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Timeline of the 2019 Pacific typhoon season

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Timeline of the
2019 Pacific typhoon season
A map of all tropical cyclones during the 2019 Pacific typhoon season
Season summary map
Season boundaries
First system formedDecember 31, 2018
Last system dissipatedDecember 29, 2019
Strongest system
NameHalong
Maximum winds215 km/h (130 mph)
(10-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure905 hPa (mbar)
Longest lasting system
NameWutip
Duration11.75 days
Storm articles
Other years
2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

The 2019 Pacific typhoon season was the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation over the western North Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea, primarily in 2019.[1] There were no official bounds, as tropical cyclones form all year round, though most storms in the basin typically form between July and November.[2] The first tropical cyclone of the season, Tropical Storm Pabuk, developed in late December 2018; the final, Typhoon Phanfone, dissipated on December 29, 2019.

A total of 49 tropical depressions formed during the season; 29 of these developed into named tropical storms, of which 20 became severe tropical storms and 17 became typhoons. Additionally, five typhoons became super typhoons—an unofficial rank given by the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) to storms with 1-minute maximum sustained wind speed of at least 240 km/h (150 mph).[3] Activity in the 2019 season was greater than normal,[nb 1] primarily due to high sea surface temperatures. El Niño conditions persisted from autumn 2018 to spring 2019.[1] In February, Typhoon Wutip became the strongest recorded typhoon to occur during the month.[4] The conditions became neutral during the summer, as strong activity occurred in the monsoon trough over Southeast Asia in August, promoting tropical cyclogenesis. In November, activity in the basin was driven by high sea surface temperatures along with an active phase of the Madden–Julian oscillation and equatorial waves.[1]

Due to several very destructive tropical cyclones, the season was the costliest ever recorded.[5] The most destructive system was Typhoon Hagibis, which inflicted damage to Japan that amounted to ¥1.88 trillion (US$17.3 billion) and killed 118 people,[6][7] becoming the costliest typhoon when unadjusted for inflation until Typhoon Doksuri in 2023.[8] In August, Typhoon Lekima struck China, becoming the second-costliest typhoon in Chinese history at the time.[5] During the next month, Typhoon Lingling impacted the Korean Peninsula and killed eight people,[9][10] and Typhoon Faxai made landfall over Japan, becoming the costliest disaster of 2019 until Hagibis.[11] Typhoon Bualoi exacerbated the effects of Faxai and Hagibis, producing floods that caused damages of US$200 million and killed 13, despite not reaching land.[12][13] The last two named storms, typhoons Kammuri and Phanfone, each made landfalls over the Philippines in December, causing ₱11.027 billion (US$212.910 million) of damages and 74 deaths combined.[14][15]

The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the Western Pacific Basin. As such, it is responsible for assigning names to all tropical cyclones that reach 10-minute maximum sustained winds of at least 65 kilometers per hour (40 miles per hour) in the region.[1] The PAGASA assigns names to tropical cyclones that form or enter their area of responsibility as a tropical depression or stronger, regardless if the cyclone has been assigned a name by the JMA.[14] The JTWC also monitors systems in the Western Pacific Basin, assigning systems a number with a "W" suffix if the system is a tropical depression or stronger. This timeline includes information from post-storm reviews by the JMA and the JTWC, as well as naming from the PAGASA. It documents tropical cyclone formations, strengthening, weakening, landfalls, extratropical transition, and dissipations during the season. Reports among warning centers often differ; therefore, information from both agencies has been included.

Timeline of events

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Typhoon PhanfoneTyphoon KammuriTyphoon Nakri (2019)Cyclone Matmo–BulbulTyphoon Bualoi (2019)Typhoon HagibisTyphoon Mitag (2019)Typhoon Tapah (2019)Typhoon FaxaiTyphoon Lingling (2019)Typhoon LekimaTyphoon Francisco (2019)Tropical Storm Wipha (2019)Tropical Storm Danas (2019)Typhoon Wutip (2019)Tropical Storm Pabuk (2019)

January

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Further information: Tropical Storm Pabuk (2019) for events preceding 2019

January 1

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January 3

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A photograph of a tropical storm near the Malay Peninsula. Although most of the cloudiness and thunderstorms associated with the system are amorphous and disorganized, it is exhibiting healthy outflow on its western flank, as indicated by a large number of thin, relatively straight, cirrus clouds pointing outward from the western half of its circulation.
Satellite image of Tropical Storm Pabuk at its peak intensity and approaching Thailand on January 4

