[621] On January 20, 2021, Pompeo along with other Trump administration officials were sanctioned by China.[622]
North Korea
After initially adopting a verbally hostile posture[623] toward North Korea and its leader, Kim Jong Un, Trump quickly pivoted to embrace the regime, saying he and Kim "fell in love".[624] Trump engaged Kim by meeting him at two summits, in June 2018 and February 2019, an unprecedented move by an American president, as previous policy had been that a president's simply meeting with the North Korean leader would legitimize the regime on the world stage. During the June 2018 summit, the leaders signed a vague agreement to pursue denuclearization of the Korean peninsula, with Trump immediately declaring "There is no longer a Nuclear Threat from North Korea."[625] Little progress was made toward that goal during the months before the February 2019 summit, which ended abruptly without an agreement, hours after the White House announced a signing ceremony was imminent.[626] During the months between the summits, a growing body of evidence indicated North Korea was continuing its nuclear fuel, bomb and missile development, including by redeveloping an ICBM site it was previously appearing to dismantle – even while the second summit was underway.[627][628][629][630] In the aftermath of the February 2019 failed summit, the Treasury department imposed additional sanctions on North Korea. The following day, Trump tweeted, "It was announced today by the U.S. Treasury that additional large scale Sanctions would be added to those already existing Sanctions on North Korea. I have today ordered the withdrawal of those additional Sanctions!"[631] On December 31, 2019, the Korean Central News Agency announced that Kim had abandoned his moratoriums on nuclear and intercontinental ballistic missile tests, quoting Kim as saying, "the world will witness a new strategic weapon to be possessed by the DPRK in the near future."[632][633] Two years after the Singapore summit, the North Korean nuclear arsenal had significantly expanded.[634][635]
During a June 2019 visit to South Korea, Trump visited the Korean Demilitarized Zone and invited North Korean leader Kim Jong Un to meet him there, which he did, and Trump became the first sitting president to step inside North Korea.[636][a]
Turkey
In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the White House acknowledged that Turkey would be carrying out a planned military offensive into northern Syria; as such, U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area to avoid interference with that operation. The statement also passed responsibility for the area's captured ISIS fighters to Turkey.[638] Congress members of both parties denounced the move, including Republican allies of Trump like Senator Lindsey Graham. They argued that the move betrayed the American-allied Kurds, and would benefit ISIS, Russia, Iran and Bashar al-Assad's Syrian regime.[639] Trump defended the move, citing the high cost of supporting the Kurds, and the lack of support from the Kurds in past U.S. wars.[640] Within a week of the U.S. pullout, Turkey proceeded to attack Kurdish-controlled areas in northeast Syria.[641] Kurdish forces then announced an alliance with the Syrian government and its Russian allies, in a united effort to repel Turkey.[642]
Iran
After an Iranian missile test on January 29, 2017, and Houthi attacks on Saudi warships, the Trump administration sanctioned 12 companies and 13 individuals suspected of being involved in Iran's missile program.[643] In May 2018, Trump withdrew the United States from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), the 2015 agreement between Iran, the U.S., and five other countries that lifted most economic sanctions against Iran in return for Iran agreeing to restrictions on its nuclear program.[644][645] Analysts determined that, after the United States's withdrawal, Iran moved closer to developing a nuclear weapon.[646]
In January 2020, Trump ordered a U.S. airstrike that killed Iranian general Qasem Soleimani, who had planned nearly every significant operation by Iranian forces over the past two decades.[647] Trump threatened to hit 52 Iranian sites, including some "important to Iran & the Iranian culture", if Iran retaliated.[648] The threat to hit cultural sites was seen as illegal and both Defense Secretary Mark Esper and Secretary of State Mike Pompeo said that the U.S. would not attack such sites, but would "follow the laws of armed conflict" and "behave inside the system".[649] Iran did retaliate with ballistic missile strikes against two U.S. airbases in Iraq.[646] On the same day, amid the heightened tensions between the United States and Iran, Iran accidentally[650] shot down Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 after takeoff from Tehran airport.[651][650][652]
In August 2020, the Trump administration unsuccessfully attempted to trigger a mechanism that was part of the agreement and would have led to the return of U.N. sanctions against Iran.[653] The Trump administration asserted that the U.S. remained a "participant" in the Iran Deal to persuade the United Nations Security Council to reimpose pre-agreement sanctions on Iran for its breaches of the deal after the U.S. withdrawal. The agreement provided for a resolution process among signatories in the event of a breach, but that process had not yet played out. The Security Council voted on the administration's proposal in August, with only the Dominican Republic joining the U.S. to vote in favor.[654][655]
Saudi Arabia
Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis.[656][657][658] Trump also praised his relationship with Saudi Arabia's powerful Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman.[656] On May 20, 2017, Trump and Saudi Arabia's King Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud signed a series of letters of intent for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to purchase arms from the United States totaling $110 billion immediately,[659] and $350 billion over ten years.[660][661] The transfer was widely seen as a counterbalance against the influence of Iran in the region[662][663] and a "significant" and "historic" expansion of United States relations with Saudi Arabia.[664][665][666][660][667] By July 2019, two of Trump's three vetoes were to overturn bipartisan congressional action related to Saudi Arabia.[668]
In October 2018, amid widespread condemnation of Saudi Arabia for the murder of prominent Saudi journalist and dissident Jamal Khashoggi, the Trump administration pushed back on the condemnation.[669] After the CIA assessed that Saudi crown prince Mohammad bin Salman ordered the murder of Khashoggi, Trump rejected the assessment and said the CIA only had "feelings" on the matter.[670]
Israel / Palestine
.jpg)
Since the Six Day War in 1967, the United States had considered Israeli settlements in the occupied West Bank to be "illegitimate". This status changed in November 2019 when the Trump administration shifted U.S. policy and[671] declared "the establishment of Israeli civilian settlements in the West Bank is not per se inconsistent with international law."[672]
Trump unveiled his own peace plan to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict on January 28, 2020.[673] A step toward improved relations in the region occurred in August 2020 with the first of the Abraham Accords, when Israel and the United Arab Emirates agreed to begin normalizing relations in an agreement brokered by Jared Kushner, an accomplishment described by Foreign Policy as "arguably his administration's first unqualified diplomatic success".[674][675] The following month, Israel and Bahrain agreed to normalize diplomatic relations in another deal mediated and brokered by the Trump administration.[676][677][678] A month later, Israel and Sudan agreed to normalize relations in a third such agreement in as many months. On December 10, 2020, Trump announced that Israel and Morocco had agreed to establish full diplomatic relations, while also announcing that the United States recognized Morocco's claim over the disputed territory of Western Sahara.[679]
United Arab Emirates
As Donald Trump lost the election bid against Joe Biden, the U.S. State Department notified Congress about its plans to sell 18 sophisticated armed MQ-9B aerial drones to the United Arab Emirates, under a deal worth $2.9 billion. The drones were expected to be equipped with maritime radar, and the delivery was being estimated by 2024.[680] Besides, another informal notification was sent to the Congress regarding the plans of providing the UAE with $10 billion of defense equipment, including precision-guided munitions, non-precision bombs and missiles.[681]
Russia and related investigations
American intelligence sources found the Russian government attempted to intervene in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump,[682] and that members of Trump's campaign were in contact with Russian government officials both before and after the election.[683] In May 2017, the Department of Justice appointed Robert Mueller as special counsel to investigate "any links and/or coordination between Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation".[684]
During his January 2017 confirmation hearings as the attorney general nominee before the Senate, then-Senator Jeff Sessions appeared to deliberately omit two meetings he had in 2016 with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak, when asked if he had meetings involving the 2016 election with Russian government officials. Sessions later amended his testimony saying he "never met with any Russian officials to discuss issues of the campaign".[685] Following his amended statement, Sessions recused himself from any investigation regarding connections between Trump and Russia.[686]
In May 2017, Trump discussed highly classified intelligence in an Oval Office meeting with the Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov and ambassador Sergey Kislyak, providing details that could expose the source of the information and how it was collected.[687] A Middle Eastern ally[b] provided the intelligence which had the highest level of classification and was not intended to be shared widely.[687] The New York Times reported, "sharing the information without the express permission of the ally who provided it was a major breach of espionage etiquette, and could jeopardize a crucial intelligence-sharing relationship."[687] The White House, through National Security Advisor H. R. McMaster, issued a limited denial, saying the story "as reported" was incorrect[689] and that no "intelligence sources or methods" were discussed.[690] McMaster did not deny that information had been disclosed.[691] The following day Trump said on Twitter that Russia is an important ally against terrorism and that he had an "absolute right" to share classified information with Russia.[692] Soon after the meeting, American intelligence extracted a high-level covert source from within the Russian government, on concerns the individual could be at risk due, in part, to Trump and his administration repeatedly mishandling classified intelligence.[693]
In October 2017, former Trump campaign advisor George Papadopoulos pleaded guilty to one count of making false statements to the FBI regarding his contacts with Russian agents. During the campaign he had tried repeatedly but unsuccessfully to set up meetings in Russia between Trump campaign representatives and Russian officials.[694]
Trump went to great lengths to keep details of his private conversations with Russian president Putin secret, including in one case by retaining his interpreter's notes and instructing the linguist to not share the contents of the discussions with anyone in the administration. As a result, there were no detailed records, even in classified files, of Trump's conversations with Putin on five occasions.[695][696]
Of Trump's campaign advisors and staff, six of them were indicted by the special counsel's office; five of them (Michael Cohen, Michael Flynn, Rick Gates, Paul Manafort, George Papadopoulos) pleaded guilty, while one has pleaded not guilty (Roger Stone).[697] As of December 2020, Stone, Papadopoulos, Manafort, and Flynn have been pardoned by Trump, but not Cohen or Gates.[698]
On June 12, 2019, Trump asserted he saw nothing wrong in accepting intelligence on his political adversaries from foreign powers, such as Russia, and he could see no reason to contact the FBI about it. Responding to a reporter who told him FBI director Christopher Wray had said such activities should be reported to the FBI, Trump said, "the FBI director is wrong." Trump elaborated, "there's nothing wrong with listening. If somebody called from a country, Norway, 'we have information on your opponent' – oh, I think I'd want to hear it." Both Democrats and Republicans repudiated the remarks.[699][700][701][702]
The New York Times reported in June 2021 that in 2017 and 2018 the Justice Department subpoenaed metadata from the iCloud accounts of at least a dozen individuals associated with the House Intelligence Committee, including that of ranking Democratic member Adam Schiff and Eric Swalwell, and family members, to investigate leaks to the press about contacts between Trump associates and Russia. Records of the inquiry did not implicate anyone associated with the committee, but upon becoming attorney general Bill Barr revived the effort, including by appointing a federal prosecutor and about six others in February 2020. The Times reported that, apart from corruption investigations, subpoenaing communications information of members of Congress is nearly unheard-of, and that some in the Justice Department saw Barr's approach as politically motivated.[703][704] Justice Department Inspector General Michael Horowitz announced an inquiry into the matter the day after the Times report.[705]
Special counsel's report
In February 2018, when Mueller indicted more than a dozen Russians and three entities for interference in the 2016 election, Trump asserted the indictment was proof his campaign did not collude with the Russians. The New York Times noted Trump "voiced no concern that a foreign power had been trying for nearly four years to upend American democracy, much less resolve to stop it from continuing to do so this year".[706]
In July 2018, the special counsel indicted twelve Russian intelligence operatives and accused them of conspiring to interfere in the 2016 U.S. elections, by hacking servers and emails of the Democratic Party and the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign.[707] The indictments were made before Trump's meeting with Putin in Helsinki, in which Trump supported Putin's denial that Russia was involved and criticized American law enforcement and intelligence community (subsequently Trump partially walked back some of his comments). A few days later, it was reported that Trump had actually been briefed on the veracity and extent of Russian cyber-attacks two weeks before his inauguration, back in December 2016, including the fact that these were ordered by Putin himself. The evidence presented to him at the time included text and email conversations between Russian military officers as well as information from a source close to Putin.[708]
On March 22, 2019, Mueller submitted the final report to Attorney General William Barr. Two days later, Barr sent Congress a four-page letter, describing what he said were the special counsel's principal conclusions in the report. Barr added that, since the special counsel "did not draw a conclusion" on obstruction,[709] this "leaves it to the Attorney General to determine whether the conduct described in the report constitutes a crime".[710] Barr continued: "Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein and I have concluded that the evidence developed during the Special Counsel's investigation is not sufficient to establish that the President committed an obstruction-of-justice offense."[711][712]
On April 18, 2019, a two-volume redacted version of the special counsel's report titled Report on the Investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 Presidential Election was released to Congress and to the public. About one-eighth of the lines in the public version were redacted.[713][714][715]
Volume I discusses about Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election, concluding that interference occurred "in sweeping and systematic fashion" and "violated U.S. criminal law".[716][717] The report detailed activities by the Internet Research Agency, a Kremlin-linked Russian troll farm, to create a "social media campaign that favored presidential candidate Donald J. Trump and disparaged presidential candidate Hillary Clinton",[718] and to "provoke and amplify political and social discord in the United States".[719] The report also described how the Russian intelligence service, the GRU, performed computer hacking and strategic releasing of damaging material from the Clinton campaign and Democratic Party organizations.[720][721] To establish whether a crime was committed by members of the Trump campaign with regard to Russian interference, investigators used the legal standard for criminal conspiracy rather than the popular concept of "collusion", because a crime of "collusion" is not found in criminal law or the United States Code.[722][723]
According to the report, the investigation "identified numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", and found that Russia had "perceived it would benefit from a Trump presidency" and the 2016 Trump presidential campaign "expected it would benefit electorally" from Russian hacking efforts. Ultimately, "the investigation did not establish that members of the Trump campaign conspired or coordinated with the Russian government in its election interference activities."[724][725] However, investigators had an incomplete picture of what had really occurred during the 2016 campaign, due to some associates of the Trump campaign providing false or incomplete testimony, exercising the privilege against self-incrimination, and having deleted, unsaved, or encrypted communications. As such, the Mueller report "cannot rule out the possibility" that information then unavailable to investigators would have presented different findings.[726]
Volume II covered obstruction of justice. The report described ten episodes where Trump may have obstructed justice as president, plus one instance before he was elected.[727][728] The report said that in addition to Trump's public attacks on the investigation and its subjects, he had also privately tried to "control the investigation" in multiple ways, but mostly failed to influence it because his subordinates or associates refused to carry out his instructions.[729][730] For that reason, no charges against the Trump's aides and associates were recommended "beyond those already filed".[727] The special counsel could not charge Trump himself once investigators decided to abide by an Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) opinion that a sitting president cannot stand trial,[731][732] and they feared charges would affect Trump's governing and possibly preempt his impeachment.[732][733] In addition, investigators felt it would be unfair to accuse Trump of a crime without charges and without a trial in which he could clear his name,[731][732][729] hence investigators "determined not to apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes".[732][734][735][736]
Since the special counsel's office had decided "not to make a traditional prosecutorial judgment" on whether to "initiate or decline a prosecution", they "did not draw ultimate conclusions about the President's conduct". The report "does not conclude that the president committed a crime",[718][737] but specifically did not exonerate Trump on obstruction of justice, because investigators were not confident that Trump was innocent after examining his intent and actions.[738][739] The report concluded "that Congress has authority to prohibit a President's corrupt use of his authority in order to protect the integrity of the administration of justice" and "that Congress may apply the obstruction laws to the president's corrupt exercise of the powers of office accords with our constitutional system of checks and balances and the principle that no person is above the law".[735][739][729]
On May 1, 2019, following publication of the special counsel's report, Barr testified before the Senate Judiciary Committee, during which Barr said he "didn't exonerate" Trump on obstruction as that was not the role of the Justice Department.[740] He declined to testify before the House Judiciary Committee the following day because he objected to the committee's plan to use staff lawyers during questioning.[741] Barr also repeatedly[742] failed to give the unredacted special counsel's report to the Judiciary Committee by its deadline of May 6, 2019.[743] On May 8, 2019, the committee voted to hold Barr in contempt of Congress, which refers the matter to entire House for resolution.[744] Concurrently, Trump asserted executive privilege via the Department of Justice in an effort to prevent the redacted portions of the special counsel's report and the underlying evidence from being disclosed.[745] Committee chairman Jerry Nadler said the U.S. is in a constitutional crisis, "because the President is disobeying the law, is refusing all information to Congress".[746] Speaker Nancy Pelosi said Trump was "self-impeaching" by stonewalling Congress.[747]
Following release of the Mueller report, Trump and his allies turned their attention toward "investigating the investigators".[748] On May 23, 2019, Trump ordered the intelligence community to cooperate with Barr's investigation of the origins of the investigation, granting Barr full authority to declassify any intelligence information related to the matter. Some analysts expressed concerns that the order could create a conflict between the Justice Department and the intelligence community over closely guarded intelligence sources and methods, as well as open the possibility Barr could cherrypick intelligence for public release to help Trump.[749][750][751][752]
Upon announcing the formal closure of the investigation and his resignation from the Justice Department on May 29, Mueller said, "If we had had confidence that the president clearly did not commit a crime, we would have said so. We did not, however, decide as to whether the president did commit a crime."[753] During his testimony to Congress on July 24, 2019, Mueller said that a president could be charged with obstruction of justice (or other crimes) after the president left office.[754]
Counter-investigations
Amid accusations by Trump and his supporters that he had been subjected to an illegitimate investigation, in May 2019, Barr appointed federal prosecutor John Durham to review the origins of the Crossfire Hurricane investigation.[755] By September 2020, Durham's inquiry had expanded to include the FBI's investigation of the Clinton Foundation during the 2016 campaign.[756]
In November 2017, Sessions appointed U.S. Attorney John Huber to investigate the FBI's surveillance of Carter Page and connections between the Clinton Foundation and Uranium One, starting in November 2017.[757] The investigation ended in January 2020 after no evidence was found to warrant the opening of a criminal investigation.[758] Special Counsel Robert Mueller's April 2019 report documented that Trump pressured Sessions and the Department of Justice to re-open the investigation into Clinton's emails.[759]
Ethics
The Trump administration was characterized by a departure from ethical norms.[760][761] Unlike previous administrations of both parties, the Trump White House did not observe a strict boundary between official government activities and personal, political, or campaign activities.[760][762][763] Some critics went so far as to describe Trump as bringing kleptocracy to America.[764][765][766][767][768][769]
Role of lobbyists
During the 2016 campaign, Trump promised to "drain the swamp" – a phrase that usually refers to entrenched corruption and lobbying in Washington, D.C. – and he proposed a series of ethics reforms.[770] However, according to federal records and interviews, there was a dramatic increase in lobbying by corporations and hired interests during Trump's tenure, particularly through Pence's office.[771] About twice as many lobbying firms contacted Pence, compared to previous presidencies, among them representatives of major energy firms and drug companies.[771] In many cases, the lobbyists charged their clients millions of dollars for access to the vice president, then donated the money to Pence's political causes.[771]
Among the administration's first policies was a five-year ban on serving as a lobbyist after working in the executive branch.[770] However, as one of his final acts of office, Trump rolled back that policy, thus allowing administration staff to work as lobbyists.[772]
Potential conflicts of interest
Trump's presidency was marked by significant public concern about conflict of interest stemming from his diverse business ventures. In the lead up to his inauguration, Trump promised to remove himself from the day-to-day operations of his businesses.[774] Trump placed his sons Eric Trump and Donald Trump Jr. at the head of his businesses claiming they would not communicate with him regarding his interests. However, critics noted that this would not prevent him from having input into his businesses and knowing how to benefit himself, and Trump continued to receive quarterly updates on his businesses.[775] As his presidency progressed, he failed to take steps or show interest in further distancing himself from his business interests resulting in numerous potential conflicts.[776] Ethics experts found Trump's plan to address conflicts of interest between his position as president and his private business interests to be entirely inadequate.[777] Unlike every other president in the last 40 years, Trump did not put his business interests in a blind trust or equivalent arrangement "to cleanly sever himself from his business interests".[777] In January 2018, a year into his presidency, Trump owned stakes in hundreds of businesses.[778] Anne Applebaum noted how Trump properties, including Trump Tower, has been used for laundering money by kleptocrats around the world (though there is no evidence Trump knew that was going on) and that two-thirds of the sales in Trump-owned properties went to anonymous buyers in 2017, raising potential conflicts-of-interest with a sitting president of the United States.[779]
After Trump took office, the watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, represented by a number of constitutional scholars, sued him[780] for violations of the Foreign Emoluments Clause (a constitutional provision that bars the president or any other federal official from taking gifts or payments from foreign governments), because his hotels and other businesses accept payment from foreign governments.[780][781][782] CREW separately filed a complaint with the General Services Administration (GSA) over Trump International Hotel Washington, D.C.; the 2013 lease that Trump and the GSA signed "explicitly forbids any elected government official from holding the lease or benefiting from it".[783] The GSA said it was "reviewing the situation".[783] By May 2017, the CREW v. Trump lawsuit had grown with additional plaintiffs and alleged violations of the Domestic Emoluments Clause.[784] In June 2017, attorneys from the Department of Justice filed a motion to dismiss the case on the grounds that the plaintiffs had no right to sue[785] and that the described conduct was not illegal.[786] Also in June 2017, two more lawsuits were filed based on the Foreign Emoluments Clause: D.C. and Maryland v. Trump,[787][788] and Blumenthal v. Trump, which was signed by more than one-third of the voting members of Congress.[789] United States District Judge George B. Daniels dismissed the CREW case on December 21, 2017, holding that plaintiffs lacked standing.[790][791] D.C. and Maryland v. Trump cleared three judicial hurdles to proceed to the discovery phase during 2018,[792][793][794] with prosecutors issuing 38 subpoenas to Trump's businesses and cabinet departments in December before the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals issued a stay days later at the behest of the Justice Department, pending hearings in March 2019.[795][796][797] NBC News reported that by June 2019 representatives of 22 governments had spent money at Trump properties.[798] In January 2021, the U.S. Supreme Court dismissed the lawsuits as Trump was no longer president.[799]
Saudi Arabia
In March 2018, The New York Times reported that George Nader had turned Trump's major fundraiser Elliott Broidy "into an instrument of influence at the White House for the rulers of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates ... High on the agenda of the two men ... was pushing the White House to remove Secretary of State Rex W. Tillerson," a top defender of the Iran nuclear deal in Donald Trump's administration, and "backing confrontational approaches to Iran and Qatar".[800]
Transparency, data availability, and record keeping
The Washington Post reported in May 2017, "a wide variety of information that until recently was provided to the public, limiting access, for instance, to disclosures about workplace violations, energy efficiency, and animal welfare abuses" had been removed or tucked away. The Obama administration had used the publication of enforcement actions taken by federal agencies against companies as a way to name and shame companies that engaged in unethical and illegal behaviors.[801]