January 4

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January 19

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January 20

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A track map showing the erratic, but generally westward, path of a tropical depression over the western Pacific Ocean
Storm path of Tropical Depression 01W (Amang)

January 21

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January 22

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February

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February 18

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A track map showing the path of a typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean; it moves westward for a short time before curving into an erratic, but overall northwestward, motion
Storm path of Typhoon Wutip (Betty)

February 19

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February 20

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February 21

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February 22

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February 23

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An animation showing the structural evolution of a typhoon's innermost core region. Its eye gradually shrinks until it disappears; after some clouds swirl about in the center of the storm, a new eye emerges; the new eye is slightly larger than the old one. The typhoon's clouds are colored with different shades of blue, yellow, green, orange, red, and black; the lighter colors represent shallow convection on the fringes of the typhoon, while the darker colors represent extremely heavy precipitation near the core of the typhoon.
Infrared satellite animation of Typhoon Wutip undergoing an eyewall replacement cycle from February 23 to 25

February 24

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February 25

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A photograph of a powerful typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean; there is a nearly circular region of thick white clouds, punctuated by an axisymmetric eye near the center. Bands of showers and thin, high clouds spiral out from the typhoon in all directions.
Satellite image of Typhoon Wutip at its secondary peak intensity west of Guam on February 25

February 26

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February 27

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February 28

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March

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March 2

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March 14

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A track map showing the path of a tropical depression over the western Pacific Ocean. It moves west-northwestward at first; around midway through its life, it gently curves into a motion that is generally south of due west.
Storm path of Tropical Depression 03W (Chedeng)

March 15

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March 17

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March 18

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March 19

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April

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  • No tropical cyclones formed in April.

May

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May 7

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A track map showing the path of a tropical depression over the western Pacific Ocean. The path is short and erratic, occuring within a small area; the shape resembles that of a pirate's hook.
Storm path of the first tropical depression

May 8

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May 10

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May 11

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May 12

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A track map showing the short, entirely west-northwestward path of a tropical depression over the western Pacific Ocean
Storm path of the second tropical depression

May 13

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May 15

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June

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June 24

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A track map showing the path of a tropical storm over the western Pacific Ocean. The storm initially follows a north-northeastward trajectory; it then curves to the east while located a short distance off the south coast of southern Japan, before switching to an erratic northeastward motion for the rest of its life.
Storm path of Tropical Storm Sepat (Dodong)

June 25

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June 26

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June 27

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A photograph of a tropical storm located just off the coast of southern Japan. The storm's structure mainly consists of a single, irregularly-shaped area of thick convection; areas of high clouds are visible near the storm, particularly to the east and northeast.
Infrared satellite image of Tropical Storm Sepat shortly before reaching peak winds on June 27

June 28

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June 29

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A track map showing the path of a tropical depression over the western Pacific Ocean, east of the Philippines. The depression generally moves northwestward (diagonally) for its entire life; its track ends a short distance southeast of Taiwan.
Storm path of Tropical Depression 04W (Egay)

June 30

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July

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July 1

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A track map showing the path of a tropical storm over the South China Sea, which is one of the westernmost parts of the Pacific Ocean. The system initially moves in a generally westward direction, traversing the Chinese island of Hainan in the process; after clearing Hainan, it makes a sharp turn to the north-northwest, a motion which takes it over Vietnam.
Storm path of Tropical Storm Mun

July 2

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July 3

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July 4

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July 14

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A track map showing the path of a tropical storm over the western Pacific Ocean. The system moves in a generally westward direction until it reaches a location just east of the Philippine island of Luzon. At this point, the system abruptly turns northward; this motion continues until the system reaches the Korean peninsula, where it turns to the northeast and continues in that direction until dissipation.
Storm path of Tropical Storm Danas (Falcon)

July 16

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July 17

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July 18

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A photograph of a large and disorganized tropical storm off the east coast of China; the system's structure consists of multiple amorphous blobs of convection, with lower clouds making a circulation evident.
Infrared satellite image of Tropical Storm Danas at its peak intensity near the coast of China on July 18

July 19

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July 20

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July 21

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July 24

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A track map showing the path of a tropical storm over the western Pacific Ocean; it follows an erratic northward motion until it reaches central Japan, shifting to the east-northeast over land and continuing in that direction until it dissipates
Storm path of Tropical Storm Nari