The Trump administration stopped the longstanding practice of logging visitors to the White House, making it difficult to tell who had visited the White House.[801][802] In July 2018, CNN reported that the White House had suspended the practice of publishing public summaries of Trump's phone calls with world leaders, bringing an end to a common exercise from previous administrations.[803]
In January 2024, the White House Medical Unit and its pharmacy caught the media's attention when the Department of Defense Office of Inspector General issued an investigation report focused on prescription drug records and care between 2017 and 2019, describing improper recording of prescriptions, disposal of controlled substances, and verification of identities, among other problems. The pharmacy dispensed expensive brand-name products for free, and the Unit spent considerable amounts of money on healthcare for numerous ineligible White House staff members, employees, and contractors.[804][805][806]
Trump refused to follow the rules of the Presidential Records Act, which requires presidents and their administrations to preserve all official documents and turn them over to the National Archives. Trump habitually tore up papers after reading them, and White House staffers were assigned to collect the scraps and tape them back together for the archives.[807] He also took boxes of documents and other items with him when he left the White House; the National Archives later retrieved them.[808][809] Some of the documents he took with him were discovered to be classified, including some at the "top secret" level.[810][811] Trump sometimes used his personal cellphone to converse with world leaders so that there would be no record of the conversation.[812] By May 2022, federal prosecutors had empaneled a grand jury to investigate possible mishandling of documents by Trump and other officials in his White House.[813]
Hatch Act violations
In the first three and a half years of Trump's term, the Office of Special Counsel, an independent federal government ethics agency, found 13 senior Trump administration officials in violation of the Hatch Act of 1939, which restricts the government employees' (other than the president's and vice president's) involvement in politics; 11 of the complaints were filed by the activist group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW).[760][762] By comparison, CREW stated that it was aware of only two findings of Hatch Act violations during the eight years of the Obama administration.[760]
Henry Kerner, head of the Office of Special Counsel, found in a report released in November 2021 that at least 13 administration officials demonstrated "willful disregard" for the Hatch Act, including "especially pernicious" behavior in the days before the 2020 election.[814][815]
Security clearances
In March 2019, Tricia Newbold, a White House employee working on security clearances, privately told the House Oversight Committee that at least 25 Trump administration officials had been granted security clearances over the objections of career staffers. Newbold also asserted that some of these officials had previously had their applications rejected for "disqualifying issues", only for those rejections to be overturned with inadequate explanation.[816][817][818]
After the House Oversight Committee subpoenaed former head of White House security clearances Carl Kline to give testimony, the administration instructed Kline not to comply with the subpoena, asserting that the subpoena "unconstitutionally encroaches on fundamental executive branch interests".[819][820] Kline eventually gave closed-door testimony before the committee in May 2019, but House Democrats said he did not "provide specific details to their questions".[821]
Impeachment inquiry
On August 12, 2019, an unnamed intelligence official privately filed a whistleblower complaint with Michael Atkinson, the inspector general of the Intelligence Community (ICIG), under the provisions of the Intelligence Community Whistleblower Protection Act (ICWPA).[822] The whistleblower alleged that Trump had abused his office in soliciting foreign interference to improve his own electoral chances in 2020. The complaint reports that in a July 2019 call, Trump had asked Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky to investigate potential 2020 rival presidential candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden, as well as matters pertaining to whether Russian interference occurred in the 2016 U.S. election with regard to Democratic National Committee servers and the company Crowdstrike. Trump allegedly nominated his personal lawyer Rudy Giuliani and Attorney General William Barr to work with Ukraine on these matters. Additionally, the whistleblower alleged that the White House attempted to "lock down" the call records in a cover-up, and that the call was part of a wider pressure campaign by Giuliani and the Trump administration to urge Ukraine to investigate the Bidens. The whistleblower posits that the pressure campaign may have included Trump cancelling Vice President Mike Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip, and Trump withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019.[823][824][825][826]
Inspector General Atkinson found the whistleblower's complaint both urgent and credible, so he transmitted the complaint on August 26 to Joseph Maguire, the acting Director of National Intelligence (DNI). Under the law, Maguire was supposed to forward the complaint to the Senate and House Intelligence Committees within a week. Maguire refused, so Atkinson informed the congressional committees of the existence of the complaint, but not its content.[827][828] The general counsel for Maguire's office said that since the complaint was not about someone in the intelligence community, it was not an "urgent concern" and thus there was no need to pass it to Congress. Later testifying before the House Intelligence Committee on September 26, Maguire said he had consulted with the White House Counsel and the Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel, of which the latter office gave him the rationale to withhold the complaint.[829] Maguire also testified: "I think the whistleblower did the right thing. I think he followed the law every step of the way."[830]
On September 22, Trump confirmed that he had discussed with Zelensky how "we don't want our people like Vice President Biden and his son creating to the corruption already in the Ukraine."[831] Trump also confirmed that he had indeed temporarily withheld military aid from Ukraine, offering contradicting reasons for his decision on September 23 and 24.[832]
On September 24, House Speaker Nancy Pelosi announced the start of a formal impeachment inquiry.[833] On September 25, the White House released a non-verbatim transcript of the call between Trump and Zelensky; while the members and staff of congressional intelligence committees were allowed to read the whistleblower complaint.[828] On September 26, the White House declassified the whistleblower's complaint, so Schiff released the complaint to the public.[828] The non-verbatim transcript corroborated the main allegations of the whistleblower's report about the Trump–Zelensky call.[834] The non-verbatim transcript stated that after Zelensky discussed the possibility of buying American anti-tank missiles to defend Ukraine, Trump instead asked for a favor, suggesting an investigation of the company Crowdstrike, while later in the call he also called for an investigation of the Bidens and cooperation with Giuliani and Barr.[835][836] On September 27, the White House confirmed the whistleblower's allegation that the Trump administration had stored the Trump–Zelensky transcript in a highly classified system.[837]
Following these revelations, members of congress largely divided along party lines, with Democrats generally in favor of impeachment proceedings and Republicans defending the president.[838] Ukraine envoy Kurt Volker resigned and three House committees issued a subpoena to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo to schedule depositions for Volker and four other State Department employees, and to compel the release of documents.[839][840] Attention to the issue also led to further revelations by anonymous sources. These included the misuse of classification systems to hide records of conversations with Ukrainian, Russian, and Saudi Arabian leaders, and statements made to Sergei Lavrov and Sergey Kislyak in May 2017 expressing a lack of concern about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[841][842]
Use of the Office of President
Trump often sought to use the office of the presidency for his own interest. Under his leadership, the Justice Department, which is traditionally independent from the president, became highly partisan and acted in Trump's interest.[843][844][845][846] Bloomberg News reported in October 2019 that during a 2017 Oval Office meeting, Trump had asked Secretary of State Rex Tillerson to pressure the Justice Department to drop a criminal investigation of Reza Zarrab, an Iranian-Turkish gold trader who was a client of Trump associate Rudy Giuliani. Tillerson reportedly refused.[847]
Trump attempted to host the 2020 G7 Summit at his Doral Golf Resort, from which he could have made significant profits.[848] Trump visited his properties 274 times during his presidency. Government officials were charged as much as $650 per night to stay at Trump's properties.[849]
In the lead up to the 2020 election, Trump and Postmaster General Louis DeJoy, a close ally of Trump, sought to hamper the US postal service by cutting funding and services, a move which would prevent postal votes from being counted during the COVID-19 pandemic.[850]
Trump fired, demoted, or withdrew nominations of numerous government officials in retaliation for actions that projected negatively on his public image or harmed his personal or political interests, including Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Director James Comey,[851] Deputy FBI Director Andrew McCabe, U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions,[852] and Director of National Intelligence Joseph Maguire.[853]
In December 2020, shortly before Christmas and in his last month in office, Trump granted 26 people full pardons and commuted the sentences of three others convicted of federal crimes. Those who benefitted included his former campaign advisor Paul Manafort, advisor and personal friend Roger Stone and Charles Kushner, father of Trump's son-in-law and confidant Jared Kushner.[854] In the final hours of his presidency, Donald Trump pardoned nearly 74 people, including rappers, financiers, and former members of congress. Those pardoned include his former senior adviser Steve Bannon, Jared Kushner's friend charged with cyberstalking, Ken Kurson; a real estate lawyer, Albert Pirro; and rappers prosecuted on federal weapons offenses, Lil Wayne and Kodak Black. Trump also pardoned his former fundraiser Elliott Broidy, who worked for China, the UAE, and Russia at the White House. Broidy also lobbied the US government to end the investigations in the 1MDB scandal.[855]
According to several reports, Trump's and his family's trips in the first month of his presidency cost U.S. taxpayers nearly as much as President Obama's travel expenses for an entire year. When Obama was president, Trump frequently criticized him for taking vacations which were paid for with public funds.[856] The Washington Post reported that Trump's atypically lavish lifestyle is far more expensive to the taxpayers than what was typical of previous presidents and could end up in the hundreds of millions of dollars over the whole of Trump's term.[857]
A June 2019 analysis by the Washington Post found that federal officials and GOP campaigns had spent at least $1.6 million at businesses owned by Trump during his presidency.[858] This was an undercount, as most of the data on spending by government officials covered only the first few months of Trump's presidency.[858]
Elections during the first Trump presidency
| Senate leaders | House leaders | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Congress | Year | Majority | Minority | Speaker | Minority |
| 115th | 2017–2018 | McConnell | Schumer | Ryan | Pelosi |
| 116th | 2019–2020 | McConnell | Schumer | Pelosi | McCarthy |
| 117th[c] | 2021 | McConnell[d] | Schumer | Pelosi | McCarthy |
| Congress | Senate | House |
|---|---|---|
| 115th[c] | 52 | 241 |
| 116th | 53 | 200 |
| 117th[c] | 51[d] | 211[e] |
2018 midterm elections
In the 2018 midterm elections, Democrats had a blue wave, winning control of the House of Representatives, while Republicans expanded their majority in the Senate.[859]
2020 re-election campaign
Trump officially announced his reelection campaign for the Republican nomination in the 2020 presidential election on June 18, 2019.[860] Trump did not face any significant rivals for the 2020 Republican nomination, with some state Republican parties cancelling the presidential primaries in the states.[861] Trump's Democratic opponent in the general election was former vice president Joe Biden of Delaware. The election on November 3 was not called for either candidate for several days. On November 7, the Associated Press along with mainstream media called the race for Joe Biden.[862]
It was the first presidency since that of Herbert Hoover in 1932 in which a sitting president was defeated and his party lost its majorities in both chambers of Congress.[863]
Lost re-election and transition period
Trump refused to concede, and the administration did not begin cooperating with president-elect Biden's transition team until November 23.[864][865] In late December 2020, Biden and his transition team criticized Trump administration political appointees for hampering the transition and failing to cooperate with the Biden transition team on national security areas, such as the Defense and State departments, as well as on the economic response to the COVID-19 pandemic, saying that many of the agencies that are critical to their security have incurred enormous damage and have been hollowed out – in personnel, capacity and in morale.[866][867] Throughout December and January, Trump continued to insist that he had won the election. He filed numerous lawsuits alleging election fraud, tried to persuade state and federal officials to overturn the results, and urged his supporters to rally on his behalf.[868] At the urging and direction of Trump campaign attorneys and other Trump associates, including Rudy Giuliani and Steve Bannon, Republican activists in seven states filed and submitted false documents claiming to be the official presidential electors.[869] The "alternate slates" were intended to serve as a reason for Congress or the vice president to reject the results from the seven states.[870]
Electoral vote count and U.S. Capitol attack
On January 6, 2021, rioters supporting Trump stormed the U.S. Capitol in an effort to thwart a joint session of Congress during which the Electoral College vote was to be certified, affirming the election of former vice president Joe Biden as president and Senator Kamala Harris as vice president.
During an initial rally earlier that morning, Trump encouraged his supporters to march to the U.S. Capitol.[871][872] Subsequently, pro-Trump attendees marched to the Capitol building, joined other protesters, and stormed the building.[873] Congress was in session at the time, conducting the Electoral College vote count and debating the results of the vote. As the protesters arrived, Capitol security evacuated the Senate and House of Representatives chambers and locked down several other buildings on the Capitol campus.[874] Later that evening, after the Capitol was secured, Congress went back into session to discuss the Electoral College vote, finally affirming at 3:41 a.m. that Biden had won the election.[875]
Five casualties occurred during the event: one Capitol Police officer, and four stormers or protesters at the Capitol, including one rioter shot by police inside the building.[876] At least 138 police officers were injured.[877] Three improvised explosive devices were reported to have been found: one each on Capitol grounds, at the Republican National Committee and Democratic National Committee offices.[878]
Aftermath
Following the Capitol attack, several cabinet-level officials and White House staff resigned, citing the incident and Trump's behavior.[879]
On January 7, the day after the Electoral College results were certified by Congress, Trump tweeted a video in which he stated, "A new administration will be inaugurated on January 20th. My focus now turns to ensuring a smooth, orderly and seamless transition of power."[880] The State Department subsequently told diplomats to affirm Biden's victory.[881]
On January 12, the House voted in favor of requesting that the vice president remove Trump from office per the Twenty-fifth Amendment; hours earlier, Pence had indicated that he opposed such a measure.[882] The next day, the House voted 232–197 to impeach Trump on a charge of "incitement of insurrection". Ten Republican representatives joined all Democratic representatives in voting to impeach Trump. Trump is the first and only president to be impeached twice.[883] On February 13, the Senate voted 57–43 to convict Trump on a charge of inciting insurrection, ten votes short of the required two-thirds majority, and he was acquitted. Seven Republican senators joined all Democratic and independent senators in voting to convict Trump.[884][885]
Trump gave a first farewell address the day prior to the inauguration of Joe Biden. In it he stressed his economic and foreign policy record, and said the country can never tolerate "political violence".[886] Trump did not attend Biden's inauguration, becoming the first departing president in 152 years to refuse to attend his elected successor's inauguration,[887][888] but he did honor another tradition by leaving Biden a letter on the Resolute desk in the White House.[889][890]
Historical evaluations and public opinion
Historical evaluations
In the 2018 presidential rankings by the Siena College Research Institute, Trump ranked as the third-worst president in history.[891] C-SPAN's 2021 President Historians Survey ranked Trump as the fourth-worst president overall and the worst in the leadership characteristics of Moral Authority and Administrative Skills. Trump's best rated leadership characteristic was Public Persuasion, where he ranked 32nd out of the 44 presidents.[892] Trump ranked last in both the 2018 and 2024 surveys of the American Political Science Association Presidents and Executive Politics section, with self-identified Republican historians ranking Trump in their bottom five presidents.[893]
Opinion polling
At the time of the 2016 election, polls by Gallup found Trump had a favorable rating around 35 percent and an unfavorable rating around 60 percent, while Clinton held a favorable rating of 40 percent and an unfavorable rating of 57 percent.[894] 2016 was the first election cycle in modern presidential polling in which both major-party candidates were viewed so unfavorably.[895][896][897][898] By January 20, 2017, Inauguration Day, Trump's approval rating average was 42 percent, the lowest rating average for an incoming president in the history of modern polling;[899] during his term it was an "incredibly stable (and also historically low)" 36 percent to 40 percent.[900][901] According to Gallup, Trump's approval rating peaked at 49 percent in several polls in early 2020; this makes him the only president to never reach a 50 percent approval rating in the Gallup poll dating to 1938.[902]
Democratic backsliding
Since the beginning of Trump's presidency, ratings of how well U.S. democracy is functioning has dropped significantly according to the 2018 Varieties of Democracy Annual Democracy Report, which cites "a significant democratic backsliding in the United States [since the Inauguration of Donald Trump] ... attributable to weakening constraints on the executive."[903] Freedom House also attributed a 2019 decrease in its US rankings to Trump, as did Transparency International in downgrading the United States in its Corruption Perceptions Index.[904] International IDEA labeled the US a "backsliding democracy" after evaluating 2020 and 2021 events, noting Trump's election denial as a historic turning point and the Jan. 6 attack on the US Capitol as raising alarm bells.[905]
See also
.svg){kind=small}
- Bibliography of Donald Trump
- Efforts to impeach Donald Trump
- List of United States presidential vetoes § Donald Trump
- Make America Great Again
- Political positions of Donald Trump
- List of federal political scandals in the United States (21st century)
- Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia
- Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections
- Timeline of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections (July 2016–election day)
References
Footnotes
- ^ Trump later falsely asserted, "President Obama wanted to meet and chairman Kim would not meet him. The Obama administration was begging for a meeting."[637]
- ^ Revealed to be Israel the day after publication in the press.[688]
- ^ a b c 17 days of the 115th Congress (January 3, 2017 – January 19, 2017) took place under President Obama, and 17 days of the 117th Congress (January 3, 2021 – January 19, 2021) took place during Trump's first presidency.
- ^ a b The Congress began with 51 Republicans, 48 Democrats (including 2 independents who caucus with the Democrats) and 1 vacancy in the Senate. Georgia's class 2 seat was vacant from the start until Democrat Jon Ossoff was seated January 20, 2021. Georgia's class 3 Republican interim appointee Kelly Loeffler served until Democrat Raphael Warnock was also seated on January 20, 2021. The Republicans held a majority in the Senate until January 20, 2021.
- ^ The Congress began with 211 Republicans, 222 Democrats and 2 vacancies in the House. Louisiana's 5th district seat was vacant due to the death of Republican member elect Luke Letlow before the term started. New York's 22nd district seat was also vacant due to the disputed election until Republican Claudia Tenney would later be declared a winner and sworn in February 11, 2021.
Citations
- ^ DeSilver, Drew (December 20, 2016). "Trump's victory another example of how Electoral College wins are bigger than popular vote ones" Archived July 12, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. Pew Research Center. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Fahrenthold, David; Rucker, Philip; Wagner, John (January 20, 2017). "Donald Trump is sworn in as president, vows to end 'American carnage'" Archived March 31, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. The Washington Post. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
- ^ Pilkington, Ed (January 21, 2018). "'American carnage': Donald Trump's vision casts shadow over day of pageantry" Archived July 13, 2020, at the Wayback Machine. The Guardian. Retrieved February 21, 2018.
- ^ Waddell, Kaveh (January 23, 2017). "The Exhausting Work of Tallying America's Largest Protest" Archived January 26, 2017, at the Wayback Machine. The Atlantic. Retrieved February 8, 2017.
- ^ Keith, Tamara (March 7, 2018). "White House Staff Turnover Was Already Record-Setting. Then More Advisers Left". NPR. Retrieved March 16, 2018.
- ^ Joung, Madeleine (July 12, 2019). "Trump Has Now Had More Cabinet Turnover Than Reagan, Obama and the Two Bushes". Time. Archived from the original on July 3, 2020. Retrieved October 26, 2019.
- ^ Mora, David (October 15, 2019). "We Found a "Staggering" 281 Lobbyists Who've Worked in the Trump Administration". ProPublica. Retrieved October 15, 2019.
- ^ Lichtblau, Eric (November 18, 2016). "Jeff Sessions, as Attorney General, Could Overhaul Department He's Skewered". The New York Times. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
- ^ "Former US banker Steve Mnuchin confirms he will be US treasury secretary". BBC News. November 30, 2016. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
- ^ Lamothe, Dan (December 1, 2016). "Trump has chosen retired Marine Gen. James Mattis for secretary of defense". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Haberman, Maggie (December 12, 2016). "Rex Tillerson, Exxon C.E.O., chosen as Secretary of State". The New York Times. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
- ^ Gabriel, Trip (December 5, 2016). "Trump Chooses Ben Carson to Lead HUD". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2016.
- ^ Markon, Jerry; Costa, Robert; Brown, Emma (November 23, 2016). "Trump nominates two prominent GOP women: DeVos as education secretary, Haley as U.N. ambassador". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
- ^ Shear, Michael; Haberman, Maggie; Rappeport, Alan (November 13, 2016). "Donald Trump Picks Reince Priebus as Chief of Staff and Stephen Bannon as Strategist". The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2016.
- ^ Stokols, Eli (November 18, 2016). "What Trump's early picks say about his administration". Politico. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
- ^ Walker, Hunter (February 8, 2017). "President Trump announces his full Cabinet roster". Yahoo! News. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
- ^ Goldman, Adam; Mazzetti, Mark (May 14, 2020). "Trump White House Changes Its Story on Michael Flynn". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
- ^ Bender, Bryan; Hesson, Ted; Beasley, Stephanie (July 28, 2017). "How John Kelly got West Wing cleanup duty". Politico. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
- ^ Goldstein, Amy; Wagner, John (September 29, 2017). "Health and Human Services Secretary Tom Price resigns after criticism for taking charter flights at taxpayer expense". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
- ^ "Kirstjen M. Nielsen Sworn-in as the Sixth Homeland Security Secretary". Department of Homeland Security (Press release). December 6, 2017. Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
- ^ Mangan, Dan (March 13, 2018). "Rex Tillerson found out he was fired as secretary of State from President Donald Trump's tweet". CNBC. Retrieved April 5, 2018.
- ^ Dennis, Brady; Eilperin, Juliet (July 5, 2018). "Scott Pruitt steps down as EPA head after ethics, management scandals". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 5, 2018.
- ^ Jaffe, Greg; Demirjian, Karoun (December 20, 2018). "'A sad day for America': Washington fears a Trump unchecked by Mattis". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Rein, Lisa; Hamburger, Tom (May 4, 2020). "As Trump removes federal watchdogs, some loyalists replacing them have 'preposterous' conflicts". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Gambacorta, David (July 27, 2017). "Rod Rosenstein: one-man man standing in Trump's way is the president's polar opposite". philly.com. The Philadelphia Inquirer. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
- ^ Apuzzo, Matt; Haberman, Maggie; Rosenberg, Matthew (May 19, 2017). "Trump Told Russians That Firing 'Nut Job' Comey Eased Pressure From Investigation". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
- ^ Shabad, Rebecca (May 11, 2017). "Trump says he planned to fire James Comey regardless of DOJ recommendation". CBS News. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
- ^ Caldwell, Leigh Ann (May 18, 2017). "Rosenstein Tells Senate He Knew of Comey Firing Before He Wrote Memo". NBC News. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Rosen, Jeffrey (May 11, 2017). "Does Comey's Dismissal Fit the Definition of a Constitutional Crisis?". The Atlantic. Retrieved May 12, 2017.
- ^ Apuzzo, Matt; Schmidt, Michael S. (April 30, 2018). "The Questions Mueller Wants to Ask Trump About Obstruction, and What They Mean". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
- ^ Schmidt, Michael S. (May 16, 2017). "Comey Memo Says Trump Asked Him to End Flynn Investigation". The New York Times. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
- ^ Boghani, Priyanka (October 16, 2020). "How McConnell's Bid to Reshape the Federal Judiciary Extends Beyond the Supreme Court". PBS. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- ^ Greenberg, Jon (October 2, 2020). "Fact-check: Why Barack Obama failed to fill over 100 judgeships". Politifact. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
- ^ Zhou, Li (May 4, 2020). "'Leave no vacancy behind': Mitch McConnell remains laser-focused on judges amid coronavirus". Vox. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Cancryn, Adam (November 5, 2018). "Even if Democrats win, Trump has them beat on the courts". Politico. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
- ^ Gramlich, John (January 13, 2021). "How Trump compares with other recent presidents in appointing federal judges". Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ a b c Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Gebeloff, Robert; Eder, Steve; Protess, Ben (March 14, 2020). "A Conservative Agenda Unleashed on the Federal Courts". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ "Trump choosing white men as judges, highest rate in decades". www.cbsnews.com. November 14, 2017. Retrieved December 21, 2021.
- ^ Gramlich, John (March 20, 2018). "Trump has appointed a larger share of female judges than other GOP presidents, but lags Obama". Pew Research Center. Retrieved May 11, 2018.
- ^ Cohen, Andrew (July 1, 2020). "Trump and McConnell's Overwhelmingly White Male Judicial Appointments". Brennan Center for Justice. New York University School of Law. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Caldwell, Leigh Ann (April 7, 2020). "Neil Gorsuch Confirmed to Supreme Court After Senate Uses 'Nuclear Option'". NBC News. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ a b Jacobson, Louis (April 24, 2017). "How do Donald Trump's first 100 days rate historically?" Archived April 24, 2019, at the Wayback Machine. PolitiFact. Retrieved April 27, 2017.