July 25

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July 26

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July 27

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July 28

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July 30

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A track map showing the path of a tropical storm over the South China Sea. It moved in west-northwestward to northwestward motion until it reaches the northeast tip of Hainan, at which point it abruptly turns to the north for a brief time. It shifts to an erratic westward motion that keeps it near the coast of China, eventually bending gently to the west-southwest as it continues into Vietnam.
Storm path of Tropical Storm Wipha

July 31

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August

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August 1

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August 2

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A photograph of a tropical storm near the coasts of southwestern China and northeastern Vietnam. Thick convection spirals around the center, especially on the southern side of the circulation; a large region of high, puffy clouds fans out to the northwest, north, and northeast of the center.
Satellite image of Tropical Storm Wipha at its peak intensity in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2

August 3

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August 4

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August 5

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A track map showing the path of a typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. The system initially moves northwestward and curves very gradually to the west-northwest. A shift back to the northwest brings the center of the storm over part of southwestern Japan and along the east coast of the Korean peninsula; from here, it turns to the east, crossing northern Japan and continuing out to sea.
Storm path of Typhoon Francisco

August 6

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A track map showing the path of a powerful typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean and eastern China. The system moves in a generally northwest-to-north-northwest direction for much of its life, though this motion is erratic at first, including a tight loop. After reaching the coast of eastern China, the system assumes a generally northward trajectory, though it eventually executes another small loop over northeastern China, where it dissipates.
Storm path of Typhoon Lekima (Hanna)

August 7

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A track map showing the erratic path of a powerful typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. The system moves northwestward at first, but then stalls before drifting to the east for a short distance. This motion is followed by a drift back to the west before the system resumes its previous northwestward trajectory. While located south of Japan, the system turns to the north, crossing the southwestern portion of the country. After emerging back over water, the system gradually assumes a northeastward motion, which it maintains until dissipation.
Storm path of Typhoon Krosa

August 8

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A photograph of two powerful typhoons over the western Pacific Ocean. The two typhoons have similar structures: Both have well-defined eyes encircled by deep convection, and large rainbands spiraling around their eastern and southern sides. The two typhoons appear to be connected by a diagonal band of clouds.
Satellite image of Typhoons Lekima (left) and Krosa (right) on August 8

August 9

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August 10

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August 11

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August 12

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August 13

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August 14

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August 15

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August 16

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August 17

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August 18

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August 19

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August 21

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A track map of the path of a tropical storm over the western Pacific Ocean. The storm's track is generally west-northwestward, though it takes a couple brief detours to the north or west. The storm tracks over southern Taiwan and part of eastern China before dissipating.
Storm path of Severe Tropical Storm Bailu (Ineng)

August 22

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August 24

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A photograph of a tropical storm over the western Pacific Ocean. The storm possesses an eye-like feature, but convection is limited on the northern half of the circulation; instead, a large area of thick, deep convection is sprawling over the storm's southern half. The overall cloud pattern is tight and well-organized.
Satellite image of Severe Tropical Storm Bailu near Taiwan on August 24

August 25

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A track map of the straightforward path of a tropical storm over the Philippine Sea and South China Sea; it maintains a generally westward trajectory for its entire existence, crossing the Philippine island of Luzon and landfalling in Vietnam in the process.
Storm path of Tropical Storm Podul (Jenny)

August 26

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August 27

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  • 13:00 UTC – 13W (Jenny) makes its first landfall near Dipaculao, Aurora in the Philippines.[14]

August 28

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August 29

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August 30

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A track map showing the erratic path of a tropical storm over the northern half of the South China Sea. The storm moves westward until it reaches Hainan, at which point it turns to the southwest. It continues this motion until it reaches a short distance inland over Vietnam, where it abruptly executes a loop and turns east-northeastward back out to sea, dissipating east of Hainan.
Storm path of Tropical Storm Kajiki (Kabayan)

August 31

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September

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September 1

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A track map showing the path of a powerful typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. It initially moves generally northward, with small deviations to the left and right. The storm eventually reaches the Korean peninsula; at this point, it begins a very gradual turn to the east, tracking over the Russian Far East in the process. It continues eastward until dissipation off the coast of Alaska.
Storm path of Typhoon Lingling (Liwayway)

September 2

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September 3

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A track map showing the path of a powerful typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. It moves in an erratic west-northwestward motion for much of its duration; it curves northward as it approaches Japan, briefly passing over the southeastern portion of the country. It then continues east-northeastward out to sea.
Storm path of Typhoon Faxai