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (October 6, 2018). "Kavanaugh Is Sworn In After Close Confirmation Vote in Senate". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Barnes, Robert (June 27, 2018). "Justice Kennedy, the pivotal swing vote on the Supreme Court, announces his retirement". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 26, 2018.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (September 25, 2020). "Trump Selects Amy Coney Barrett to Fill Ginsburg's Seat on the Supreme Court". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Olson, Tyler (October 26, 2020). "Senate confirms Amy Coney Barrett to Supreme Court, cements 6-3 conservative majority". Fox News. Retrieved December 17, 2020.
- ^ Drezner, Daniel W. (2020). The Toddler-in-Chief. University of Chicago Press. doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226714394.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-226-71425-7. S2CID 202954099.
- ^ Leonnig, Carol D.; Harris, Shane; Jaffe, Greg (February 9, 2018). "Breaking with tradition, Trump skips president's written intelligence report and relies on oral briefings". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Graham, David A. (January 5, 2018). "The President Who Doesn't Read". The Atlantic. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Griffin, Andrew (May 17, 2017). "Donald Trump will only read intelligence reports if he is mentioned in them, White House sources claim". The Independent. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Walcott, John (February 5, 2019). "'Willful Ignorance'. Inside President Trump's Troubled Intel Briefings". Time. Archived from the original on October 27, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie; Thrush, Glenn; Baker, Peter (December 9, 2017). "Inside Trump's Hour-by-Hour Battle for Self-Preservation". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Wattles, Jackie (April 22, 2018). "Watch President Trump repeat Fox News talking points". CNNMoney. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Gertz, Matthew (January 5, 2018). "I've Studied the Trump-Fox Feedback Loop for Months. It's Crazier Than You Think". Politico. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Landler, Mark; Haberman, Maggie (March 1, 2018). "Trump's Chaos Theory for the Oval Office Is Taking Its Toll". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Umoh, Ruth (March 13, 2018). "Business professors discuss Donald Trump's chaotic management style". CNBC. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Binder, Sarah (2018). "Dodging the Rules in Trump's Republican Congress". The Journal of Politics. 80 (4): 1454–1463. doi:10.1086/699334. ISSN 0022-3816. S2CID 158183066.
- ^ Stewart, James B. (January 10, 2019). "Why Trump's Unusual Leadership Style Isn't Working in the White House". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Swan, Jonathan (January 7, 2018). "Trump's secret, shrinking schedule". Axios. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
- ^ McCammond, Alexi; Swan, Jonathan (February 3, 2019). "Insider leaks Trump's "Executive Time"-filled private schedules". Axios. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
- ^ a b c Fact Checker (January 20, 2021). "In four years, President Trump made 30,573 false or misleading claims". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021.
- ^ Dale, Daniel (June 5, 2019). "Donald Trump has now said more than 5,000 false things as president". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on October 3, 2019.
- ^ Dale, Daniel (March 9, 2020). "Trump is averaging about 59 false claims per week since ... July 8, 2019". CNN. Archived from the original on March 9, 2020. Retrieved April 16, 2020. (direct link to chart image)
- ^ Dale, Daniel; Subramaniam, Tara (March 9, 2020). "Donald Trump made 115 false claims in the last two weeks of February". CNN. Archived from the original on August 3, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
- ^ McGranahan, Carole (April 2017). "An anthropology of lying: Trump and the political sociality of moral outrage". American Ethnologist. 44 (2): 243–248. doi:10.1111/amet.12475. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
Donald Trump is different. By all metrics and counting schemes, his lies are off the charts. We simply have not seen such an accomplished and effective liar before in U.S. politics. ... Stretching the truth and exaggerating is a key part of Trump's repertoire.
- ^ Segers, Grace (June 12, 2020). "Washington Post fact checker talks about Trump and the truth". CBS News. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
Glenn Kessler, the chief writer for the "Fact Checker" feature of The Washington Post, says that 'every president lies,' but President Trump is unique in the sheer scale and number of his falsehoods. ... 'What is unique about Trump is that he misleads and says false things and lies about just about everything on a regular basis.'
- ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (August 7, 2017). "Many Politicians Lie. But Trump Has Elevated the Art of Fabrication". The New York Times. Retrieved March 11, 2019.
President Trump, historians and consultants in both political parties agree, appears to have taken what the writer Hannah Arendt once called 'the conflict between truth and politics' to an entirely new level.
- ^ Glasser, Susan (August 3, 2018). "It's True: Trump Is Lying More, and He's Doing It on Purpose". The New Yorker. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
for the President's unprecedented record of untruths ... the previous gold standard in Presidential lying was, of course, Richard Nixon ... the falsehoods are as much a part of his political identity as his floppy orange hair and the "Make America Great Again" slogan.
- ^ Carpenter, Amanda (April 30, 2019). Gaslighting America: Why We Love It When Trump Lies to Us. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-274801-0. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ Kakutani, Michiko (July 17, 2018). The Death of Truth: Notes on Falsehood in the Age of Trump. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-525-57484-2. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ Kellner, Douglas (2018). "Donald Trump and the Politics of Lying". Post-Truth, Fake News. pp. 89–100. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8013-5_7. ISBN 978-981-10-8012-8.
- ^ Peters, Michael A. (2018). "Education in a Post-truth World". Post-Truth, Fake News. pp. 145–150. doi:10.1007/978-981-10-8013-5_12. ISBN 978-981-10-8012-8. S2CID 152030865. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Jamieson, Kathleen Hall; Taussig, Doron (2017). "Disruption, Demonization, Deliverance, and Norm Destruction: The Rhetorical Signature of Donald J. Trump". Political Science Quarterly. 132 (4): 619–650. doi:10.1002/polq.12699. S2CID 158646001. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ Ye, Hee Lee Michelle; Kessler, Glenn; Kelly, Meg (October 10, 2017). "President Trump has made 1,318 false or misleading claims over 263 days". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 5, 2017.
- ^ "Trump's false or misleading claims total 30,573 over 4 years". The Washington Post. January 24, 2021. Archived from the original on April 9, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
- ^ Kessler, Glenn; Rizzo, Salvador; Kelly, Meg (December 16, 2019). "President Trump made 18,000 false or misleading claims in 1,170 days". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ a b Dawsey, Josh (May 15, 2017). "Trump's trust problem". Politico. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
- ^ Tsipursky, Gleb (March 2017). "Towards a post-lies future: fighting "alternative facts" and "post-truth" politics". The Humanist. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
- ^ Liptak, Adam (June 4, 2016). "Donald Trump Could Threaten U.S. Rule of Law, Scholars Say". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
- ^ Levitsky, Steven (January 16, 2018). How democracies die. Crown. pp. 61–67. ISBN 978-0-525-58795-8. OCLC 1019872575. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Lieberman, Robert C.; Mettler, Suzanne; Pepinsky, Thomas B.; Roberts, Kenneth M.; Valelly, Richard (October 29, 2018). "The Trump Presidency and American Democracy: A Historical and Comparative Analysis". Perspectives on Politics. 17 (2): 470–479. doi:10.1017/S1537592718003286. ISSN 1537-5927.
- ^ Kaufman, Robert R.; Haggard, Stephan (October 29, 2018). "Democratic Decline in the United States: What Can We Learn from Middle-Income Backsliding?". Perspectives on Politics. 17 (2): 417–432. doi:10.1017/s1537592718003377. ISSN 1537-5927.
- ^ Biello, Peter (May 23, 2018). "Bill Kristol Really Wants Someone to Challenge Trump". NHPR. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
- ^ Leonhardt, David (June 25, 2018). "Opinion – Republicans Against Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
- ^ Rubin, Jennifer (April 11, 2018). "Just in time: A new Republican group seeks to protect Mueller". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Liptak, Adam (November 14, 2018). "Conservative Lawyers Say Trump Has Undermined the Rule of Law". The New York Times. Retrieved November 18, 2018.
- ^ Jacobson, Louis (July 15, 2020). "No special counsel was ever appointed to investigate Hillary Clinton". PolitiFact. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Nelson, Louis (November 3, 2017). "Trump ratchets up call for DOJ to investigate Hillary Clinton". Politico. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Fabian, Jordan; Anapol, Avery (November 3, 2017). "Trump calls on FBI to investigate Clinton-DNC deal". The Hill. Retrieved September 18, 2022.
- ^ Richards, Zoë; Gregorian, Dareh (July 7, 2022). "IRS asks for review of audits into Trump foes James Comey and Andrew McCabe". NBC News. Retrieved September 19, 2022.
- ^ Nelson, Louis (November 3, 2017). "Trump ratchets up call for DOJ to investigate Hillary Clinton". Politico. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- ^ Vazquez, Maegan; Jarrett, Laura; Bash, Dana (May 20, 2018). "Trump demands Justice Department examine whether it or FBI spied on campaign". CNN. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- ^ Schmidt, Michael S.; Haberman, Maggie (November 20, 2018). "Trump Wanted to Order Justice Dept. to Prosecute Comey and Clinton". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- ^ a b Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Goldman, Adam (May 20, 2018). "Trump Demands Inquiry Into Whether Justice Dept. 'Infiltrated or Surveilled' His Campaign". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- ^ Miller, Zeke (November 21, 2018). "Trump Wanted to Prosecute Comey, Hillary Clinton". Associated Press. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- ^ Seipel, Arnie (September 19, 2018). "Trump Again Slams Jeff Sessions: 'I Don't Have An Attorney General'". NPR. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- ^ Brice-Saddler, Michael (July 23, 2019). "While bemoaning Mueller probe, Trump falsely says the Constitution gives him 'the right to do whatever I want'". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
- ^ Corbett, Erin (May 6, 2019). "Trump Keeps Alluding to Extending His Presidency. Does He Mean It?". Fortune. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ Wu, Nicholas (June 16, 2019). "Trump says supporters could 'demand' he not leave office after two terms". USA Today. Retrieved June 17, 2019.
- ^ Coyle, Marcia (February 25, 2020). "'Ridiculous and Unhelpful': Commentary on Trump's Bashing of SCOTUS". National Law Journal. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
- ^ Liptak, Adam (November 20, 2018). "Trump Takes Aim at Appeals Court, Calling It a 'Disgrace'". The New York Times. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
- ^ Hamburger, Tom; Barrett, Devlin (October 27, 2020). "Former U.S. attorneys – all Republicans – back Biden, saying Trump threatens 'the rule of law'". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Bondarenko, Veronika (February 27, 2017). "Trump keeps saying 'enemy of the people' – but the phrase has a very ugly history". Business Insider. Retrieved October 25, 2017.
- ^ Stelter, Brian (June 14, 2016). "Donald Trump: I won't kick reporters out of White House press briefing room". CNN Business. Retrieved December 28, 2019.
- ^ a b Stelter, Brian; Collins, Kaitlan (May 9, 2018). "Trump's latest shot at the press corps: 'Take away credentials?'". CNNMoney. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
- ^ Tani, Maxwell (May 22, 2017). "Conspiracy outlet InfoWars was granted temporary White House press credentials". Business Insider. Retrieved May 9, 2018.
- ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (February 13, 2017). "White House Grants Press Credentials to a Pro-Trump Blog". The New York Times. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
- ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Rosenberg, Matthew (January 21, 2017). "With False Claims, Trump Attacks Media on Turnout and Intelligence Rift". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ Jaffe, Alexandra (January 22, 2017). "Kellyanne Conway: WH Spokesman Gave 'Alternative Facts' on Inauguration Crowd". NBC News. Retrieved January 22, 2017.
- ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (February 24, 2017). "White House Bars Times and 2 Other News Outlets From Briefing". The New York Times. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
- ^ Gold, Hadas (February 24, 2017). "White House selectively blocks media outlets from briefing with Spicer". Politico. Retrieved February 24, 2017.
- ^ Grynbaum, Michael M. (November 13, 2018). "CNN Sues Trump Administration for Barring Jim Acosta From White House". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Farhi, Paul (April 30, 2020). "Pence staff threatens action against reporter who tweeted about visit to clinic without surgical mask". Archived from the original on May 1, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.
- ^ "Trump Blasts Fox News: We Have to Start Looking for a New News Outlet". Haaretz. August 28, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2019.
- ^ Bowden, John (April 26, 2020). "Trump blasts Fox News, says he wants 'an alternative'". The Hill. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
- ^ Watson, Kathryn (August 16, 2018). "Senate adopts resolution declaring "the press is not the enemy of the people"". CBS News. Retrieved August 16, 2018.
- ^ Guess, Andrew; Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason (January 9, 2018). "Selective Exposure to Misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign" (PDF). Dartmouth.edu. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
- ^ Allcott, H.; Gentzkow, M. (2017). "Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 election" (PDF). Journal of Economic Perspectives. 31 (2): 211–236. doi:10.1257/jep.31.2.211. S2CID 32730475. Retrieved May 3, 2017.
- ^ Sarlin, Benjy (January 14, 2018). "'Fake news' went viral in 2016. This professor studied who clicked". NBC News. Retrieved February 4, 2018.
- ^ Samuels, Brett (March 19, 2019). "Trump says he's 'very proud' to hear Bolsonaro use the term 'fake news'". The Hill. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Cochrane, Emily (October 19, 2018). "'That's My Kind of Guy,' Trump Says of Republican Lawmaker Who Body-Slammed a Reporter". The New York Times. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
- ^ Pilkington, Ed (October 19, 2018). "Trump praises Gianforte for assault on Guardian reporter: 'He's my guy'". The Guardian. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
- ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica; Stark, Liz (October 25, 2018). "Trump claims media to blame for 'anger' after bombs sent to CNN, Dems". CNN. Retrieved October 25, 2018.
- ^ LeBlanc, Paul (June 3, 2021). "New York Times reports Trump administration secretly obtained its reporters' phone records". CNN. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Buncombe, Andrew (April 3, 2017). "Donald Trump does not regret sending any of his tweets". The Independent. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ Farnsworth, Stephen J. (2018). Presidential Communication and Character. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315447049. ISBN 978-1-315-44704-9. Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved July 23, 2019.
- ^ Landers, Elizabeth (June 6, 2017). "Spicer: Tweets are Trump's official statements". CNN. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Shepardson, David (August 29, 2018). "Trump unblocks more Twitter users after U.S. court ruling". Reuters. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Savage, Charlie (July 9, 2019). "Trump Can't Block Critics From His Twitter Account, Appeals Court Rules". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Polantz, Katelyn (March 23, 2020). "Appeals court won't revisit ruling saying Trump can't block Twitter users". CNN. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Ott, Brian L. (January 1, 2017). "The age of Twitter: Donald J. Trump and the politics of debasement". Critical Studies in Media Communication. 34 (1): 59–68. doi:10.1080/15295036.2016.1266686. ISSN 1529-5036. S2CID 152133074.
- ^ Thrush, Glenn; Martin, Jonathan (March 30, 2017). "'We Must Fight Them': Trump Goes After Conservatives of Freedom Caucus". The New York Times. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ Prokop, Andrew; Beauchamp, Zack (March 30, 2017). "Were those Trump tweets impulsive or strategic? The latest in a continuing series". Vox. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ Lapowsky, Issie (March 15, 2017). "A court just blocked Trump's second immigration ban, proving his tweets will haunt his presidency". Wired. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ McMinn, Sean (December 18, 2017). "Trump Used Twitter to Praise and Blame Congress, Yet the Hill Agreed With Him Most of the Time". Roll Call. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Zipp, Ricky (February 20, 2018). "A Trump tweet echoed RT and Breitbart criticisms of the FBI's Russia distraction". Vox. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
- ^ Holmes, Jack (May 14, 2018). "Trump's Fox News Addiction Is Even Worse Than We Knew". Esquire. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
- ^ Phillips, Kristine (April 26, 2017). "All the times Trump personally attacked judges – and why his tirades are 'worse than wrong'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 3, 2017. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ a b Lee, Jasmine C. (2016). "The 459 People, Places and Things Donald Trump Has Insulted on Twitter: A Complete List". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
- ^ Singletary, Michelle (March 15, 2018). "Trump dumped Secretary of State Rex Tillerson in a tweet. What's the worst way you've been fired?". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
- ^ Collinson, Stephen; Diamond, Jeremy (January 2, 2018). "Trump again at war with 'deep state' Justice Department". CNN. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
- ^ Griffiths, Brent (March 17, 2018). "Trump slams Comey, mentions Mueller for first time in tweet". Politico. Retrieved March 18, 2018.
- ^ Chiacu, Doina (August 1, 2018). "Trump says attorney general should stop Mueller probe 'right now'". Reuters. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
- ^ Twitter Safety [@TwitterSafety] (January 8, 2021). "After close review of recent Tweets from the @realDonaldTrump account and the context around them we have permanently suspended the account due to the risk of further incitement of violence" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
{{cite web}}:|author1=has generic name (help) - ^ Benner, Katie (February 16, 2020). "Former Justice Dept. Lawyers Press for Barr to Step Down". The New York Times. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
- ^ Wise, Justin (February 17, 2020). "Judges' association calls emergency meeting in wake of Stone sentencing reversal". The Hill. Retrieved February 18, 2020.
- ^ Baker, Peter (July 11, 2020). "In Commuting Stone's Sentence, Trump Goes Where Nixon Would Not". The New York Times. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
- ^ Calamur, Krishnadev; Rascoe, Ayesha; Wise, Alana (May 29, 2020). "Trump Says He Spoke With Floyd's Family, Understands Hurt And Pain Of Community". NPR. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ Porter, Jon (May 29, 2020). "Twitter restricts new Trump tweet for 'glorifying violence'". The Verge. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
- ^ Allyn, Bobby (May 28, 2020). "Stung By Twitter, Trump Signs Executive Order To Weaken Social Media Companies". NPR. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
- ^ "Permanent suspension of @realDonaldTrump". Twitter. January 8, 2020. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ Fung, Brian (January 8, 2021). "Twitter bans President Trump permanently". CNN. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
- ^ "YouTube suspends Trump channel from uploading new content for seven days". The Guardian. January 13, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Peters, Cameron (January 10, 2021). "Every online platform that has cracked down on Trump". Vox. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ a b Pamuk, Humeyra (March 11, 2019). "Trump budget proposes steep subsidy cuts to farmers as they grapple with crisis". Reuters. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Swanson, Ana; Thrush, Glenn (May 23, 2019). "Trump Gives Farmers $16 Billion in Aid Amid Prolonged China Trade War". The New York Times.
- ^ Dorning, Mike (2019). "Majority of Trump's Trade Aid Went to Biggest Farms, Study Finds". Bloomberg LP. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ Mccrimmon, Ryan (May 7, 2019). "Economists flee Agriculture Dept. after feeling punished under Trump". Politico.
- ^ Sweet, Ken (October 25, 2017). "Consumers lose chance to sue banks in win for Wall Street". Associated Press. Retrieved July 12, 2019.
- ^ Kiel, Paul (January 23, 2018). "Newly Defanged, Top Consumer Protection Agency Drops Investigation of High-Cost Lender". ProPublica. Retrieved January 27, 2018.
- ^ Sweet, Ken (March 6, 2018). "Payday lenders, watchdog agency exhibit cozier relationship". Associated Press. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
- ^ Zanona, Melanie (December 8, 2017). "Trump admin scraps Obama-era proposal requiring airlines to disclose bag fees". The Hill. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
- ^ Elliott, Christopher (December 28, 2017). "Perspective | As airline rules relax under Trump, here's a survival guide to flying in 2018". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 3, 2018.
- ^ Eder, Steve; Protess, Ben; Dewan, Shaila (November 21, 2017). "How Trump's Hands-Off Approach to Policing Is Frustrating Some Chiefs". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 22, 2017.
- ^ Johnson, Kevin (August 28, 2017). "Trump lifts ban on military gear to local police forces". USA Today. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- ^ "Sessions reinstates asset forfeiture policy at Justice Department". CBS News. CBS/AP. July 19, 2017. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
- ^ Timm, Jane (June 16, 2020). "Trump says Obama didn't reform policing – but he did. Then the president ditched it". NBC News. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- ^ Benner, Katie (November 8, 2018). "Sessions, in Last-Minute Act, Sharply Limits Use of Consent Decrees to Curb Police Abuses". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 9, 2018. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
- ^ Dolven, Taylor (December 22, 2017). "Jeff Sessions gives OK for towns like Ferguson to hit the poor with heavy fines". Archived from the original on December 26, 2017. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- ^ Lopez, German (February 12, 2018). "Trump said, "I love the police." But his budget slashes funding that helps hire more cops". Vox. Retrieved June 5, 2019.
- ^ Rosenthal, Brian M. (July 29, 2017). "Police Criticize Trump for Urging Officers Not to Be 'Too Nice' With Suspects". The New York Times. Retrieved July 19, 2017.
- ^ Reilly, Ryan J. (November 18, 2020). "Watchdog Knocks Trump DOJ On Lax Police Oversight, Urging 'Swift' Federal Action". HuffPost. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie; Karni, Annie (April 1, 2018). "Trump Celebrates Criminal Justice Overhaul Amid Doubts It Will Be Fully Funded". The New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2019.
- ^ "Prosecution of Sex Trafficking of Children is Down Nationwide". Transactional Records Access Clearinghouse, Syracuse University. July 16, 2019. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
- ^ Klasfeld, Adam (July 16, 2019). "Prosecution of Child-Sex Traffickers Plummeted Under Trump". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved July 21, 2019.
- ^ Dreisbach, Tom (August 14, 2020). "Under Trump, SEC Enforcement Of Insider Trading Dropped To Lowest Point In Decades". NPR. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
- ^ Thomson-DeVeaux, Amelia (January 21, 2021). "How Trump Used His Pardon Power". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved January 22, 2021.
- ^ Goldsmith, Jack; Gluck, Matt (July 11, 2020). "Trump's Aberrant Pardons and Commutations". Lawfare. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
- ^ Frum, David (January 20, 2021). "Swamp Thing". The Atlantic. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Peter (May 31, 2018). "Trump Wields Pardon Pen to Confront Justice System". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 1, 2018.
- ^ Hulse, Carl (May 14, 2017). "Bipartisan View Was Emerging on Sentencing. Then Came Jeff Sessions". The New York Times. Retrieved May 14, 2017.
- ^ Gurman, Sadie (January 4, 2018). "Sessions ending federal policy that let legal pot flourish". Associated Press. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
- ^ Lynch, Sarah N. (January 4, 2018). "Trump administration drops Obama-era easing of marijuana prosecutions". Reuters. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
- ^ Clark, James (January 16, 2018). "VA Says It Will Not Study Effects Of Medical Marijuana On PTSD And Chronic Pain". Task & Purpose. Archived from the original on February 16, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2018.
- ^ Roberts, Chris. "The Feds Are Coming For Delta-8 THC". Forbes. Archived from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
- ^ "Trump ratchets up pace of executions before Biden inaugural". AP News. December 7, 2020. Archived from the original on April 21, 2024. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
- ^ a b Tarm, Michael; Kunzelman, Michael (January 15, 2021). "Trump administration carries out 13th and final execution". Associated Press. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ a b Greer, Scott L.; Creary, Melissa S.; Singer, Phillip M.; Willison, Charley E. (January 1, 2019). "Quantifying inequities in US federal response to hurricane disaster in Texas and Florida compared with Puerto Rico". BMJ Global Health. 4 (1): e001191. doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001191. ISSN 2059-7908. PMC 6350743. PMID 30775009.
- ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica; Kelsey, Adam (September 27, 2017). "Trump to visit hurricane-ravaged Puerto Rico, says he is 'very proud' of response". ABC News. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ^ Diamond, Jeremy; Liptak, Kevin (September 26, 2017). "Trump ramps up Puerto Rico response amid criticism". CNN. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ^ Smith, Allan (September 26, 2017). "Trump addresses criticism over Puerto Rico disaster response: 'It's out in the ocean – you can't just drive your trucks there'". Business Insider. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ^ a b Phillip, Abby; O'Keefe, Ed; Miroff, Nick; Paletta, Damian (September 29, 2017). "Lost weekend: How Trump's time at his golf club hurt the response to Maria". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
- ^ Fabian, Jordan (September 29, 2017). "Trump says Puerto Rico relief hampered by 'big water, ocean water'". The HIll. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- ^ Hanna, Jason; Park, Madison (October 1, 2017). "Puerto Rico: Mayor pleads for better response; Trump hits back". CNN. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
- ^ Jan, Tracy; Rein, Lisa (April 22, 2021). "Investigation suppressed by Trump administration reveals obstacles to hurricane aid for Puerto Rico". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on October 26, 2024. Retrieved April 22, 2021.
- ^ Florido, Adrian (January 29, 2018). "FEMA To End Food And Water Aid For Puerto Rico". NPR. Retrieved January 30, 2018.
- ^ Kishore, Nishant; et al. (May 29, 2018). "Mortality in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria". New England Journal of Medicine. 379 (2): 162–170. doi:10.1056/nejmsa1803972. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 29809109. S2CID 44155986. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ "Puerto Rico hurricane death toll jumps". BBC News. August 29, 2018. Retrieved August 31, 2018.
- ^ Klein, Betsy; Vazquez, Maegan (September 13, 2018). "Trump falsely claims nearly 3,000 Americans in Puerto Rico 'did not die'". CNN. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
- ^ Samuels, Brett (June 20, 2024). "Book recalls Trump's quip on pressing nuclear button: US 'won't be second'". The Hill. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- ^ Swan, Jonathan; Talev, Margaret (August 25, 2019). "Scoop: Trump suggested nuking hurricanes to stop them from hitting U.S." Axios.
- ^ Miller, Ryan W. (August 26, 2019). "You can't nuke a hurricane to stop it, as Trump reportedly suggested. Here's why". USA Today.
- ^ Pierre-Louis, Kendra (November 12, 2018). "Trump's Misleading Claims About California's Fire 'Mismanagement'". Fact Check. The New York Times. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
- ^ Hannon, Elliot (November 17, 2018). "During Wildfire Tour, Trump Suggests Doing More Raking Like Finland Could Prevent California Wildfires". Slate. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
- ^ Vazquez, Maegan (September 14, 2020). "Trump baselessly questions climate science during California wildfire briefing". CNN. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ "Civilian Unemployment Rate". Bureau of Labor Statistics. January 1948. Retrieved November 10, 2021 – via Federal Reserve Economic Data.
- ^ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (January 1929). "Gross Domestic Product". Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved March 4, 2019 – via Federal Reserve Economic Data.
- ^ U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis (January 1930). "Real Gross Domestic Product". FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
- ^ "Federal receipts, outlays and deficits". Office of Management and Budget. Retrieved November 10, 2021 – via Federal Reserve Economic Data.
- ^ "Federal Debt Held by the Public". U.S. Treasury. Retrieved November 10, 2021 – via Federal Reserve Economic Data.
- ^ Grumbach, Jacob M.; Hacker, Jacob S.; Pierson, Paul (2021). "The Political Economies of Red States". In Hertel-Fernandez, Alexander; Hacker, Jacob S.; Thelen, Kathleen; Pierson, Paul (eds.). The American Political Economy: Politics, Markets, and Power. Cambridge University Press. pp. 209–244. ISBN 978-1-316-51636-2. Archived from the original on November 10, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Sloan, Allan; Podkul, Cezary (January 14, 2021). "Donald Trump Built a National Debt So Big (Even Before the Pandemic) That It'll Weigh Down the Economy for Years". ProPublica. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Sloan, Allan; Podkul, Cezary (January 14, 2021). "Trump's most enduring legacy could be the historic rise in the national debt". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Lemon, Jason (January 14, 2021). "Under Donald Trump's watch, the national debt increased by $7.8 trillion". Newsweek. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Amadeo, Kimberly (May 10, 2021). "President Trump's Impact on the National Debt". The Balance. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Khouri, Andrew (January 23, 2017). "Trump's team suspended a mortgage insurance rate cut. Here's what that means". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 23, 2017.
- ^ Swanson, Ana; Ewing, Jack (July 26, 2018). "Trump's Trade Truce With Europe Has a Familiar Feel: It Mirrors Obama's Path". The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
- ^ McCausland, Phil (November 30, 2019). "Trump's proposed SNAP changes could mean millions lose food stamp access". NBC News. Retrieved December 1, 2019.
- ^ a b Mufson, Steven; Lynch, David J. (June 1, 2018). "Breaking from GOP orthodoxy, Trump increasingly deciding winners and losers in the economy". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
- ^ Wang, Christine (December 23, 2016). "Lockheed Martin shares take another tumble after Trump tweet". CNBC. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
- ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica (April 1, 2018). "Trump keeps up attacks on Amazon, WaPo". CNN. Retrieved June 2, 2018.
- ^ Rein, Lisa; Bogage, Jacob (April 24, 2020). "Trump says he will block coronavirus aid for U.S. Postal Service if it doesn't hike prices immediately". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ^ Bartz, Diane (June 12, 2018). "AT&T wins court approval to buy Time Warner over Trump opposition". U.S. Retrieved July 15, 2018.
- ^ Navarro, Peter; Ross, Wilbur (September 29, 2016). "Scoring the Trump Economic Plan: Trade, Regulatory, & Energy Policy Impacts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 12, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ Scott, Robert E. (March 7, 2019). "Record U.S. trade deficit in 2018 reflects failure of Trump's trade policies". Economic Policy Institute. Archived from the original on November 27, 2022. Retrieved November 27, 2022.
- ^ Lynch, David J. (March 6, 2019). "As trade deficit explodes, Trump finds he can't escape the laws of economics". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Born, Benjamin; Müller, Gernot J.; Schularick, Moritz; Sedláček, Petr (2021). "The macroeconomic impact of Trump". Policy Studies. 42 (5–6): 580–591. doi:10.1080/01442872.2021.1909718. ISSN 0144-2872. S2CID 201376054.
- ^ Winkler, Matthew A. (January 28, 2019). "Ranking the Trump Economy". Bloomberg News. Retrieved January 28, 2019.
- ^ * Smialek, Jeanna (June 7, 2018). "Trump Says the U.S. Economy Is the 'Greatest' Ever. It's Not". Bloomberg News. Retrieved May 27, 2019. * Kessler, Glenn (September 7, 2018). "President Trump's repeated claim: 'The greatest economy in the history of our country'". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 27, 2019. * Puzzanghera, Jim (November 4, 2018). "The truth about Trump's 'greatest economy' claims". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 27, 2019. * Schoen, John W. (November 5, 2018). "Four charts show why Trump's claims about the US economy just don't add up". CNBC. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
- ^ Horsley, Scott (June 8, 2020). "It's Official: U.S. Economy Is In A Recession". NPR. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ "Determination of the February 2020 Peak in US Economic Activity". National Bureau of Economic Research. June 8, 2020. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ a b Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Rappeport, Alan (September 27, 2017). "Trump Proposes the Most Sweeping Tax Overhaul in Decades". The New York Times. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ^ "Republicans pass historic tax cuts without a single Democratic vote". Axios. December 20, 2017. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e Kaplan, Thomas; Rappeport, Alan (December 19, 2017). "Republican Tax Bill Passes Senate in 51-48 Vote". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ a b Radnofsky, Louise (December 22, 2017). "Trump Signs Sweeping Tax Overhaul Into Law". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Timm, Jane C. (December 22, 2017). "Trump signs tax cut bill, first big legislative win". NBC News. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Matthews, Dylan (September 29, 2017). "The numbers are in: Trump's tax plan is a bonanza for the rich, not the middle class". Vox. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
- ^ Rubin, Richard (September 28, 2017). "Treasury Removes Paper at Odds With Mnuchin's Take on Corporate-Tax Cut's Winners". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
- ^ Kaplan, Thomas (September 28, 2017). "With Tax Cuts on the Table, Once-Mighty Deficit Hawks Hardly Chirp". The New York Times. Retrieved September 28, 2017.
- ^ Bump, Philip (May 28, 2019). "Analysis – A new report further undermines Trump's claim that the tax cuts were economic 'rocket fuel'". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Marcellus, Sibile (July 26, 2019). "Trump adds $4.1 trillion to national debt. Here's where the money went". Yahoo Finance. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- ^ Gonzales, Richard (January 22, 2018). "Trump Slaps Tariffs On Imported Solar Panels and Washing Machines". NPR. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Horsley, Scott (March 8, 2018). "Trump Formally Orders Tariffs on Steel, Aluminum Imports". NPR. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ a b Long, Heather (May 31, 2018). "Trump has officially put more tariffs on U.S. allies than on China". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Chance, David (March 5, 2018). "Trump's trade tariffs: Long on rhetoric, short on impact?". Reuters. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Paquette, Danielle; Lynch, David J.; Rauhala, Emily (July 6, 2018). "As Trump's trade war starts, China retaliates with comparable tariffs of its own". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
- ^ "US tariffs a dangerous game, says EU". BBC News. June 1, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Amiti, Mary; Redding, Stephen J.; Weinstein, David E. (2019). "The Impact of the 2018 Tariffs on Prices and Welfare". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 33 (Fall 2019): 187–210. doi:10.1257/jep.33.4.187.
- ^ Rainey, Michael (May 16, 2019). "Trump Tariffs Could Wipe Out Tax Cuts for Many Households". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Gleckman, Howard (May 14, 2019). "For Many Households, Trump's Tariffs Could Wipe Out The Benefits of the TCJA". Tax Policy Center. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Gu, Hallie; Daly, Tom (August 5, 2019). "U.S. farmers suffer 'body blow' as China slams door on farm purchases". Reuters. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Swanson, Ana; Rappeport, Alan (June 23, 2020). "Trump Signs China Trade Deal, Putting Economic Conflict on Pause". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Rappeport, Alan (February 18, 2020). "U.S. Watchdog to Investigate Trump's Farm Bailout Program". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Blanchard, Emily J; Bown, Chad P; Chor, Davin (2019). "Did Trump's Trade War Impact the 2018 Election?". NBER Working Paper Series. Working Paper Series. National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w26434. S2CID 207992615. Working Paper 26434. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Zumbrun, Josh (October 25, 2020). "China Trade War Didn't Boost U.S. Manufacturing Might". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Salama, Vivian; Zumbrun, Josh; Mackrael, Kim (May 17, 2019). "U.S. Reaches Deal With Canada, Mexico to End Steel and Aluminum Tariffs". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Karni, Annie; Swanson, Ana; Shear, Michael D. (May 30, 2019). "Trump Says U.S. Will Hit Mexico With 5% Tariffs on All Goods". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Paletta, Damian; Miroff, Nick; Dawsey, Josh (May 30, 2019). "Trump says U.S. to impose 5 percent tariff on all Mexican imports beginning June 10 in dramatic escalation of border clash". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Leonard, Jenny; Wasson, Erik (May 30, 2019). "Trump Pushes USMCA Approval Plan in Move That Irks Pelosi". Bloomberg LP. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Salama, Vivian; Mauldin, William; Lucey, Catherine (June 1, 2019). "Trump's Threat of Tariffs on Mexico Prompts Outcry". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Kim, Seung Min; Dawsey, Josh; Paletta, Damian (May 31, 2021). "Trump defies close advisers in deciding to threaten Mexico with disruptive tariffs". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Swanson, Ana; Ahmed, Azam (June 7, 2019). "Trump Calls Off Plan to Impose Tariffs on Mexico". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Haberman, Maggie (June 8, 2019). "Mexico Agreed to Take Border Actions Months Before Trump Announced Tariff Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Ye Hee Lee, Michelle (June 30, 2016). "Donald Trump's claim that China 'will enter' the Trans-Pacific Partnership 'at a later date'". The Washington Post.
- ^ Hopewell, Kristen (September 27, 2021). "Would China's move to join this transpacific trade pact push the U.S. to rejoin? It's complicated". The Washington Post.
- ^ a b Brown, Emma (February 6, 2017). "With historic tiebreaker from Pence, DeVos confirmed as education secretary". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Douglas-Gabriel, Danielle (March 17, 2017). "Trump administration rolls back protections for people in default on student loans". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2017.
- ^ Lane, Sylvan (September 5, 2017). "DeVos ends agreement to work on student loan fraud". The Hill. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
- ^ Green, Erica L. (August 10, 2018). "DeVos Ends Obama-Era Safeguards Aimed at Abuses by For-Profit Colleges". The New York Times. Retrieved August 11, 2018.
- ^ Turner, Cory (August 27, 2018). "Student Loan Watchdog Quits, Says Trump Administration 'Turned Its Back' On Borrowers". NPR. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
- ^ Ivory, Danielle; Green, Erica L.; Eder, Steve (May 13, 2018). "Education Department Unwinds Unit Investigating Fraud at For-Profits". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 13, 2018.
- ^ Saul, Stephanie; Taylor, Kate (September 22, 2017). "Betsy DeVos Reverses Obama-era Policy on Campus Sexual Assault Investigations". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
- ^ Silva, Daniella (September 7, 2017). "Betsy DeVos to Overhaul Obama-Era Title IX Guidance on Campus Sex Assault". NBC News. Retrieved October 29, 2019.
- ^ Geller, Eric (October 31, 2018). "Inside the Trump administration's rudderless fight to counter election propaganda". Politico. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
- ^ Tabuchi, Hiroko (March 3, 2017). "Trump Got Nearly $1 Million in Energy-Efficiency Subsidies in 2012". The New York Times. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
- ^ Swanson, Ana; Plumer, Brad (2018). "Trump's Solar Tariffs Are Clouding the Industry's Future". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 24, 2018.
- ^ Eckhouse, Brian; Natter, Ari; Martin, Chris (January 22, 2018). "Trump's Solar Tariffs Mark Biggest Blow to Renewables Yet". Bloomberg.com. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
- ^ Sant, Shannon Van (September 4, 2019). "Trump Administration Reverses Standards For Energy-Efficient Lightbulbs". NPR. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
- ^ DiChristopher, Tom (February 14, 2017). "Trump and GOP killed an energy anti-corruption rule for no good reason, advocates say". CNBC. Retrieved February 15, 2017.
- ^ Simon, Julia (November 2, 2017). "U.S. withdraws from extractive industries anti-corruption effort". Reuters. Retrieved November 3, 2017.
- ^ a b Davenport, Coral (March 30, 2019). "Trump's Order to Open Arctic Waters to Oil Drilling Was Unlawful, Federal Judge Finds". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Mufson, Steven (April 19, 2020). "Ten years after Gulf of Mexico oil spill, Trump administration weakens regulations". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Sneath, Sara (September 28, 2019). "Environmental group sues over exemptions to safety rule put in place after Deepwater Horizon". NOLA.com. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Wamsley, Laurel (May 3, 2019). "Trump Administration Moves To Roll Back Offshore Drilling Safety Regulations". NPR. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Todd, Chuck; Murray, Mark; Dann, Carrie (January 10, 2018). "Trump looks like he's playing favorites with Florida offshore relief". NBC News. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
- ^ Domonoske, Camila (January 10, 2018). "After Florida Gets Offshore Drilling Exemption, Other States Ask For The Same". NPR. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Kummer, Frank (October 10, 2018). "New Jersey sues U.S.: Why was Florida exempted from offshore drilling?". Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Cournoyer, Caroline (October 11, 2018). "Why Is Only Florida Exempt From Trump's Offshore Drilling Plan? New Jersey Sues to Find Out". Governing. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Lipton, Eric (October 5, 2020). "'The Coal Industry Is Back,' Trump Proclaimed. It Wasn't". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Popovich, Nadja; Albeck-Ripka, Livia; Pierre-Louis, Kendra (2019). "The Trump Administration Is Reversing 100 Environmental Rules. Here's the Full List". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
- ^ Dillon, Lindsey; Sellers, Christopher; Underhill, Vivian; Shapiro, Nicholas; Ohayon, Jennifer Liss; Sullivan, Marianne; Brown, Phil; Harrison, Jill; Wylie, Sara (April 2018). "The Environmental Protection Agency in the Early Trump Administration: Prelude to Regulatory Capture". American Journal of Public Health. 108 (S2): S89–S94. doi:10.2105/ajph.2018.304360. ISSN 0090-0036. PMC 5922212. PMID 29698086.
- ^ Lipton, Eric; Ivory, Danielle (December 10, 2017). "Under Trump, E.P.A. Has Slowed Actions Against Polluters, and Put Limits on Enforcement Officers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 11, 2017.
- ^ Knickmeyer, Ellen (January 15, 2019). "EPA criminal action against polluters hits 30-year low". Associated Press. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
- ^ a b Lipton, Eric; Eder, Steve; Branch, John (December 26, 2018). "President Trump's Retreat on the Environment Is Affecting Communities Across America". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
- ^ Cutler, David; Dominici, Francesca (June 12, 2018). "A Breath of Bad Air: Cost of the Trump Environmental Agenda May Lead to 80 000 Extra Deaths per Decade". JAMA. 319 (22): 2261–2262. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.7351. ISSN 0098-7484. PMID 29896617.
- ^ Friedman, Lisa (August 21, 2018). "Cost of New E.P.A. Coal Rules: Up to 1,400 More Deaths a Year". The New York Times. Retrieved September 1, 2018.
- ^ Popovich, Nadja (October 24, 2019). "America's Air Quality Worsens, Ending Years of Gains, Study Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
- ^ Davenport, Coral (January 20, 2017). "With Trump in Charge, Climate Change References Purged From Website". The New York Times. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
- ^ Mooney, Chris; Eilperin, Juliet (April 29, 2017). "EPA website removes climate science site from public view after two decades". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 10, 2018.
- ^ Shear, Michael D. (June 1, 2017). "Trump Will Withdraw U.S. From Paris Climate Agreement". The New York Times.
- ^ Merica, Dan (December 29, 2017). "Trump tweets that 'cold' East Coast 'could use a little bit of' global warming". CNN. Retrieved December 29, 2017.
- ^ Plumer, Brad (March 27, 2017). "Trump's big new executive order to tear up Obama's climate policies, explained". Vox. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
- ^ Friedman, Lisa (August 15, 2017). "Trump Signs Order Rolling Back Environmental Rules on Infrastructure". The New York Times. Retrieved August 29, 2017.
- ^ Friedman, Lisa (October 11, 2018). "E.P.A. to Disband a Key Scientific Review Panel on Air Pollution". The New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
- ^ Samet, Jonathan M.; Burke, Thomas A. (April 1, 2020). "Deregulation and the Assault on Science and the Environment". Annual Review of Public Health. 41 (1): annurev–publhealth–040119-094056. doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094056. ISSN 0163-7525. PMID 31905321.
- ^ Dennis, Brady (April 13, 2017). "Trump administration halts Obama-era rule aimed at curbing toxic wastewater from coal plants". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 14, 2017.
- ^ Kounang, Nadia (July 18, 2018). "EPA rolls back Obama-era coal ash regulations". CNN. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
- ^ Fears, Darryl (June 20, 2018). "Trump just erased an Obama-era policy to protect the oceans". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
- ^ Eilperin, Juliet; Grandoni, Dino; Dennis, Brady (April 14, 2020). "Trump officials reject stricter air quality standards, despite link between air pollution, coronavirus risks". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Jacobs, Jeremy P.; King, Pamela (April 21, 2020). "Clean Water Act: Trump's rewrite is finalized. What happens now?". E&E News. Environment & Energy Publishing. Archived from the original on April 25, 2020. Retrieved April 23, 2020.
- ^ Halper, Evan (December 11, 2018). "Trump administration unveils major Clean Water Act rollback". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
- ^ Joselow, Maxine (October 23, 2018). "White House Pressured EPA on Changes to Methane Leak Rule". Scientific American. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
- ^ King, Alanis (April 4, 2020). "Trump rolled back fuel-economy standards in the US this week to make vehicles 'substantially safer,' but his claims about car safety don't mesh with reality". Business Insider. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
- ^ Lipton, Eric (July 6, 2018). "'Super Polluting' Trucks Receive Loophole on Pruitt's Last Day". The New York Times. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
- ^ Friedman, Lisa (March 15, 2019). "E.P.A., Scaling Back Proposed Ban, Plans Limits on Deadly Chemical in Paint Strippers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
- ^ Beitsch, Rebecca (June 5, 2019). "EPA exempts farms from reporting pollution tied to animal waste". The Hill. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
- ^ Ward, Ken Jr. (August 21, 2017). "Trump's Interior Department moves to stop mountaintop removal study". Charleston Gazette-Mail. Archived from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved August 22, 2017.
- ^ Fears, Darryl (December 21, 2017). "This study aimed to make offshore drilling safer. Trump just put a stop to it". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 10, 2018.
- ^ Lejeune, Tristan (February 26, 2018). "Major EPA reorganization will end science research program". The Hill. Retrieved February 27, 2018.
- ^ a b Plumer, Brad; Davenport, Coral (December 28, 2019). "Science Under Attack: How Trump Is Sidelining Researchers and Their Work". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 29, 2019.
- ^ a b Voosen, Paul (May 11, 2018). "NASA cancels carbon monitoring research program". Science. 360 (6389): 586–587. Bibcode:2018Sci...360..586V. doi:10.1126/science.360.6389.586. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 29748262.
- ^ Lipton, Eric (October 21, 2017). "Why Has the E.P.A. Shifted on Toxic Chemicals? An Industry Insider Helps Call the Shots". The New York Times. Retrieved October 21, 2017.
- ^ Lipton, Eric (June 7, 2018). "The Chemical Industry Scores a Big Win at the E.P.A." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
- ^ a b c Atkin, Emily (June 22, 2018). "The Military Drinking-Water Crisis the White House Tried to Hide". The New Republic. Retrieved June 23, 2018.
- ^ Friedman, Lisa (August 12, 2019). "Trump Administration Weakens Protections for Endangered Species". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved August 12, 2019.
- ^ a b Friedman, Lisa (December 24, 2019). "A Trump Policy 'Clarification' All but Ends Punishment for Bird Deaths". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
- ^ Turkewitz, Julie (December 4, 2017). "Trump Slashes Size of Bears Ears and Grand Staircase Monuments". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
- ^ Eilperin, Juliet (December 5, 2017). "Zinke backs shrinking more national monuments and shifting management of 10". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
- ^ a b Federman, Adam (July 26, 2019). "How Science Got Trampled in the Rush to Drill in the Arctic". Politico. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
- ^ Wallace, Gregory (October 15, 2019). "Trump administration proposes new logging in nation's largest national forest". CNN. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
- ^ Friedman, Lisa (April 24, 2018). "E.P.A. Announces a New Rule. One Likely Effect: Less Science in Policymaking". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2018.
- ^ Meyer, Robinson (April 25, 2018). "Scott Pruitt's New Rule Could Completely Transform the EPA". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 26, 2018.
- ^ Friedman, Lisa (July 15, 2020). "Trump Weakens Major Conservation Law to Speed Construction Permits". The New York Times. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ Vazquez, Maegan; Klein, Betsy (August 4, 2020). "Trump signs conservation funding law that will aid national parks". CNN. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
- ^ Hulse, Carl (June 11, 2020). "Senate Moves Toward Preserving Public Lands, and Political Careers". The New York Times. Retrieved September 4, 2023.
- ^ Protess, Ben; Gebeloff, Robert; Ivory, Danielle (November 3, 2018). "Trump Administration Spares Corporate Wrongdoers Billions in Penalties". The New York Times. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
- ^ "Trump-Era Trend: Industries Protest. Regulations Rolled Back. A Dozen Examples". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2017 – via DocumentCloud.
- ^ "Trump Signs Executive Order to Drastically Cut Federal Regs". Fox News. January 30, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
- ^ Bolen, Sheryl (September 29, 2017). "Trump's 2-for-1 Regulatory Policy Yields Minimal Results". Bloomberg BNA. Retrieved October 31, 2017.
- ^ Rowland, Geoffrey (February 26, 2018). "WH quietly issues report to Congress showing benefits of regulations". The Hill. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
- ^ McCausland, Phil (June 15, 2019). "Trump's order to slash number of science advisory boards blasted by critics as 'nonsensical'". NBC News. Retrieved June 16, 2019.
- ^ Naylor, Brian (April 12, 2017). "Trump Lifting Federal Hiring Freeze". NPR. Retrieved April 3, 2018.
- ^ Derespina, Cody (February 28, 2017). "Trump: No Plans to Fill 'Unnecessary' Appointed Positions". Fox News. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
- ^ Kessler, Aaron; Kopan, Tal (February 25, 2017). "Trump Still Has to Fill Nearly 2,000 Vacancies". CNN. Retrieved March 6, 2017.
- ^ Ye Hee Lee, Michelle (2018). "Senate votes to overturn Trump administration donor disclosure rule for 'dark money' groups". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Tillman, Zoe (April 5, 2019). "The US Supreme Court Is Letting The Trump Administration's Bump Stocks Ban Take Effect". BuzzFeed News. Retrieved July 13, 2019.
- ^ Lawrence, Elizabeth (August 5, 2019). "After back to back shootings, Trump called for red flag laws. Here's what they are". USA Today.
- ^ Dawsey, Josh (November 1, 2019). "Trump abandons proposing ideas to curb gun violence after saying he would following mass shootings". The Washington Post.
- ^ Vitali, Ali (March 1, 2017). "Trump Signs Bill Revoking Obama-Era Gun Checks for People With Mental Illnesses". NBC News. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
- ^ Chappell, Bill (April 26, 2019). "Trump Moves To Withdraw U.S. From U.N. Arms Trade Treaty". NPR.
- ^ "American Healthcare Act Cost Estimate (May 2017)" (PDF). Congressional Budget Office. May 24, 2017. Retrieved May 24, 2017.
- ^ Haberkorn, Jennifer (November 9, 2016). "Trump victory puts Obamacare dismantling within reach". Politico. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
- ^ "Handicapping Trump's first 100 days". Politico. January 20, 2017. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
- ^ Pramuk, Jacob (October 24, 2018). "Trump keeps promising to protect pre-existing condition coverage – but his policies say otherwise". CNBC. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
- ^ a b Klein, Betsy (October 18, 2018). "Trump: 'All Republicans' support pre-existing conditions, but White House policy says otherwise". CNN. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
- ^ Qiu, Linda (September 21, 2018). "Trump Claims to Protect Pre-Existing Health Conditions. That's Not What the Government Says". The New York Times. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
- ^ Jacobson, Louis (October 5, 2018). "Trump's 86th Pants on Fire claim is a health care doozy". Politifact. Retrieved October 29, 2018.
- ^ a b c d Perks, Ashley (September 26, 2017). "Timeline: The GOP's failed effort to repeal ObamaCare". The Hill. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
- ^ Antos, Joseph R.; Capretta, James C. (June 7, 2018). "CBO's Revised View Of Individual Mandate Reflected In Latest Forecast". Health Affairs. doi:10.1377/forefront.20180605.966625.
- ^ Rayasam, Renuka (June 7, 2018). "Trump administration backs court case to overturn key Obamacare provisions". Politico. Retrieved June 8, 2018.
- ^ Nelson, Louis (July 18, 2017). "Trump says he plans to 'let Obamacare fail'". Politico. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
- ^ Young, Jeffrey (August 31, 2017). "Trump Ramps Up Obamacare Sabotage With Huge Cuts To Enrollment Programs". HuffPost. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
- ^ a b c Humer, Caroline (September 20, 2017). "Obamacare enrollment to fall in 2018 and beyond after cuts: CBO". Reuters. Retrieved September 14, 2017.
- ^ Pradhan, Rachana (August 31, 2017). "Trump administration slashes Obamacare outreach". Politico. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
- ^ Nocera, Kate; McLeod, Paul (September 27, 2017). "The Trump Administration Is Pulling Out Of Obamacare Enrollment Events". Buzzfeed News. Retrieved September 29, 2017.
- ^ Shafer, Paul; Anderson, David (2019). "The Trump Effect: Postinauguration Changes in Marketplace Enrollment". Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law. 44 (5): 715–736. doi:10.1215/03616878-7611623. PMID 31199870. S2CID 189861794.
- ^ Kodjak, Alison (October 13, 2017). "Halt In Subsidies For Health Insurers Expected To Drive Up Costs For Middle Class". NPR. Retrieved October 14, 2017.
- ^ Kodjak, Alison (October 6, 2017). "Trump Guts Requirement That Employer Health Plans Pay For Birth Control". NPR. Retrieved October 6, 2017.
- ^ Carroll, Aaron E. (October 10, 2017). "Doubtful Science Behind Arguments to Restrict Birth Control Access". The New York Times. Retrieved October 10, 2017.
- ^ Pramuk, Jacob (March 12, 2019). "Trump 2020 budget proposes reduced Medicare and Medicaid spending". www.cnbc.com. Retrieved March 16, 2019.
- ^ Costa, Robert; DeBonis, Mike (March 29, 2019). "With social program fights, some Republicans fear being seen as the party of the 1 percent". The Washington Post.
- ^ Rau, Jordan (December 24, 2017). "Trump Administration Eases Nursing Home Fines in Victory for Industry". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved December 26, 2017.
- ^ Alonso-Zaldivar, Ricardo; Riechmann, Deb (October 26, 2018). "Trump says goal of proposal is to lower some US drug prices". The Washington Post. Associated Press. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
- ^ Paletta, Damian (May 14, 2018). "Trump's drug price retreat adds to list of abandoned populist promises". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 14, 2018.
- ^ Noack, Rick (December 18, 2018). "U.S. alone in its opposition to parts of a U.N. draft resolution addressing violence against girls". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 19, 2018. Retrieved December 19, 2018.
- ^ Belluck, Pam (February 22, 2019). "Trump Administration Blocks Funds for Planned Parenthood and Others Over Abortion Referrals". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
- ^ Johnson, Carla K.; Alonso-Zaldivar, Ricardo (June 22, 2019). "Trump abortion rules on referrals, clinic locations can take effect during appeals, court rules". NBC News. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
- ^ Chuck, Elizabeth (August 19, 2019). "Planned Parenthood withdraws from Title X family planning program". NBC News. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
- ^ Cameron, Chris (April 28, 2019). "Trump Repeats a False Claim That Doctors 'Execute' Newborns". The New York Times. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
- ^ Greenberg, Jon (April 29, 2019). "Do Democrats not mind 'executing' babies, as Trump said?". Politifact. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
- ^ Buncombe, Andrew (February 5, 2019). "Trump says ban late-term abortion to stop babies from being 'ripped from mother's womb' in controversial State of the Union address". The Independent. Retrieved August 25, 2019.
- ^ Wadm, Meredith (December 7, 2018). "Updated: NIH says cancer study also hit by fetal tissue ban". Science | AAAS. Retrieved December 14, 2018.
- ^ Alonso-Zaldivar, Ricardo; Neergaard, Lauran (June 5, 2019). "Trump halts fetal tissue research by government scientists". Associated Press. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Hellmann, Jessie (April 20, 2018). "Trump admin announces abstinence-focused overhaul of teen pregnancy program". The Hill. Retrieved October 26, 2018.
- ^ Mangan, Lauren Feiner,Dan (June 24, 2022). "Trump takes credit for end of Roe v. Wade after his 3 Supreme Court justice picks vote to void abortion rights". CNBC. Retrieved August 31, 2023.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gearan, Anne (October 17, 2017). "Trump says drug czar nominee Tom Marino is withdrawing after Washington Post/'60 minutes' investigation". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 17, 2017.
- ^ a b Ehley, Brianna; Karlin-Smith, Sarah (February 6, 2018). "Kellyanne Conway's 'opioid cabinet' sidelines drug czar's experts". Politico. Retrieved February 6, 2018.
- ^ a b Ehley, Brianna (January 11, 2018). "Trump declared an opioids emergency. Then nothing changed". Politico. Retrieved January 11, 2018.
- ^ O'Harrow, Robert Jr. (January 13, 2018). "Meet the 24-year-old Trump campaign worker appointed to help lead the government's drug policy office". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 14, 2018.
- ^ Thomsen, Jacqueline (May 10, 2018). "Trump official overseeing pandemic readiness exits". The Hill. Archived from the original on November 5, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
- ^ Baumgaertner, Emily; Rainey, James (April 2, 2020). "Trump administration ended pandemic early-warning program to detect coronaviruses". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
- ^ Finnegan, Conor (February 12, 2020). "Trump budget proposes cuts to global health amid two global health crises". ABC News. Retrieved February 26, 2020.
- ^ Swaine, Jon (April 3, 2020). "Federal government spent millions to ramp up mask readiness, but that isn't helping now". The Washington Post.
- ^ Blake, Aaron (March 17, 2020). "A timeline of Trump playing down the coronavirus threat". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Mangan, Dan (March 17, 2019). "Trump dismissed coronavirus pandemic worry in January – now claims he long warned about it". CNBC. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Rupar, Aaron (March 18, 2020). "Trump spent weeks downplaying the coronavirus. He's now pretending that never happened". Vox. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Dale, Daniel (March 17, 2020). "Fact check: Trump tries to erase the memory of him downplaying the coronavirus". CNN. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ "Analysis: US presidential politics in the time of coronavirus". Al Jazeera. March 18, 2020. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Lizza, Ryan; Lippman, Daniel (May 1, 2020). "Wearing a mask is for smug liberals. Refusing to is for reckless Republicans". Politico. Archived from the original on November 20, 2020. Retrieved June 8, 2020.
- ^ Smith, David (April 18, 2020). "Trump calls protesters against stay-at-home orders 'very responsible'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved May 16, 2020.
- ^ Olorunnipa, Toluse; Witte, Griff; Bernstein, Lenny (May 4, 2020). "Trump cheers on governors even as they ignore White House coronavirus guidelines in race to reopen". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 21, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
- ^ Shear, Michael; Weiland, Noah; Rogers, Katie (February 26, 2020). "Trump Names Mike Pence to Lead Coronavirus Response". The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 27, 2020. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
- ^ Keith, Tamara (March 6, 2020). "Trump Visits CDC After Coronavirus Fears Throw Schedule Into Chaos". NPR. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ Specia, Megan (March 12, 2020). "What You Need to Know About Trump's European Travel Ban". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Snyder, Tanya (March 14, 2020). "White House adds U.K., Ireland to travel ban, hints at airline aid". Politico. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Tate, Curtis (January 31, 2020). "Delta, American, United to suspend all China mainland flights as coronavirus crisis grows". USA Today. Retrieved April 3, 2020.
- ^ Politi, James; Kuchler, Hannah (March 14, 2020). "Donald Trump declares US national emergency for coronavirus". Financial Times. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Olorunnipa, Toluse; Witte, Griff; Bernstein, Lenny (March 18, 2020). "Special Report: How Korea trounced U.S. in race to test people for coronavirus". Reuters. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Flaherty, Anne (March 14, 2020). "Trump says he's not responsible for testing problems: 3 things to know". ABC News. Retrieved March 19, 2020.
- ^ Whoriskey, Peter; Satija, Neena (March 16, 2020). "How U.S. coronavirus testing stalled: Flawed tests, red tape and resistance to using the millions of tests produced by the WHO". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 18, 2020.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Goodnough, Abby; Kaplan, Sheila; Fink, Sheri; Thomas, Katie; Weiland, Noah (March 28, 2020). "The Lost Month: How a Failure to Test Blinded the U.S. to Covid-19". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Biesecker, Michael (April 5, 2020). "U.S. 'wasted' months before preparing for virus pandemic". Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 5, 2020. Retrieved April 5, 2020.
- ^ Caspani, Maria; Trotta, Daniel (March 26, 2020). "As of Thursday, U.S. had most coronavirus cases in world". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 7, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Shumaker, Lisa (April 11, 2020). "U.S. coronavirus deaths top 20,000, highest in world exceeding Italy: Reuters tally". Reuters. Archived from the original on October 3, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Grimm, Christi (April 2020). "Hospital Experiences Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Pulse Survey March 23–27, 2020" (PDF). Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Robertson, Lori (April 7, 2020). "The HHS Inspector General Report". Factcheck.org. Archived from the original on October 22, 2020. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Slotkin, Jason (May 2, 2020). "Trump Moves To Replace Watchdog Who Reported Medical Shortages". NPR. Archived from the original on December 11, 2020.
- ^ Hirsch, Lauren; Breuninger, Kevin (March 6, 2020). "Trump signs $8.3 billion emergency coronavirus spending package". CNBC. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Grisales, Claudia (March 18, 2020). "President Trump Signs Coronavirus Emergency Aid Package". NPR. Archived from the original on February 15, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
- ^ Hulse, Carl; Cochrane, Emily (March 26, 2020). "As Coronavirus Spread, Largest Stimulus in History United a Polarized Senate". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 6, 2020. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
- ^ "President Trump Signs $2 Trillion Coronavirus Rescue Package Into Law". NPR. March 27, 2020.
- ^ Seddiq, Oma (December 29, 2020). "Trump's demand for $2,000 stimulus checks could cost the GOP its Senate majority, but reveals his enduring influence within the party". Business Insider.
- ^ Liptak, Kevin; Hickey, Christopher (December 23, 2020). "Trump's complaints vs. his own budget proposal". CNN.
- ^ Wolfson, Elijah (June 4, 2020). "Trump Said He Would Terminate the U.S. Relationship With the W.H.O. Here's What That Means". Time. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
- ^ a b Ravelo, Jenny Lei (January 21, 2021). "On his first day in office, Biden retracts US withdrawal from WHO". Devex.
- ^ U.S. Withdrawal from the World Health: Organization: Process and Implications (PDF). Congressional Research Service (Report). Library of Congress. October 21, 2020. R46575. Retrieved November 12, 2021 – via fas.org.
- ^ Slaoui, Moncef; Hepburn, Matthew (August 26, 2020). "Developing safe and effective covid vaccines – Operation Warp Speed's strategy and approach". New England Journal of Medicine. 383 (18): 1701–1703. doi:10.1056/nejmp2027405. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 32846056. S2CID 221347918.
advancing eight vaccines in parallel will increase the chances of delivering 300 million doses in the first half of 2021 ... Of the eight vaccines in OWS's portfolio, six have been announced and partnerships executed with the companies: Moderna and Pfizer/BioNTech (both mRNA), AstraZeneca and Janssen (both replication-defective live-vector), and Novavax and Sanofi/GSK (both recombinant-subunit-adjuvanted protein). These candidates cover three of the four platform technologies and are currently in clinical trials. The remaining two candidates will enter trials soon.
- ^ Noah Higgins-Dunn (August 14, 2020). "The U.S. has already invested billions in potential coronavirus vaccines. Here's where the deals stand". CNBC. Archived from the original on December 8, 2020. Retrieved September 24, 2020.
- ^ Feuer, William (June 23, 2020). "Trump blames rise in coronavirus cases on increased testing, despite evidence of more spread". CNBC. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ Cameron, Chris; Kaplan, Sheila (June 28, 2020). "White House Blames Rise in Virus Cases on More Testing, as Experts Dispute the Claim". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
- ^ Edelman, Adam (October 2, 2020). "Trump to be transported to Walter Reed hospital after Covid-19 diagnosis".
- ^ "Trump Covid: President criticised over drive-past". BBC News. October 5, 2020. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- ^ Lee, MJ (January 21, 2021). "Biden inheriting nonexistent coronavirus vaccine distribution plan and must start 'from scratch,' sources say". CNN. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- ^ Florko, Nicholas (January 31, 2021). "Trump officials lobbied to deny states money for vaccine rollout last fall". STAT. Retrieved January 31, 2021.
- ^ "HUD embodies the pathologies afflicting the White House". The Economist. November 30, 2017. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
- ^ Thrush, Glenn (March 28, 2018). "Under Ben Carson, HUD Scales Back Fair Housing Enforcement". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 29, 2018.
- ^ Alcindor, Yamiche (June 26, 2017). "'Give Me a Chance,' Trump Associate-Turned-Housing-Official Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 25, 2018.
- ^ Rogers, Katie (June 22, 2018). "Trump Highlights Immigrant Crime to Defend His Border Policy. Statistics Don't Back Him Up". The New York Times. Retrieved June 24, 2018.
- ^ Tareen, Sophia (November 18, 2016). "Trump's election triggers flood of immigration questions". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
- ^ Nowrasteh, Alex (January 20, 2021). "President Trump Reduced Legal Immigration. He Did Not Reduce Illegal Immigration". Cato Institute. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- ^ Nakamura, David (August 16, 2017). "Trump administration ends Obama-era protection program for Central American minors". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Miroff, Nick (January 8, 2018). "200,000 Salvadorans may be forced to leave the U.S. as Trump ends immigration protection". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
- ^ Jordan, Miriam (January 8, 2018). "Trump Administration Says That Nearly 200,000 Salvadorans Must Leave". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
- ^ Thomsen, Jacqueline (July 3, 2018). "Sessions rescinds DOJ guidance on refugees, asylum seekers' right to work". The Hill. Retrieved July 4, 2018.
- ^ Mullen, Jethro (December 15, 2017). "Trump will stop spouses of H-1B visa holders from working". CNN Business. Retrieved December 15, 2017.
- ^ Gomez, Alan (October 3, 2018). "Federal judge blocks Trump from deporting hundreds of thousands of immigrants under TPS". USA Today. Retrieved October 4, 2018.
- ^ "US slashes refugee limit to all-time low of 18,000". BBC News. September 27, 2019. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Copp, Tara (May 3, 2018). "Naturalizations drop 65 percent for service members seeking citizenship after Mattis memo". Military Times. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
- ^ Brubaker, Harold (August 10, 2017). "Wharton study: Immigration proposal will lead to less economic growth and fewer jobs". Philadelphia Daily News. Retrieved August 11, 2017.
- ^ Heavey, Susan; Hesson, Ted; Cooke, Kristina; Dwyer, Mimi; Rosenberg, Mica (October 28, 2020). "Trump administration sets record low limit for new U.S. refugees". Reuters. Retrieved April 23, 2021.
- ^ Spagat, Elliot; Tareen, Sophia (May 25, 2021). "Citizenship agency eyes improved service without plan to pay". Associated Press. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
- ^ Miroff, Nick; Sacchetti, Maria (February 11, 2018). "Trump takes 'shackles' off ICE, which is slapping them on immigrants who thought they were safe". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved February 12, 2018.
- ^ Sanchez, Ray; Valencia, Nick; Kopan, Tal (July 20, 2018). "Trump's immigration policies were supposed to make the border safer. Experts say the opposite is happening". CNN. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
- ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Sengupta, Somini (September 19, 2017). "Trump Administration Rejects Study Showing Positive Impact of Refugees". The New York Times. Retrieved June 25, 2018.
- ^ Lee, Michelle (March 1, 2017). "Fact check: Trump claim on murders by unauthorized immigrants". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
- ^ Ortiz, Erik (January 13, 2018). "African nations slam Trump's vulgar remarks as "racist"". NBC News. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
- ^ Smith, David (January 25, 2017). "Trump signs order to begin Mexico border wall in immigration crackdown". The Guardian. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Ainsley, Julia Edwards (February 9, 2017). "Trump border 'wall' to cost $21.6 billion, take 3.5 years to build: Homeland Security internal report". Reuters. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
- ^ Miller, Greg (November 10, 2021). "Trump urged Mexican president to end his public defiance on border wall, transcript reveals". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
- ^ a b Nixon, Ron (January 8, 2018). "To Pay for Wall, Trump Would Cut Proven Border Security Measures". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 9, 2018.
- ^ Baumgaertner, Emily (March 26, 2018). "Despite Concerns, Census Will Ask Respondents if They Are U.S. Citizens". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ Straut-Eppsteiner, Holly (April 22, 2019). "Research Shows a Citizenship Question Would Suppress Participation among Latinxs and Immigrants in the 2020 Census, Undermining Its Reliability". National Immigration Law Center. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
Researchers uncovered a significant and troubling finding from this survey research: Fewer Latinx immigrant households will participate in the 2020 census if the question is implemented, which will result in an undercount. Without the citizenship question, 84 percent of respondents were willing to participate in the census; after including the citizenship question, however, willingness to participate dropped by almost half, to 46 percent. Willingness dropped among individuals across legal status: naturalized citizens, legal residents, and undocumented individuals.
- ^ Enten, Harry (March 27, 2018). "Blue states are far more likely to lose money and power over Census citizenship question". CNN. Retrieved March 27, 2018.
- ^ Wines, Michael (May 30, 2019). "Deceased G.O.P. Strategist's Hard Drives Reveal New Details on the Census Citizenship Question". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Kumar, Anita; Oprysko, Caitlin (July 11, 2019). "Trump abandons effort to add citizenship question to census". Politico. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Cooper, Helene (November 10, 2018). "Deployed Inside the United States: The Military Waits for the Migrant Caravan". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
- ^ Macias, Amanda (November 5, 2018). "Trump's border deployments could cost $220 million as Pentagon sees no threat from migrant caravan". CNBC. Retrieved November 5, 2018.
- ^ Lemire, Jonathan; Lucey, Catherine (November 13, 2018). "Remember the caravan? After vote, focus on migrants fades". Associated Press. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Jarrett, Laura (June 27, 2018). "Federal judge orders reunification of parents and children, end to most family separations at border". CNN. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
- ^ Harmon, Amy (May 28, 2018). "Did the Trump Administration Separate Immigrant Children From Parents and Lose Them?". The New York Times. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
- ^ Zhou, Li (June 19, 2018). "Republicans are starting to worry that voters will punish them for family separations". Vox. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
- ^ a b Scherer, Michael; Dawsey, Josh (June 15, 2018). "Trump cites as a negotiating tool his policy of separating immigrant children from their parents". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 17, 2018.
- ^ a b c d Shear, Michael D.; Goodnough, Abby; Haberman, Maggie (June 20, 2018). "Trump Retreats on Separating Families, Signing Order to Detain Them Together". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
- ^ Shoichet, Catherine E. (June 14, 2018). "Doctors saw immigrant kids separated from their parents. Now they're trying to stop it". CNN. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
- ^ Sides, John (June 19, 2018). "Analysis | The extraordinary unpopularity of Trump's family separation policy (in one graph)". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
- ^ Alexander, Bryan (June 19, 2018). "George Takei slams Trump's border policy, 'worse' than Japanese internment camp". USA TODAY. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
- ^ Chen, Stacy (March 30, 2019). "Coalition of WWII Japanese American internment camp survivors stage peaceful protest at immigrant detention facility on Texas border". ABC News. Retrieved October 31, 2024.
- ^ Kang, Inyoung; Stevens, Matt (June 22, 2018). "California Today: Recalling Japanese Internment in the Era of Trump". New York Times.
- ^ Gore, D'Angelo (June 20, 2018). "Nielsen's Rhetoric on Family Separations". Fact Check. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Kaplan, Thomas; Pear, Robert (June 26, 2018). "Federal Judge in California Issues Injunction Halting Government From Separating Families". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Soboroff, Jacob; Ainsley, Julia (November 9, 2020). "Lawyers can't find parents of another 100-plus migrant kids". NBC News. Retrieved November 10, 2020.
- ^ transcript (October 21, 2020). "Why hundreds of migrant children remain separated from their parents". PBS NewsHour. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ^ Ainsley, Julia; Soboroff, Jacob (October 21, 2020). "Lawyers: We can't find parents of 545 kids separated by Trump administration". NBC News. Retrieved October 21, 2020.
- ^ Dickerson, Caitlin (October 21, 2020). "Parents of 545 Children Separated at the Border Cannot Be Found". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ^ Soboroff, Jacob; Ainsley, Julia; Bennett, Geoff (November 19, 2020). "White House nixed deal to pay for mental health care for separated families". NBC News. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Cooper, Helene (January 27, 2017). "Trump Bars Refugees and Citizens of 7 Muslim Countries". The New York Times. Retrieved January 28, 2017.
- ^ a b Baker, Peter (January 29, 2017). "White House Official, in Reversal, Says Green Card Holders Won't Be Barred". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Schleifer, Theodore (January 31, 2017). "New acting attorney general set for brief tenure". CNN. Retrieved January 31, 2017.
- ^ Alexander, Harriet (March 7, 2017). "Donald Trump's travel ban: President facing new legal threat as FBI investigate 300 refugees for links to Isil". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
- ^ "Trump travel ban: Read the full executive order". CNN. March 6, 2017. Retrieved June 26, 2017.
- ^ Wolf, Richard; Korte, Gregory (October 10, 2017). "In victory for Trump, Supreme Court dismisses travel ban case". USA Today. Retrieved October 20, 2017.
- ^ Spivak, Russell (September 25, 2017). "White House Updates to the Travel Ban: A Summary". Washington, D.C.: Lawfare. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
- ^ Zapotosky, Matt (October 17, 2017). "Federal judge blocks Trump's third travel ban". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. Retrieved October 19, 2017.
- ^ Liptak, Adam (December 4, 2017). "Supreme Court Allows Trump Travel Ban to Take Effect". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2017.
- ^ Kaplan, Adiel; Silva, Daniella (January 31, 2020). "Trump admin expands travel ban with new restrictions for six countries". NBC News. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
- ^ Jackson, David (January 31, 2020). "Trump expands controversial travel ban restrictions to six new countries". USA Today. Retrieved March 2, 2020.
- ^ Vella, Lauren (February 29, 2020). "Trump announces new travel restrictions amid spread of coronavirus". The Hill. Retrieved April 26, 2020.
- ^ Haltiwanger, John (March 14, 2020). "Trump's coronavirus travel ban initially excluded countries where he has golf courses struggling for business". Business Insider. Retrieved March 22, 2020.
- ^ Gates, Guilbert (January 9, 2019). "This Government Shutdown Is One of the Longest Ever". The New York Times. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
- ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Tackett, Michael (January 2, 2019). "Trump and Democrats Dig In After Talks to Reopen Government Go Nowhere". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
- ^ Everett, Burgess; Ferris, Sarah; Oprysko, Caitlin (December 11, 2018). "Trump says he's 'proud' to shut down government during fight with Pelosi and Schumer". Politico. Retrieved January 10, 2019.
- ^ Tankersley, Jim (January 15, 2019). "Shutdown's Economic Damage Starts to Pile Up, Threatening an End to Growth". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Murphy, Brian (September 8, 2020). "In the Matter of Murphy, Brian Principal Deputy Under Secretary Department of Homeland Security Office of Intelligence & Analysis Complaint" (PDF). United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Retrieved September 10, 2020.
- ^ Ainsley, Julia (September 10, 2020). "DHS official pushed NBC News to retract story on terrorists at border". NBC News. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Dilanian, Ken (September 9, 2020). "Whistleblower: DHS officials distorted intelligence to match Trump rhetoric". NBC News. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Berg, Kirsten; Syed, Moiz (November 22, 2019). "Under Trump, LGBTQ Progress Is Being Reversed in Plain Sight". ProPublica. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
- ^ Levin, Sam (September 3, 2019). "'A critical point in history': how Trump's attack on LGBT rights is escalating". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
- ^ Avery, Dan (January 12, 2021). "In 'nasty parting shot,' HHS finalizes rule axing LGBTQ nondiscrimination protections". NBC News. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
- ^ Peters, Jeremy W.; Becker, Jo; Davis, Julie Hirschfeld (February 22, 2017). "Trump Rescinds Rules on Bathrooms for Transgender Students". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 15, 2017. Retrieved March 16, 2017.
- ^ Diamond, Dan; Pradhan, Rachana (May 24, 2019). "Trump administration rolls back health care protections for LGBTQ patients". Politico. Retrieved May 31, 2019.
- ^ a b c Trump's record of action against transgender people, transequality.org, April 20, 2017, archived from the original on February 20, 2019, retrieved February 20, 2019
- ^ Lopez, German (July 26, 2017). "Trump: allowing transgender military service would hurt combat readiness. Actual research: nope". Vox. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
- ^ Joseph, Andrew (July 26, 2017). "Cost of Medical Care for Transgender Service Members Would Be Minimal, Studies Show". Scientific American. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
- ^ Ring, Trudy (December 20, 2017). "U.S. Sanctions Chechen Leader Over Antigay Persecution". The Advocate. Retrieved December 21, 2017.
- ^ Fitzsimons, Tim (February 21, 2019). "'I don't know': Trump draws blank on homosexuality decriminalization push". NBC News. Retrieved March 1, 2019.
- ^ Coleman, Justine (June 2, 2020). "Trump gives Grenell his Cabinet chair after he steps down". The Hill. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
- ^ Donald J. Trump [@realDonaldTrump] (May 29, 2020). "....These THUGS are dishonoring the memory of George Floyd, and I won't let that happen. Just spoke to Governor Tim Walz and told him that the Military is with him all the way. Any difficulty and we will assume control but, when the looting starts, the shooting starts. Thank you!" (Tweet). Archived from the original on May 29, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2021 – via Twitter.
- ^ Wines, Michael (May 29, 2020). "'Looting' Comment From Trump Dates Back to Racial Unrest of the 1960s". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ a b Milman, Oliver; Pengelly, Martin; Luscombe, Richard; Smith, David (May 30, 2020). "Trump praises Secret Service and threatens protesters with 'vicious dogs'". The Guardian. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
- ^ Rogers, Katie (June 1, 2020). "Protesters Dispersed With Tear Gas So Trump Could Pose at Church". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ Beauchamp, Zack (June 1, 2020). "Officers fire tear gas on peaceful protesters to clear the way for Trump's photo op". Vox. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ Hume, Tim (June 3, 2020). "Australian Journalists Covering DC Protests Were Assaulted by Cops on Live Morning Television". Vice. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ Edelman, KJ (June 1, 2020). "Police Fire Tear Gas Outside White House Before Trump Speech". Mediaite. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ McCreesh, Shawn (June 1, 2020). "Protests Near White House Spiral Out of Control Again". The New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ Barnes, Sophia (June 1, 2020). "Historic Church Near White House Damaged Amid Unrest; Leaders Pray for Healing". NBC 4 Washington. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ Zoellner, Danielle (June 3, 2020). "'Here in New York, we read the Bible': Cuomo condemns Trump for his church photo op". The Independent. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
'Is that your Bible?' a reporter is heard asking Mr Trump during the moment. He responded: 'It's a Bible.'
- ^ Chappell, Bill (June 2, 2020). "'He Did Not Pray': Fallout Grows From Trump's Photo-Op At St. John's Church". NPR. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ Jackson, David; Collins, Michael; Wu, Nicholas (June 2, 2020). "Washington archbishop denounces Trump visit to Catholic shrine as 'baffling' and 'reprehensible'". USA Today. McLean, Virginia: Gannett. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ "George Floyd death: Archbishop attacks Trump as US unrest continues". BBC News. London: BBC. June 2, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
- ^ Millard, Egan (June 2, 2020). "Outraged Episcopal leaders condemn tear-gassing clergy, protesters for Trump photo op at Washington church". Episcopal News Service. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
- ^ Coppins, McKay (June 2, 2020). "The Christians Who Loved Trump's Stunt". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
I thought it was completely appropriate for the president to stand in front of that church," Jeffress told me. "And by holding up the Bible, he was showing us that it teaches that, yes, God hates racism, it's despicable – but God also hates lawlessness.
- ^ Kilgore, Ed (June 2, 2020). "Christian Right Leaders Loved Trump's Bible Photo Op". New York. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
- ^ Teague, Matthew (June 3, 2020). "'He wears the armor of God': evangelicals hail Trump's church photo op". The Guardian. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
- ^ "DHS forms task force to protect monuments over July 4th weekend". UPI. July 1, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ "Trump threatens to send officers to more US cities". BBC News. July 21, 2020. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ "Trump orders statues be protected from 'mob rule'". BBC News. June 27, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
- ^ Victoria Lozano, Alicia (July 21, 2020). "Federal agents, Portland protesters in standoff as chaos envelops parts of city". NBC News. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Levinson, Jonathan; Wilson, Conrad (July 17, 2020). "Federal Law Enforcement Use Unmarked Vehicles To Grab Protesters Off Portland Streets". Oregon Public Broadcasting. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ Olmos, Sergio; Baker, Mike; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (July 17, 2020). "Federal Agents Unleash Militarized Crackdown on Portland". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ Shepherd, Katie; Berman, Mark (July 17, 2020). "'It was like being preyed upon': Portland protesters say federal officers in unmarked vans are detaining them". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 17, 2020.
- ^ a b "Portland mayor wants federal agents gone as rioters create 'autonomous zone' amid city takeover". Law Officer. July 15, 2020. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ Flanigan, Kaitlin (July 15, 2020). "'Intolerable': Lawmakers blast federal response to Portland protests: Federal authorities have repeatedly used tear gas on protesters in downtown Portland". KOIN. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Pitofsky, Marina (July 17, 2020). "Oregon governor criticizes Trump for sending federal officers to Portland". The Hill. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Nadler, Jerrold; Thompson, Bennie G.; Maloney, Carolyn B. (July 19, 2020). "Letter to the DHS and DOJ" (PDF). Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Lynch, Sarah N. (July 19, 2020). "House Democrats Demand Investigation Into Use of Force at Portland Protests". Reuters. Reuters. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ Axelrod, Tal (July 17, 2020). "ACLU files lawsuit over federal agents in Portland". The Hill. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Gillespie, Emily (July 18, 2020). "Oregon attorney general sues federal agencies for allegedly violating protesters' civil rights". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ Cohen, Max (July 23, 2020). "DOJ IG launches probe into law enforcement actions in Portland and Washington, D.C." Politico. Retrieved July 23, 2020.
- ^ Martin, Jeffrey (July 20, 2020). "What is Operation Legend? Trump May Use Federal Forces in U.S. Cities". Newsweek. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Davis, Bella (July 22, 2020). "Trump considers sending federal officers to Albuquerque". New Mexico Daily Lobo. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
- ^ Beck, Molly; Jones, Meg (July 19, 2020). "Trump plans to deploy federal agents to Chicago, hints at Milwaukee". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved July 21, 2020.
- ^ Taylor, Adam; Miroff, Nick; Farenthold, David A. (July 31, 2020). "Calm returns to Portland as federal agents withdraw". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 1, 2020.
- ^ Reardon, Sara; Witze, Alexandra (2018). "The wait is over: Trump taps meteorologist as White House science adviser". Nature. 560 (7717): 150–151. Bibcode:2018Natur.560..150R. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-05862-y. PMID 30087470. S2CID 51934499. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
- ^ Davenport, Coral (June 9, 2018). "In the Trump Administration, Science Is Unwelcome. So Is Advice". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 9, 2018.
- ^ Wolff, Eric (March 29, 2017). "Energy Department climate office bans use of phrase 'climate change'". Politico. Retrieved December 16, 2017.
- ^ Regan, Michael D. (December 17, 2017). "CDC director says there are 'no banned words' at the agency". PBS. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
- ^ Tabuchi, Hiroko (March 2, 2020). "A Trump Insider Embeds Climate Denial in Scientific Research". The New York Times. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ Diamond, Dan; Cancryn, Adam; Owermohle, Sarah (September 16, 2020). "'It just created a public relations nightmare': Inside Michael Caputo's time at HHS". Politico. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ McNutt, Marcia; Dzau, Victor J. (September 24, 2020). "NAS and NAM Presidents Alarmed By Political Interference in Science Amid Pandemic". National Academies (Press release). Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Owermohle, Sarah (September 24, 2020). "Science academies sound alarm on political interference". Politico. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
- ^ Volz, Dustin (January 20, 2018). "Trump signs bill renewing NSA's internet surveillance program". Reuters. Retrieved June 27, 2019.
- ^ a b Philipps, Dave; Fandos, Nicholas (May 4, 2018). "V.A. Medical System Staggers as Chaos Engulfs Its Leadership". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
- ^ Rein, Lisa (May 3, 2018). "Exodus from Trump's VA: When the mission of caring for veterans 'is no longer a reason for people to stay'". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved May 4, 2018.
- ^ Arnsdorf, Isaac (August 7, 2018). "The Shadow Rulers of the VA". ProPublica. Retrieved August 10, 2018.
- ^ Woellert, Lorraine (November 26, 2018). "Watchdog office to probe Mar-a-Lago members' influence at VA". Politico. Retrieved November 26, 2018.
- ^ Slack, Donovan (June 6, 2018). "Trump signs VA law to provide veterans more private health care choices". USA Today. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
- ^ Dale, Daniel (August 9, 2020). "Trump walks out of news conference after reporter asks him about Veterans Choice lie he's told more than 150 times". CNN.
- ^ Parker, Ashley (October 23, 2020). "Spin, hyperbole and deception: How Trump claimed credit for an Obama veterans achievement". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2021.
- ^ Wines, Michael (August 13, 2018). "Voting Rights Advocates Used to Have an Ally in the Government. That's Changing". The New York Times. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c Levine, Sam (June 23, 2020). "'An embarrassment': Trump's justice department goes quiet on voting rights". The Guardian. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Parks, Miles; Sullivan, Emily; Naylor, Brian (November 9, 2018). "As Florida Races Narrow, Trump And Scott Spread Claims of Fraud Without Evidence". NPR. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
- ^ Stark, Liz; Hauck, Grace (July 5, 2017). "Forty-four states and DC have refused to give certain voter information to Trump commission". CNN. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
- ^ a b Woodward, Colin (January 6, 2018). "Trump refuses to release documents to Maine secretary of state despite judge's order". Portland Press Herald. Retrieved January 7, 2018.
- ^ Haag, Matthew (January 3, 2018). "Trump Disbands Commission on Voter Fraud". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved January 4, 2018.
- ^ Hsu, Spencer S.; Wagner, John (January 22, 2018). "Trump voting commission bought Texas election data flagging Hispanic voters". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
- ^ Reeves, Jay (August 14, 2017). "Emboldened white nationalists say Charlottesville is just the beginning". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ^ Costello, Tom (August 16, 2016). "Charlottesville Fact Check: Were Both Sides To Blame For Violence?". Today Show. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Gunter, Joel (August 16, 2017). "What Trump Said Versus What I Saw". BBC News. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Alexander, Harriet (August 16, 2017). "What is the 'alt Left' that Donald Trump said was 'very violent' in Charlottesville?". The Telegraph. Retrieved August 16, 2017.
photos and videos from Saturday's riot does show people dressed in black, their faces covered, engaging the neo-Nazis in violent confrontation.
- ^ a b Merica, Dan (August 13, 2017). "Trump condemns 'hatred, bigotry and violence on many sides' in Charlottesville". CNN. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
- ^ "Trump decries KKK, neo-Nazi violence in Charlottesville". Al Jazeera. August 14, 2017. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Haberman, Maggie (August 15, 2017). "Trump Defends Initial Remarks on Charlottesville; Again Blames 'Both Sides'". The New York Times. Retrieved August 15, 2017.
- ^ Toosi, Nahal (August 16, 2017). "World leaders condemn Trump's remarks on neo-Nazis". Politico. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
- ^ a b c Thrush, Glenn; Haberman, Maggie (August 12, 2017). "Trump's Remarks on Charlottesville Violence Are Criticized as Insufficient". The New York Times. Retrieved August 13, 2017.
- ^ Pink, Aiden (August 16, 2017). "Orthodox Rabbinical Group Condemns Trump Over Charlottesville". The Forward. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
- ^ "ADL Condemns President Trump's Remarks" (Press release). Anti-Defamation League. August 15, 2017. Retrieved August 17, 2017.
- ^ Thrush, Glenn; Haberman, Maggie (August 15, 2017). "Trump Gives White Supremacists an Unequivocal Boost". The New York Times. Retrieved September 27, 2017.
- ^ "Travels of President Donald Trump". U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian. Archived from the original on June 23, 2023. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
- ^ Timm, Jane C. (March 30, 2016). "The 141 Stances Donald Trump Took During His White House Bid". NBC News. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Mills, Kurt; Payne, Rodger A. (August 7, 2020). "America First and the human rights regime". Journal of Human Rights. 19 (4): 399–424. doi:10.1080/14754835.2020.1809362. ISSN 1475-4835. S2CID 221865662.
- ^ MacDonald, Paul K.; Parent, Joseph M. (December 5, 2019). "Trump Didn't Shrink U.S. Military Commitments Abroad – He Expanded Them". Foreign Affairs. ISSN 0015-7120. Retrieved January 11, 2020.
- ^ Helmore, Edward (August 21, 2019). "Trump cancels Denmark trip after PM says Greenland is not for sale". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ "Trump cancels Denmark visit amid spat over sale of Greenland". BBC News. August 21, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ "Trump aflyser dansk statsbesøg". DR (in Danish). August 21, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ "Trump cancels Denmark trip after PM says Greenland isn't for sale". NBC News. August 21, 2019. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ Karni, Annie (August 21, 2019). "Trump Scraps Trip to Denmark, as Greenland Is Not for Sale". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ Jensen, Signe From (August 21, 2019). "Trumps aflysning går verden rundt:"Sådan behandler man ikke en allieret"". Jyllands-Posten (in Danish). Retrieved April 4, 2023.
- ^ Callimachi, Rukmini; Hassan, Falih (October 27, 2019). "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, ISIS Leader Known for His Brutality, Is Dead at 48". The New York Times. New York City. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 27, 2019.
- ^ Gordon, Michael R. (November 22, 2020). "Trump Exits Open Skies Treaty, Moves to Discard Observation Planes". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (October 19, 2018). "U.S. to Tell Russia It Is Leaving Landmark I.N.F. Treaty". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ^ Parker, Ashley; Rosenberg, Matthew (September 7, 2016). "Donald Trump Vows to Bolster Nation's Military Capacities". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ^ Landler, Mark (April 1, 2016). "Obama Rebukes Donald Trump's Comments on Nuclear Weapons". The New York Times. Retrieved December 5, 2018.
- ^ Qiu, Linda (May 15, 2018). "3 False Claims From Trump's Naval Academy Speech". The New York Times. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
- ^ McCausland, Phil (October 12, 2019). "Trump announces 'review' of Green Beret murder case: 'We train our boys to be killing machines'". NBC News. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Philipps, Dave (November 19, 2019). "Navy Wants to Eject From SEALs a Sailor Cleared by Trump, Officials Say". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Philipps, Dave (November 21, 2019). "Trump Reverses Navy Decision to Oust Edward Gallagher From SEALs". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Samuels, Brett (November 26, 2019). "Trump says he stood up to the 'deep state' by intervening in war crime cases". The Hill. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Cupp, S. E. (May 8, 2019). "Under Donald Trump, drone strikes far exceed Obama's numbers". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
- ^ Ackerman, Spencer (November 26, 2018). "Trump Ramped Up Drone Strikes in America's Shadow Wars". The Daily Beast. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
- ^ a b Crawford, Neta (2020). "Afghanistan's Rising Civilian Death Toll Due to Airstrikes, 2017–2020". Carnegie Corporation of New York. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ Atherton, Kelsey D. (May 22, 2020). "Trump Inherited the Drone War but Ditched Accountability". Foreign Policy. Retrieved December 20, 2020.
- ^ "Trump revokes Obama rule on reporting drone strike deaths". BBC News. March 7, 2019. Retrieved June 14, 2020.
- ^ Wellman, Phillip Walter (January 15, 2021). "US troop numbers in Afghanistan drop to lowest level since 2001". Stars and Stripes. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
- ^ "Afghan conflict: US and Taliban sign deal to end 18-year war". BBC News. February 29, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
- ^ Brown, Matthew (August 15, 2021). "A timeline of the US withdrawal and Taliban recapture of Afghanistan". USA Today. Retrieved August 16, 2021.
- ^ Mashal, Mujib; Faizi, Fatima (September 3, 2020). "Afghanistan to Release Last Taliban Prisoners, Removing Final Hurdle to Talks". The New York Times. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
- ^ Weissert, Will; Fram, Alan (August 17, 2021). "GOP hits Biden despite divides over Afghanistan withdrawal". Associated Press. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
- ^ "Afghanistan Fatalities Total: 3557". icasualties.org. Archived from the original on December 31, 2020. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ "Iraq Fatalities Total: 4902". icasualties.org. Archived from the original on October 28, 2021. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Elfer, Helen (August 20, 2021). "Former Pence aide says Trump and Stephen Miller fought against taking Afghan refugees with 'racist hysteria'". Independent. Retrieved August 20, 2021.
- ^ a b Gordon, Michael R. (January 19, 2021). "U.S. Says China Is Committing 'Genocide' Against Uighur Muslims". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ McEvoy, Jemima (January 20, 2021). "China Sanctions Top Trump Officials, Including Pompeo, Navarro And Azar". Forbes. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Clark, Dartunorro (May 10, 2018). "Trump says he will hold summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong Un in Singapore on June 12". NBC News. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
Trump promising "fire and fury" towards the "little rocket man".
- ^ "Trump on Kim Jong-un: 'We fell in love'". BBC News. September 30, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2021.
- ^ Stracqualursi, Veronica; Collinson, Stephen (June 13, 2018). "Trump declares North Korea 'no longer a nuclear threat'". CNN. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Chappell, Carmin (February 27, 2019). "Trump schedules joint agreement signing ceremony with North Korea's Kim". cnbc.com. Archived from the original on February 28, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Sanger, David E. (September 16, 2018). "North Korea's Trump-Era Strategy: Keep Making A-Bombs, but Quietly". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Sanger, David E.; Broad, William J. (November 12, 2018). "In North Korea, Missile Bases Suggest a Great Deception". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (March 5, 2019). "North Korea Has Started Rebuilding Key Missile-Test Facilities, Analysts Say". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Gordon, Michael R. (March 7, 2019). "U.S. Seeks Access to North Korean Missile Base". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Rappeport, Alan (March 22, 2019). "Trump Reverses North Korea Sanctions That U.S. Imposed Yesterday". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (December 31, 2019). "North Korea Is No Longer Bound by Nuclear Test Moratorium, Kim Says". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ "Kim Jong Un: North Korea ending test moratoriums". Yahoo! News. AFP. December 31, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Sanger, David E.; Sang-Hun, Choe (June 12, 2020). "Two Years After Trump-Kim Meeting, Little to Show for Personal Diplomacy". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Sang-Hun, Choe (June 16, 2020). "Kim Jong-un Moves to Increase North Korea's Nuclear Strength". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Crowley, Michael (June 30, 2019). "Trump Steps Into North Korea and Agrees With Kim Jong-un to Resume Talks". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Rizzo, Salvador (July 2, 2019). "No, Obama didn't beg Kim Jong Un for a meeting". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Chappell, Bill; Neuman, Scott (October 7, 2019). "In Major Policy Shift, U.S. Will Stand Aside As Turkish Forces Extend Reach In Syria". NPR. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
- ^ Forgey, Quint (October 7, 2019). "Republicans unload on Trump for Syria shift when he needs them most". Politico. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
- ^ Singh, Maanvi (October 9, 2019). "Trump defends Syria decision by saying Kurds 'didn't help us with Normandy'". The Guardian. Retrieved October 10, 2019.
- ^ "Turkey Syria offensive: Tens of thousands flee homes". BBC News. October 10, 2019. Retrieved October 11, 2019.
- ^ Cornish, Chloe; Pitel, Laura; Fedor, Lauren (October 13, 2019). "Kurds strike deal with Russia and Syria to stem Turkish assault". Financial Times. Retrieved October 14, 2019.
- ^ Borger, Julian; Smith, David (February 3, 2017). "Trump administration imposes new sanctions on Iran". The Guardian. Retrieved November 9, 2018.
- ^ Lederman, Josh; Lucey, Catherine (May 8, 2018). "Trump declares US leaving 'horrible' Iran nuclear accord". Associated Press. Retrieved May 8, 2018.
- ^ Landler, Mark (May 8, 2018). "Trump Abandons Iran Nuclear Deal He Long Scorned". The New York Times. Retrieved October 4, 2021.
- ^ a b Hennigan, W.J. (November 24, 2021). "'They're Very Close.' U.S. General Says Iran Is Nearly Able to Build a Nuclear Weapon". Time. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
- ^ Crowley, Michael; Hassan, Falih; Schmitt, Eric (January 2, 2020). "U.S. Strike in Iraq Kills Qassim Suleimani, Commander of Iranian Forces". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2020.
- ^ Daniel, Douglas K.; Lemire, Jonathan (January 5, 2020). "Trump says 52 targets already lined up if Iran retaliates". Associated Press. Retrieved November 3, 2022.
- ^ Wamsley, Laurel (January 6, 2020). "Trump Says He'll Target Iran's Cultural Sites. That's Illegal". NPR. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
- ^ a b Ward, Alex (January 9, 2020). "Evidence is mounting that Iran accidentally shot down the Ukraine flight". Vox. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Bergman, Ronen; Kirkpatrick, David D.; Barnes, Julian E.; Rubin, Alissa J. (January 11, 2020). "Seven Days in January: How Trump Pushed U.S. and Iran to the Brink of War". The New York Times. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
- ^ Motamedi, Maziar (April 17, 2021). "Iran rejects claim Ukraine's plane shot down intentionally". Al Jazeera. Retrieved November 8, 2022.
- ^ Nichols, Michelle (February 18, 2021). "U.S. rescinds Trump White House claim that all U.N. sanctions had been reimposed on Iran". Reuters. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
- ^ Sanger, David E. (April 26, 2020). "To Pressure Iran, Pompeo Turns to the Deal Trump Renounced". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Jakes, Lara; Sanger, David E. (August 20, 2020). "Instead of Isolating Iran, U.S. Finds Itself on the Outside Over Nuclear Deal". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ a b "Trump praises arms sales as he meets Saudi crown prince". Financial Times. March 20, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Zengerle, Patricia (May 21, 2018). "Senate rejects bid to end U.S. support for Saudi campaign in Yemen". Reuters. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Phelps, Jordyn; Struyk, Ryan (May 20, 2017). "Trump signs $110 billion arms deal with Saudi Arabia on 'a tremendous day'". ABC News. Retrieved July 6, 2018.
- ^ McLaughlin, Elizabeth; Finnegan, Conor (June 7, 2017). "The truth about President Trump's $110 billion Saudi arms deal". ABC News. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
- ^ a b David, Javier E. (May 20, 2017). "US–Saudi Arabia ink historic 10-year weapons deal worth $350 billion as Trump begins visit". CNBC. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
- ^ Sampathkumar, Mythili (May 17, 2017). "Donald Trump to announce $380bn arms deal to Saudi Arabia – one of the largest in history". The Independent. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
- ^ "What's the goal of America's arms deal with Saudi Arabia?". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. May 21, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
- ^ Lee, Carol E.; Stancati, Margherita (May 20, 2017). "Donald Trump, Saudi Arabia Sign Agreements in Move to Counterbalance Iran". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
- ^ Wilts, Alexandra (May 20, 2017). "Trump signs $110bn arms deal with Saudi Arabia". The Independent. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
- ^ Ward, Alex (May 20, 2017). "What America's new arms deal with Saudi Arabia says about the Trump administration". Vox. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
- ^ Trudo, Hanna (May 20, 2017). "Tillerson hails 'historic moment' in U.S.-Saudi relations". Politico. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
- ^ "Trump signs $110B defense deal, receives warm welcome in Saudi Arabia". UPI. May 20, 2017. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
- ^ Shear, Michael D.; Edmondson, Catie (July 24, 2019). "Trump Vetoes Bipartisan Resolutions Blocking Arms Sales to Gulf Nations". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 25, 2019.
- ^ Hubbard, Ben; Gladstone, Rick; Landler, Mark (October 16, 2018). "Trump Jumps to the Defense of Saudi Arabia in Khashoggi Case". The New York Times. Retrieved October 17, 2018.
- ^ Dawsey, Josh (November 22, 2018). "Trump brushes aside CIA assertion that crown prince ordered killing, defends him and Saudi Arabia". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 23, 2018.
- ^ "Jewish settlements no longer illegal – US". BBC News. November 18, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ "Secretary of State Mike Pompeo announces reversal of Obama-era stance on Israeli settlements". CBS News. November 18, 2019. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ "Trump reveals Israeli-Palestinian peace plan". Deutsche Welle. January 28, 2020. Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
- ^ Hannah, Josh (August 14, 2020). "The Israel-UAE Deal Is Trump's First Unambiguous Diplomatic Success". Foreign Policy. Retrieved November 8, 2020.
- ^ Davidovich, Joshua (August 13, 2020). "UAE and Israel announce they're establishing ties; Israel suspending annexation". The Times of Israel. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ "Trump announces 'peace deal' between Bahrain and Israel". BBC News. September 11, 2020. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Halbfinger, David M. (August 13, 2020). "Netanyahu Drops Troubled Annexation Plan for Diplomatic Gain". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Specia, Megan (January 29, 2020). "What to Know About Trump's Middle East Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Levine, Marianne (December 10, 2020). "Inhofe slams Trump administration on Western Sahara policy". Politico. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Stone, Mike; Zengerle, Patricia (November 5, 2020). "Trump administration advances $2.9 billion drone sale to UAE – sources". Reuters. Retrieved November 5, 2020.
- ^ Zengerle, Patricia; Stone, Mike (November 6, 2020). "Trump administration advances $10 billion defense sale to UAE – source". Reuters. Retrieved November 6, 2020.
- ^ Nakashima, Ellen (October 7, 2016). "U.S. government officially accuses Russia of hacking campaign to interfere with elections". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 25, 2017.
- ^ Schmidt, Michael S.; Mazzetti, Mark; Apuzzo, Matt (February 14, 2017). "Trump Campaign Aides Had Repeated Contacts With Russian Intelligence". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Rosenstein, Rod (May 17, 2017). "Rod Rosenstein's Letter Appointing Mueller Special Counsel". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 18, 2017. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
- ^ Entous, Adam; Nakashima, Ellen; Miller, Greg (March 1, 2017). "Sessions met with Russian envoy twice last year, encounters he later did not disclose". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
- ^ Jarrett, Laura (March 3, 2017). "Sessions recusal: What's next?". CNN. Retrieved March 7, 2017.
- ^ a b c Rosenberg, Matthew; Schmitt, Eric (May 15, 2017). "Trump Revealed Highly Classified Intelligence to Russia, in Break With Ally, Officials Say". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 15, 2017. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
- ^ Goldman, Adam; Rosenberg, Matthew; Apuzzo, Matt; Schmitt, Eric (May 16, 2017). "Israel Said to Be Source of Secret Intelligence Trump Gave to Russians". The New York Times. Archived from the original on May 17, 2017.
- ^ Goldsmith, Jack; Hennessey, Susan; Jurecic, Quinta; Kahn, Matthew; Wittes, Benjamin; Wittes, Elishe Julian (May 15, 2017). "Bombshell: Initial Thoughts on the Washington Post's Game-Changing Story". Lawfare. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Mason, Jeff; Zengerle, Patricia (May 16, 2017). "Trump revealed intelligence secrets to Russians in Oval Office: officials". Reuters. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Blake, Aaron (May 15, 2017). "The White House isn't denying that Trump gave Russia classified information – not really". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Savransky, Rebecca (May 16, 2017). "Trump: I have 'absolute right' to share facts with Russia". The Hill. Retrieved May 16, 2017.
- ^ Sciutto, Jim (September 9, 2019). "US extracted top spy from inside Russia in 2017". CNN. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Apuzzo, Matt; Schmidt, Michael S. (October 30, 2017). "Trump Campaign Adviser Met With Russian to Discuss 'Dirt' on Clinton". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Miller, Greg (January 13, 2019). "Trump has concealed details of his face-to-face encounters with Putin from senior officials in administration". The Washington Post. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ Samuels, Brett (January 29, 2019). "Trump, Putin talked at G20 without US translator, note-taker: report". The Hill. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Yourish, Karen; Buchanan, Larry; Parlapiano, Alicia (March 13, 2019). "Everyone Who's Been Charged in Investigations Related to the 2016 Election". The New York Times. Retrieved March 23, 2019.
- ^ Brown, Pamela (December 24, 2020). "Trump issues 26 new pardons, including for Stone, Manafort and Charles Kushner". CNN. Retrieved December 28, 2020.
- ^ Baker, Peter (June 12, 2019). "Trump Says 'I'd Take It' if Russia Again Offered Dirt on Opponent". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Fandos, Nicholas (June 13, 2019). "Trump Assailed for Saying He Would Take Campaign Help From Russia". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Everett, Burgess; Levine, Marianne (June 13, 2019). "Republicans lash Trump for being open to foreign oppo". Politico. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Helderman, Rosalind S.; Hamburger, Tom; Dawsey, Josh (June 13, 2019). "'Absolutely unprecedented': Trump upends long-held views with openness to foreign assistance". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Benner, Katie; Fandos, Nicholas; Schmidt, Michael S.; Goldman, Adam (June 11, 2021). "Hunting Leaks, Trump Officials Focused on Democrats in Congress". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Jalonick, Mary Clare; Balsamo, Michael (June 11, 2021). "Trump DOJ seized data from House Democrats in leaks probe". Associated Press. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Knutson, Jacob (June 11, 2021). "Justice Department watchdog opens internal probe into House Dems data subpoenas". Axios. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Peter (February 17, 2018). "Trump's Conspicuous Silence Leaves a Struggle Against Russia Without a Leader". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 18, 2018.
- ^ Ward, Alex (July 13, 2018). "Read: Mueller indictment against twelve Russian spies for DNC hack". Vox. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
- ^ Sanger, David E.; Rosenberg, Matthew (July 18, 2018). "From the Start, Trump Has Muddied a Clear Message: Putin Interfered". The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2018.
- ^ Gurman, Sadie (March 25, 2019). "Mueller Told Barr Weeks Ago He Wouldn't Reach Conclusion on Obstruction Charge". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
- ^ "Read Attorney General William Barr's Summary of the Mueller Report". The New York Times. March 24, 2019. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
- ^ Calia, Mike; El-Bawab, Nadine (April 17, 2019). "Attorney General William Barr will hold a press conference to discuss Mueller report at 9:30 am ET Thursday". CNBC. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
- ^ "Mueller finds no collusion with Russia, leaves obstruction question open". American Bar Association. March 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
- ^ Pramuk, Jacob (April 18, 2019). "Mueller report recounts 10 episodes involving Trump and questions of obstruction". CNBC. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
- ^ "Special Counsel's Office". United States Department of Justice. October 16, 2017. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
- ^ "The Mueller Report by the Numbers". The Wall Street Journal. April 18, 2019. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Inskeep, Steve; Detrow, Scott; Johnson, Carrie; Davis, Susan; Greene, David (April 18, 2019). "Redacted Mueller Report Released; Congress, Trump React". NPR. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
- ^ "The Mueller Report". YaleGlobal Online. MacMillan Center. May 19, 2021. Archived from the original on April 22, 2019. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ a b "Main points of Mueller report". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
- ^ Harris, Shane; Nakashima, Ellen; Timberg, Craig (April 18, 2019). "Through email leaks and propaganda, Russians sought to elect Trump, Mueller finds". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 6, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- ^ Mackey, Robert; Risen, James; Aaronson, Trevor (April 18, 2019). "Annotating special counsel Robert Mueller's redacted report". The Intercept. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- ^ Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 4: At the same time the IRA operation began to focus on supporting candidate Trump in early 2016, the Russian government employed a second form of interference: cyber intrusions (hacking) and releases of hacked materials damaging to the Clinton Campaign. The Russian intelligence service known as the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Russian Army (GRU) carried out these operations. In March 2016, the GRU began hacking the email accounts of Clinton Campaign volunteers and employees, including campaign chairman John Podesta. In April 2016, the GRU hacked into the computer networks of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee (DCCC) and the Democratic National Committee (DNC). The GRU stole hundreds of thousands of documents from the compromised email accounts and networks. Around the time the DNC announced in mid-June 2016 the Russian government's role in hacking its network, the GRU began disseminating stolen materials through the fictitious online personas "DCLeaks" and "Guccifer 2.0". The GRU later released additional materials through the organization WikiLeaks.
- ^ Morais, Betsy (April 18, 2019). "Collusion by any other name". Columbia Journalism Review. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- ^ Mueller Report, vol. I, p. 2: In evaluating whether evidence about collective action of multiple individuals constituted a crime, we applied the framework of conspiracy law, not the concept of "collusion". In so doing, the Office recognized that the word "collud[e]" was used in communications with the Acting Attorney General confirming certain aspects of the investigation's scope and that the term has frequently been invoked in public reporting about the investigation. But collusion is not a specific offense or theory of liability found in the United States Code, nor is it a term of art in federal criminal law. For those reasons, the Office's focus in analyzing questions of joint criminal liability was on conspiracy as defined in federal law.
- ^ Ostriker, Rebecca; Puzzanghera, Jim; Finucane, Martin; Datar, Saurabh; Uraizee, Irfan; Garvin, Patrick (April 18, 2019). "What the Mueller report says about Trump and more". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
- ^ Law, Tara (April 19, 2019). "Here Are the Biggest Takeaways From the Mueller Report". Time. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
- ^ Yen, Hope (May 1, 2019). "AP Fact Check: Trump, Barr distort Mueller report findings". Associated Press. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ a b Farley, Robert; Robertson, Lori; Gore, D'Angelo; Spencer, Saranac Hale; Fichera, Angelo; McDonald, Jessica (April 19, 2019). "What the Mueller Report Says About Obstruction". FactCheck.org. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
- ^ Desjardins, Lisa (April 18, 2019). "11 moments Mueller investigated for obstruction of justice". PBS. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
- ^ a b c Schmidt, Michael; Savage, Charlie (April 18, 2019). "Mueller Rejects View That Presidents Can't Obstruct Justice". The New York Times. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
- ^ Pramuk, Jacob (April 18, 2019). "Trump barely disrupted Russia investigation, Mueller report says". CNBC. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ a b Day, Chad; Gresko, Jessica (April 19, 2019). "How Mueller made his no-call on Trump and obstruction". Associated Press. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Gajanan, Mahita (April 18, 2019). "Despite Evidence, Robert Mueller Would Not Say Whether Trump Obstructed Justice. Here's Why". Time. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
- ^ Gregorian, Dareh; Ainsley, Julia (April 18, 2019). "Mueller report found Trump directed White House lawyer to 'do crazy s". NBC News. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
- ^ Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (April 17, 2019). "Mueller report lays out obstruction evidence against the president". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
- ^ a b Mascaro, Lisa (April 19, 2019). "Mueller drops obstruction dilemma on Congress". Associated Press. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
- ^ Mueller Report, vol. II, p. 2: "Third, we considered whether to evaluate the conduct we investigated under the Justice Manual standards governing prosecution and declination decisions, but we determined not to apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President committed crimes."
- ^ Neuhauser, Alan (April 18, 2019). "The Mueller Report: Obstruction or Exoneration?". US News. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
- ^ Blake, Aaron (April 18, 2019). "The 10 Trump actions Mueller spotlighted for potential obstruction". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 19, 2019.
- ^ a b "Mueller report: Eight things we only just learned". BBC News. April 18, 2019. Retrieved April 18, 2019.
- ^ Day, Chad (May 2, 2019). "Key takeaways from AG Barr's testimony, Mueller's letter". Associated Press. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ Benner, Katie; Fandos, Nicholas (May 1, 2019). "William Barr Hearing: Highlights of His Testimony". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
- ^ Neuhauser, Alan (May 8, 2019). "Trump Asserts Executive Privilege Over Mueller Report". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
- ^ Fandos, Nicholas; Rappeport, Alan (May 6, 2019). "Democrats Threaten to Hold Barr in Contempt as White House Guards Tax Returns". The New York Times. Retrieved May 7, 2019.
- ^ Morrow, Brendan (May 8, 2019). "The House Judiciary Committee just voted to hold Barr in contempt. Here's what happens next". The Week. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
- ^ Fandos, Nicholas (May 8, 2019). "Trump Asserts Executive Privilege Over Full Mueller Report". The New York Times. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
- ^ Jalonick, Mary Clare; Mascaro, Lisa (May 8, 2019). "Nadler: 'Constitutional crisis' over Mueller report dispute". PBS. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
- ^ Karni, Annie; Stolberg, Sheryl Gay (May 9, 2019). "Trump Suggests Mueller May Testify; Pelosi Declares 'Constitutional Crisis'". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Olorunnipa, Toluse (May 4, 2019). "'Investigate the investigators' is new Trump rallying cry to counter Mueller report". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (May 23, 2019). "Trump Gives Attorney General Sweeping Power in Review of 2016 Campaign Inquiry". The New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Riechmann, Deb (May 24, 2019). "Critics worry AG will reveal Russia probe info to help Trump". Associated Press. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Bertrand, Natasha (May 24, 2019). "Trump puts DOJ on crash course with intelligence agencies". Politico. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Harris, Shane (May 24, 2019). "Barr could expose secrets, politicize intelligence with review of Russia probe, current and former officials fear". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 8, 2019.
- ^ LaFraniere, Sharon; Sullivan, Eileen (May 29, 2019). "Mueller, in First Comments on Russia Inquiry, Declines to Clear Trump". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Thomsen, Jacqueline (July 24, 2019). "Mueller: Trump could be charged with obstruction of justice after leaving office". The Hill. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
- ^ Goldman, Adam; Savage, Charlie; Schmidt, Michael S. (May 13, 2019). "Barr Assigns U.S. Attorney in Connecticut to Review Origins of Russia Inquiry". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2019.
- ^ Goldman, Adam; Rashbaum, William K.; Hong, Nicole (September 24, 2020). "In Politically Charged Inquiry, Durham Sought Details About Scrutiny of Clintons". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Burr, Thomas; Manson, Pamela. "U.S. Attorney for Utah is investigating GOP-raised concerns about the FBI surveilling Trump aide and ignoring Clinton uranium ties". The Salt Lake Tribune. Retrieved March 30, 2018.
- ^ Barrett, Devlin (January 9, 2020). "Justice Dept. winds down Clinton-related inquiry once championed by Trump. It found nothing of consequence". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Schmidt, Michael S. (April 24, 2019). "Mueller Report Reveals Trump's Fixation on Targeting Hillary Clinton". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2019.
- ^ a b c d Crowley, Michael (July 16, 2020). "As Election Nears, Trump's White House Grows Bolder in Flouting Ethical Norms". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Scheck, Tom (February 16, 2018). "Ethics Be Damned: More than half of Trump's 20-person Cabinet has engaged in questionable or unethical conduct". Marketplace. Minnesota Public Radio. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
every ethics professional interviewed for this story thinks the Trump administration has significantly undermined decades of ethical norms and standards.
- ^ a b Gomez, Melissa (July 23, 2020). "Trump is 'hijacking' White House events for 'partisan, political' gain, experts say". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Karni, Annie; Haberman, Maggie (November 8, 2019). "As Campaign Season Heats, Trump Has Turned the Official Into the Political". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Beauchamp, Zack (July 31, 2017). "How Donald Trump's kleptocracy is undermining American democracy". Vox. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
- ^ Cassidy, John (April 4, 2017). "Trump Kleptocracy Watch: An Update". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
- ^ Telnaes, Ann (October 23, 2021). "Opinion | The Trump kleptocracy". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
- ^ Smith, David (July 31, 2017). "Trump risks US being seen as 'kleptocracy', says ex-ethics chief Walter Shaub". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
- ^ Foer, Franklin (February 7, 2019). "Russian-Style Kleptocracy Is Infiltrating America". The Atlantic. ISSN 2151-9463. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
- ^ "Trump and the Path Toward Kleptocracy". Bloomberg.com. May 22, 2017. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
- ^ a b Schrekinger, Ben (October 17, 2016). "Trump proposes ethics reforms". Politico. Retrieved November 18, 2016.
- ^ a b c Scherer, Michael; Dawsey, Josh; Narayanswamy, Anu (June 15, 2018). "Pence turns VP's office into gateway for lobbyists to influence the Trump administration". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 22, 2018.
- ^ Keith, Tamara (January 20, 2021). "Trump Revokes Administration Ethics Rules On His Way Out The Door". NPR. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
- ^ "Trump's foreign business interests: 144 companies in 25 countries". CNN. November 28, 2016. Archived from the original on November 30, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2016.
- ^ "Donald Trump's News Conference: Full Transcript and Video". The New York Times. January 11, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ Yuhas, Alan (March 24, 2017). "Eric Trump says he will keep father updated on business despite 'pact'". The Guardian. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ Venook, Jeremy (August 9, 2017). "Donald Trump's Conflicts of Interest: A Crib Sheet". The Atlantic. Retrieved April 30, 2017.
- ^ a b Yourish, Karen; Buchanan, Larry (January 12, 2017). "It 'Falls Short in Every Respect': Ethics Experts Pan Trump's Conflicts Plan". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Selyukh, Alina; Sullivan, Emily; Maffei, Lucia (February 17, 2017). "Trump Ethics Monitor: Has The President Kept His Promises?". NPR. Retrieved January 20, 2018.
- ^ Applebaum, Anne (August 30, 2024). "The kleptocrats aren't just stealing money. They're stealing democracy". Financial Times.
- ^ a b Riback, Chris (January 23, 2017). "Why Trump's business conflicts can't – and won't – just be swept aside". CNBC. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Fahrenthold, David A.; O'Connell, Jonathan (January 23, 2017). "Liberal watchdog group sues Trump, alleging he violated constitutional ban". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Fahrenthold, David A.; O'Connell, Jonathan (January 23, 2017). "What is the 'Emoluments Clause'? Does it apply to President Trump?". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Horowitz, Julia (January 20, 2017). "President Trump hit immediately with ethics complaint". CNN. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ LaFraniere, Sharon (April 18, 2017). "Watchdog Group Expands Lawsuit Against Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved June 11, 2017.
- ^ Geewax, Marilyn (June 9, 2017). "Trump Administration Calls For Lawsuit About His Businesses To Be Dismissed". NPR. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
- ^ Smith, Allan (June 10, 2017). "Justice Department argues it's fine for Trump to take payments from foreign governments, citing George Washington". Business Insider. Retrieved June 10, 2017.
- ^ LaFrainere, Sharon (June 12, 2017). "Maryland and D.C. Sue Trump Over His Private Businesses". The New York Times. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
- ^ Davis, Aaron C. (June 12, 2017). "D.C. and Maryland sue President Trump, alleging breach of constitutional oath". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
- ^ Bykowicz, Julie (June 14, 2017). "Democrats in Congress are the latest to sue President Trump". Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
- ^ Fahrenthold, David A.; O'Connell, Jonathan (December 21, 2017). "Judge dismisses lawsuit alleging Trump violated Constitution". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ "Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington v. Trump" (PDF). S.D.N.Y. December 21, 2017. Retrieved November 7, 2021 – via courthousenews.com.
17 Civ. 458
- ^ LaFraniere, Sharon (March 28, 2018). "Lawsuit Over Trump's Ties to His Businesses Is Allowed to Advance". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
- ^ LaFraniere, Sharon (July 25, 2018). "In Ruling Against Trump, Judge Defines Anticorruption Clauses in Constitution for First Time". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
- ^ LaFraniere, Sharon (November 2, 2018). "Judge Orders Evidence to Be Gathered in Emoluments Case Against Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
- ^ O'Connell, Jonathan; Marimow, Ann E.; Fahrenthold, David A. (December 4, 2018). "2 attorneys general issue subpoenas to Trump entities in Washington hotel case". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
- ^ LaFraniere, Sharon (December 17, 2018). "Justice Department Asks Court to Halt Emoluments Case Against Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
- ^ Wolfe, Jan (December 21, 2018). "U.S. appeals court grants Trump request for halt to emoluments case". Reuters. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
- ^ Hanssen, Shelby; Dilanian, Ken (June 12, 2019). "Reps of 22 foreign governments have spent money at Trump properties". NBC News. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ de Vogue, Ariane; Cole, Devan (January 25, 2021). "Supreme Court dismisses emoluments cases against Trump". CNN. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Kirkpatrick, David D.; Mazzetti, Mark (March 21, 2018). "How 2 Gulf Monarchies Sought to Influence the White House". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Eilperin, Juliet (May 14, 2017). "Under Trump, inconvenient data is being sidelined". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
- ^ Memoli, Michael A. (April 17, 2017). "On taxes and visitor logs, White House grapples with transparency questions". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 15, 2017.
- ^ Collins, Kaitlan (July 24, 2018). "Exclusive: White House stops announcing calls with foreign leaders". CNN. Retrieved July 25, 2018.
- ^ Kime, Patricia (January 16, 2024). "Free Surgeries and Prescriptions: White House Staff Got Access to Military Health Care Despite Being Ineligible". Military.com. Retrieved January 26, 2024.
- ^ Goodman, Brenda (January 24, 2024). "White House clinic handed out medications with little oversight during past administrations, new investigation shows". CNN. Retrieved January 25, 2024.
- ^ Aboulenein, Ahmed (January 28, 2024). "Trump White House pharmacy improperly provided drugs and misused funds, Pentagon report says". Reuters. Retrieved January 30, 2024.
- ^ Karni, Annie (June 10, 2018). "Meet the guys who tape Trump's papers back together". Politico. Retrieved June 13, 2018.
- ^ "National Archives had to retrieve Trump White House records from Mar-a-Lago". Washington Post. February 7, 2022. Retrieved February 8, 2022.
- ^ Amiri, Farnoush (April 12, 2022). "DOJ Denies Jan. 6 Panel Details In Trump Records Probe". HuffPost. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
- ^ "Some Trump records taken to Mar-a-Lago clearly marked as classified, including documents at 'top secret' level". The Washington Post. February 10, 2022. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
- ^ Alemany, Jacqueline; Hamburger, Tom (February 25, 2022). "Some records taken by Trump so sensitive they may not be described in public". The Washington Post.
- ^ Choi, David. "Trump reportedly gave out his personal cell phone number to world leaders and US officials 'had no idea' he was making calls". Business Insider. Retrieved July 7, 2018.
- ^ Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (May 12, 2022). "Prosecutors Pursue Inquiry Into Trump's Handling of Classified Material". The New York Times.
- ^ Rein, Lisa (November 9, 2021). "At least 13 Trump officials illegally campaigned while in office, federal investigation finds". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Investigation of Political Activities by Senior Trump Administration Officials During the 2020 Presidential Election (PDF). United States Office of Special Counsel (Report). November 9, 2021. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved November 10, 2021.
- ^ Kaplan, Rebecca (April 1, 2019). "Whistleblower says 25 people given White House clearance despite rejections". CBS News. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ Strickler, Laura; Alexander, Peter; Schapiro, Rich (April 2, 2019). "White House whistleblower says she felt humiliated after retaliation from boss". NBC News. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ Rogers, Katie (April 1, 2019). "White House Whistle-Blower Did the Unexpected: She Returned to Work". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
- ^ Hamburger, Tom (April 22, 2019). "White House instructs official to ignore Democratic subpoena over security clearances". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- ^ Raju, Manu; Murray, Sara (April 22, 2019). "White House tells official not to comply with Democratic subpoena over security clearances". CNN Politics. Archived from the original on April 23, 2019. Retrieved April 23, 2019.
- ^ Caldwell, Leigh (May 2, 2019). "House Democrats not satisfied with Kline answers on security clearances". NBC News. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
- ^ Esteban, Chiqui; Rabinowitz, Kate; Meko, Tim; Uhrmacher, Kevin (September 27, 2019). "Who's who in the whistleblower complaint". Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Korte, Gregory (September 27, 2019). "The Whistle-Blower Complaint Against Trump, Annotated". Bloomberg News. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Balsamo, Michael; Long, Colleen (September 27, 2019). "6 takeaways from the whistleblower complaint, including Rudy Giuliani's central role". Associated Press. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Cohen, Marshall; Polantz, Katelyn; Shortell, David (September 26, 2019). "Whistleblower says White House tried to cover up Trump's abuse of power". CNN. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
- ^ Olorunnipa, Toluse; Parker, Ashley (September 27, 2019). "Pence seeks to dodge impeachment spotlight as his Ukrainian moves attract notice". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Kiely, Eugene; Roberston, Lori; Gore, D'Angelo (September 27, 2019). "The Whistleblower Complaint Timeline". Factcheck.org. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ a b c Bump, Philip; Blake, Aaron (September 27, 2019). "The full Trump-Ukraine timeline – as of now". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Harris, Shane; Demirjian, Karoun; Nakashima, Ellen (September 26, 2019). "Acting intelligence chief Maguire defends his handling of whistleblower complaint in testimony before Congress". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Knutson, Jacob (September 26, 2019). "Acting DNI Joseph Maguire: Whistleblower "did the right thing"". Axios. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Baker, Peter (September 23, 2019). "Trump Acknowledges Discussing Biden in Call With Ukrainian Leader". The New York Times. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Forgey, Quint (September 24, 2019). "Trump changes story on withholding Ukraine aid". Politico. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Fandos, Nicholas (September 24, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi Announces Formal Impeachment Inquiry of Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Yen, Hope; Woodward, Calvin (November 11, 2019). "AP Fact Check: Trump's flawed 'read the transcript' defense". Associated Press. Retrieved December 30, 2019.
- ^ Bump, Philip (September 25, 2019). "Trump wanted Russia's main geopolitical adversary to help undermine the Russian interference story". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Santucci, John; Mallin, Alexander; Thomas, Pierre; Faulders, Katherine (September 25, 2019). "Trump urged Ukraine to work with Barr and Giuliani to probe Biden: Call transcript". ABC News. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Brown, Pamela (September 27, 2019). "White House says lawyers directed moving Ukraine transcript to highly secure system". CNN. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
- ^ Barrett, Ted; Raju, Manu; Fox, Lauren; Kaufman, Ellie; Foran, Clare (September 27, 2019). "Senate Republicans skip criticizing Trump over handling of whistleblower: 'It's a lot of hysteria over very little'". CNN. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Toosi, Nahal (September 27, 2019). "Ukraine envoy resigns amid scandal consuming Trump's presidency". Politico. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
- ^ Frazin, Rachel; Wong, Scott; Lillis, Mike (September 27, 2019). "Democrats subpoena Pompeo for Ukraine documents". The Hill. Retrieved September 28, 2019.
- ^ Brown, Pamela; Sciutto, Jim; Liptak, Kevin (September 27, 2019). "White House restricted access to Trump's calls with Putin and Saudi crown prince". CNN. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Harris, Shane; Dawsey, Josh; Nakashima, Ellen (September 26, 2019). "Trump told Russian officials in 2017 he wasn't concerned about Moscow's interference in U.S. election". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Vance, Joyce White (February 12, 2020). "If Trump Is Allowed to Turn the Justice Department Into a Political Weapon, No One Is Safe". Time. Archived from the original on December 21, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Chong, Jane (May 26, 2020). "The Justice Department Has Had to Twist Itself in Knots to Defend Trump on Emoluments". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Mazzetti, Mark; Benner, Katie (September 30, 2019). "Trump Pressed Australian Leader to Help Barr Investigate Mueller Inquiry's Origins". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Rohde, David (January 13, 2020). "William Barr, Trump's Sword and Shield". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on December 19, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Wadhams, Nick; Mohsin, Saleha; Baker, Stephanie; Jacobs, Jennifer (October 9, 2019). "Trump Urged Top Aide to Help Giuliani Client Facing DOJ Charges". Bloomberg News. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
- ^ "Trump Florida golf course to host next G7 summit". BBC News. October 17, 2019. Archived from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Fahrenthold, David A.; Dawsey, Josh (September 17, 2020). "Trump's businesses charged Secret Service more than $1.1 million, including for rooms in club shuttered for pandemic". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Jean H. (August 13, 2020). "Trump just admitted he's stalling pandemic relief to make it harder to vote". ABC News. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved August 14, 2020.
- ^ Davis, Julie Hirschfeld; Martin, Jonathan (April 16, 2018). "James Comey's Attacks on Trump May Hurt a Carefully Cultivated Image". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Peter; Benner, Katie; Shear, Michael D. (November 7, 2018). "Jeff Sessions Is Forced Out as Attorney General as Trump Installs Loyalist". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
- ^ Editorial Board (April 7, 2020). "This is Trump's vilest act of retribution yet". The Washington Post. Retrieved April 25, 2020.
- ^ "Trump pardons Paul Manafort, Roger Stone and Charles Kushner". BBC News. December 24, 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
- ^ Pengelly, Martin; Borger, Julian (January 20, 2021). "Donald Trump pardons Steve Bannon amid last acts of presidency". The Guardian. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
- ^ Walker, Peter (February 17, 2017). "In a month, the Trump family has cost taxpayers almost as much as the Obamas did in a year". The Independent. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Harwell, Drew; Brittain, Amy; O'Connell, Jonathan (February 16, 2017). "Trump family's elaborate lifestyle is a 'logistical nightmare' – at taxpayer expense". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ a b Fahrenthold, David A.; Dawsey, Josh; O'Connell, Jonathan; Lee, Michelle Ye Hee (June 20, 2019). "When Trump visits his clubs, government agencies and Republicans pay to be where he is". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Cillizza, Chris (November 10, 2018). "2018 was a WAY better election for Democrats than most people seem to think". CNN. Retrieved November 12, 2018.
- ^ Staff (June 19, 2019). "Donald Trump formally launches 2020 re-election bid". BBC News. Retrieved August 10, 2020.
- ^ Isenstadt, Alex (September 6, 2019). "Republicans to scrap primaries and caucuses as Trump challengers cry foul". Politico. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Koblin, John; Grynbaum, Michael M.; Hsu, Tiffany (November 7, 2020). "Tension, Then Some Tears, as TV News Narrates a Moment for History". The New York Times. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ Blake, Aaron (January 6, 2021). "Trump set to be first president since 1932 to lose reelection, the House and the Senate". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
- ^ Rein, Lisa; Viser, Matt; Miller, Greg; Dawsey, Josh (November 9, 2020). "White House, escalating tensions, orders agencies to rebuff Biden transition team". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ Holmes, Kristen; Herb, Jeremy (November 23, 2020). "First on CNN: Key government agency acknowledges Biden's win and begins formal transition". CNN. Archived from the original on November 23, 2020. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
- ^ Kaplan, Thomas (December 28, 2020). "Biden Admonishes Trump Administration Over 'Obstruction'". The New York Times. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Forgey, Quint (December 30, 2020). "Biden transition chief blasts 'obstruction' by political appointees at OMB, Pentagon". Politico. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Holland, Steve; Mason, Jeff; Landay, Jonathan (January 6, 2021). "Trump Summoned Supporters to 'Wild' Protest, and Told Them to Fight. They Did". U.S. News. Reuters. Retrieved March 27, 2021.
- ^ Cohen, Marshall; Cohen, Zachary; Merica, Dan (January 20, 2022). "Trump campaign officials, led by Rudy Giuliani, oversaw fake electors plot in 7 states". CNN.
- ^ Feuer, Alan; Haberman, Maggie; Broadwater, Luke (February 2, 2022). "Memos Show Roots of Trump's Focus on Jan. 6 and Alternate Electors". The New York Times.
- ^ McCarthy, Tom; Ho, Vivian; Greve, Joan E. (January 7, 2021). "Schumer calls pro-Trump mob 'domestic terrorists' as Senate resumes election certification – live". The Guardian. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Blake, Aaron (January 6, 2021). "Analysis | 'Let's have trial by combat': How Trump and allies egged on the violent scenes Wednesday". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Barrett, Ted; Raju, Manu; Nickeas, Peter (January 7, 2021). "Pro-Trump mob storms US Capitol as armed standoff takes place outside House chamber". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Mangan, Amanda Macias, Dan (January 6, 2021). "U.S. Capitol secured hours after pro-Trump rioters invade Congress". CNBC. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ King, Ledyard; Groppe, Maureen; Wu, Nicholas; Jansen, Bart; Subramanian, Courtney; Garrison, Joey (January 6, 2021). "Pence confirms Biden as winner, officially ending electoral count after day of violence at Capitol". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 7, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Safdar, Khadeeja; Ailworth, Erin; Seetharaman, Deepa (January 8, 2021). "Police Identify Five Dead After Capitol Riot". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on January 12, 2021. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Schmidt, Michael S.; Broadwater, Luke (February 12, 2021). "Officers' Injuries, Including Concussions, Show Scope of Violence at Capitol Riot". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved February 12, 2021.
- ^ Shallwani, Pervaiz (January 6, 2021). "At least two real explosive devices in DC rendered safe by law enforcement". CNN. Archived from the original on January 6, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
- ^ Chamlee, Virginia (January 7, 2021). "All the Trump Administration Officials Who Have Resigned Following the Capitol Riot He Incited". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
- ^ Knowles, David (January 7, 2021). "Trump finally admits defeat: 'A new administration will be inaugurated on January 20'". Yahoo! News. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
- ^ Atwood, Kylie; Hansler, Jennifer (January 7, 2021). "State Department tells diplomats to affirm Biden's victory after Capitol riot". CNN. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Gambino, Lauren (January 13, 2021). "Stage set for impeachment after Pence dismisses House call to invoke 25th amendment". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Wagner, Meg; Macaya, Melissa; Hayes, Mike; et al. (January 13, 2021). "House votes on Trump impeachment". CNN. Retrieved January 13, 2021.
- ^ Fandos, Nicholas (February 13, 2021). "Trump Acquitted of Inciting Insurrection, Even as Bipartisan Majority Votes 'Guilty'". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ "Donald Trump impeachment trial: Ex-president acquitted of inciting insurrection". BBC News. Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ Jackson, David; Collins, Michael (January 19, 2021). "Farewell address: Trump stresses record, condemns Capitol riot, does not name Biden". USA Today. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
- ^ Fortin, Jacey (January 20, 2021). "Trump Is Not the First President to Snub an Inauguration". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Garrison, Joey (January 8, 2021). "A president hasn't refused to attend the inauguration of his successor in 152 years. Donald Trump will change that". USA Today. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ "Remarks by President Trump In Farewell Address to the Nation". trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov. January 19, 2021. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Jackson, David; Fritze, John (January 20, 2021). "Donald Trump leaves letter for Joe Biden ahead of inauguration". USA Today. Archived from the original on January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
- ^ Cummings, William (February 13, 2019). "Survey of scholars places Trump as third worst president of all time". USA Today. Retrieved October 19, 2021.
- ^ Choi, Joseph (June 30, 2021). "Trump ranked fourth from worst in C-SPAN's 2021 presidential rankings". The Hill. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
- ^ Chappell, Bill (February 19, 2024). "In historians' Presidents Day survey, Biden vs. Trump is not a close call". NPR.
- ^ "Presidential Election 2016: Key Indicators". Gallup. March 6, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
- ^ Yourish, Karen (June 3, 2016). "Clinton and Trump Have Terrible Approval Ratings. Does It Matter?". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Enten, Harry (May 5, 2016). "Americans' Distaste For Both Trump And Clinton Is Record-Breaking". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ Blake, Aaron (August 31, 2016). "A record number of Americans now dislike Hillary Clinton". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 13, 2021.
- ^ "Clinton Holds Lead Amid Record High Dislike of Both Nominees". Monmouth University. August 29, 2016. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Baker, Peter (January 17, 2017). "Trump Entering White House Unbent and Unpopular". The New York Times. Retrieved January 20, 2017.
- ^ "President Trump Job Approval". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
- ^ Enten, Harry (June 21, 2018). "Separated immigrant children move people's hearts, but will it move their votes?". CNN. Retrieved November 8, 2021.
- ^ Jones, Jeffrey M. (January 18, 2021). "Last Trump Job Approval 34%; Average Is Record-Low 41%". Gallup. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
- ^ "Democracy for All? V-Dem Annual Democracy Report 2018" (PDF). Varieties of Democracy Project (V-DEM). May 28, 2018. pp. 5–6, 16, 19–22, 27–32, 36, 46, 48, 54, and 56. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019.
- ^ Morello, Carol (February 5, 2019). "Freedom House downgrades U.S. on its freedom index, rebukes Trump". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved June 18, 2024.
- ^ Sundaresan, Mano; Isackson, Amy (December 1, 2021). "Democracy is declining in the U.S. but it's not all bad news, a report finds". NPR.
Further reading
- Albrecht, Don E. "Donald Trump and changing rural/urban voting patterns." Journal of Rural Studies 91 (2022): 148–156.
- Zelizer, Julian E. ed. The Presidency of Donald J. Trump: A First Historical Assessment (2022) excerpt
- Locatelli, Andrea, and Andrea Carati. "Trump's Legacy and the Liberal International Order: Why Trump Failed to Institutionalise an Anti-global Agenda." International Spectator (2022): 1–17.
- Löfflmann, Georg. "'Enemies of the people': Donald Trump and the security imaginary of America First." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 24.3 (2022): 543–560. online
- Alexandre, Ilo, Joseph Jai-sung Yoo, and Dhiraj Murthy. "Make Tweets Great Again: Who Are Opinion Leaders, and What Did They Tweet About Donald Trump?." Social Science Computer Review 40.6 (2022): 1456–1477. online
- Baker, Joseph O., and Christopher D. Bader. "Xenophobia, Partisanship, and Support for Donald Trump and the Republican Party." Race and Social Problems 14.1 (2022): 69–83.
- Pfiffner, James P. "President Trump and the Shallow State: Disloyalty at the Highest Levels." Presidential Studies Quarterly 52.3 (2022): 573–595. online
- Baker, Peter, and Susan Glasser. The Divider: Trump in the White House, 2017–2021 (2022) excerpt
- Phipps, E. Brooke, and Fielding Montgomery. "'Only YOU Can Prevent This Nightmare, America': Nancy Pelosi As the Monstrous-Feminine in Donald Trump's YouTube Attacks." Women's Studies in Communication 45.3 (2022): 316–337.
- Ruisch, Benjamin C., and Melissa J. Ferguson. "Changes in Americans' prejudices during the presidency of Donald Trump." Nature Human Behaviour 6.5 (2022): 656–665. online
- Dubinsky, Yoav. "Sports, Brand America and US public diplomacy during the presidency of Donald Trump." in Place Branding and Public Diplomacy (2021) pp: 1–14.
- Pfiffner, James P. "Donald Trump and the Norms of the Presidency." Presidential Studies Quarterly 51.1 (2021): 96–124. online
- Holzer, Harold. The Presidents vs. the Press: The Endless Battle Between the White House and the Media – from the Founding Fathers to Fake News (Dutton, 2020) pp. 402–443. online
- Mercieca, Jennifer. Demagogue for president: The rhetorical genius of Donald Trump (Texas A&M University Press, 2020).
- Barrett-Fox, Rebecca. "A King Cyrus president: How Donald Trump's presidency reasserts conservative Christians' right to hegemony." Humanity & Society 42.4 (2018): 502–522.
Historiography, memory and teaching
- Conway III, Lucian G., and Alivia Zubrod. "Are US Presidents becoming less rhetorically complex? Evaluating the integrative complexity of Joe Biden and Donald Trump in historical context." Journal of Language and Social Psychology 41.5 (2022): 613–625.
- Fischer, Fritz. "Teaching Trump in the History Classroom." Journal of American History 108.4 (2022): 772–778; in college courses online
- Karpman, Hannah E., and Rory Crath. "Teaching Note – Teaching Trumpism." Journal of Social Work Education (2022): 1–8. online
- Bauer, A. J. "The alternative historiography of the Alt-Right: Conservative historical subjectivity from the tea party to Trump." in Far-right revisionism and the end of history (Routledge, 2020) pp. 120–137.
- Lozada, Carlos (2020). What Were We Thinking: A Brief Intellectual History of the Trump Era. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-982145-62-0. Pulitzer Prize winning critic evaluates 150 recent books on Trump Administration.
External links
- Trump White House Archives - includes remarks, briefings and statements
- "The Trump Cabinet" (2017). Congressional Quarterly reports on Trump's cabinet activity
| |||||||
| Politics | |||||||
| Elections |
| ||||||
| Related | |||||||
| In popular culture |
| ||||||
| Family |
| ||||||
- First presidency of Donald Trump
- Presidencies of the United States
- 2010s in the United States
- 2020s in the United States
- 2010s in American politics
- 2020s in American politics
- 2017 establishments in the United States
- 2021 disestablishments in the United States
- Donald Trump
- Melania Trump
- Ivanka Trump
- Jared Kushner
- Mike Pence
- Ben Carson
- Mark Meadows
- Rick Perry
- Nikki Haley
- Terry Branstad
- Steve Bannon
- Rudy Giuliani
- Political career of Donald Trump
- Right-wing populism in the United States
- Conservatism in the United States
- Trumpism