September 4

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September 5

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A photograph of the western Pacific Ocean, with three tropical cyclones visible. The tropical cyclones on the left and right are both weak and poorly organized, with lopsided, misshapen convection. The tropical cyclone near the center is much stronger; it is a powerful typhoon with a circular eye surrounded by a thick ring of intense convection. A prominent curved band arcs out to the east and south of the typhoon's center, with extensive cirrus outflow visible along these flanks. Aside from these three tropical cyclones, many other areas of high clouds and/or convection can be seen across the basin.
Satellite image of Tropical Depression Kajiki (left), Typhoon Lingling (center), and Tropical Storm Faxai (right) on September 5

September 6

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September 7

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September 8

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A photograph of a powerful typhoon just to the southeast of Japan. It has a tightly-wound circulation with a well-defined eye at the center, and an extensive area of cirrus outflow along and near the southern flank.
Satellite image of Typhoon Faxai shortly after reaching its peak intensity, while approaching Japan on September 8

September 9

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September 10

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A track map showing the erratic path of a tropical depression over the western Pacific Ocean. The depression changes directions multiple times; it moves westward at first, then sharply turns to the northeast before turning to the northwest, after which it shifts back to the northeast. A final hairpin turn takes the depression into a southwestward motion.
Storm path of Tropical Depression Marilyn

September 12

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September 13

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September 14

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September 15

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A track map showing the path of a tropical storm over the western Pacific Ocean; it generally moves in a west-northwest to northwest motion, though it curves northward at the very end
Storm path of Tropical Storm Peipah

September 16

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September 17

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A track map showing the path of a typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. It starts by moving erratically to the north and west, then settling into a north-northwestward motion. It gradually curves first to the north, and then to the northeast, passing between South Korea and Japan in the process.
Storm path of Typhoon Tapah (Nimfa)

September 18

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September 19

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September 20

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September 21

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A photograph of a typhoon over the East China Sea; the convection is generally lopsided, being thick on the system's northern side and thin to its south, but the overall cloud pattern is well-organized and tightly wound, with an eye visible near the center.
Satellite image of Typhoon Tapah at its peak intensity in the East China Sea on September 21

September 22

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September 23

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September 24

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September 27

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September 28

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September 29

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A track map of the path of a typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. The typhoon executes a prolonged C-shaped curve; initially moving to the west-northwest, it curves to the north as it passes just to the east of Taiwan and China. A turn to the northeast brings it over South Korea; it passes over northern Japan after shifting eastward.
Storm path of Typhoon Mitag (Onyok)

September 30

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October

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October 1

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A photograph of a weakening, but still strong, tropical storm over the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Although its circulation is still tightly-wound, convection is light on the southern side, mostly limited to cloudiness and rain showers. By contrast, there is an extensive area of deep convection to the north and northeast of the storm, with streaks of high, wispy clouds emanating from the northern edge of the convection. To the west of the storm is an area of puffy, parallel clouds that are indicative of cooler weather; this is a hint that the storm is in the process of transitioning into an extratropical cyclone.
Satellite image of Severe Tropical Storm Mitag approaching the Korean Peninsula on October 2

October 2

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October 3

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October 4

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October 5

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October 6

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October 7

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A photograph of an extremely powerful typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. It has a pinhole eye surrounded by intense convection; the cloud tops of thunderstorms are billowing near the eye. Gravity waves radiate outward from the eye; this is a characteristic of many powerful tropical cyclones. Large, well-defined rainbands spiral out well to the south of the center of the typhoon. Thin, roughly parallel streaks of high, wispy clouds are emanating to the northeast and southwest of the typhoon, indicating that it has healthy outflow, which is something that helps tropical cyclones to intensify.
Satellite image of Typhoon Hagibis reaching its initial peak intensity over the Northern Mariana Islands on October 7

October 8

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October 9

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October 10

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A track map showing the path of a powerful typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. Moving generally westward at first, the typhoon gradually curves to the north; a turn to the northeast brings it over Japan before continuing out to sea, where it transitions into an extratropical cyclone. Over the Bering Sea, the system's path becomes highly erratic, looping around the area until dissipation.
Storm path of Typhoon Hagibis

October 11

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October 12

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October 13

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October 15

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A track map showing the path of a typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. The system moves to the west-northwest at first, then drifts to the north before resuming its west-northwestward motion. It then shifts to the northeast, a motion it maintains until dissipation just south of Japan.
Storm path of Typhoon Neoguri (Perla)

October 17

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October 18

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October 19

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A track map showing the path of a typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. Initially moving to the west-northwest, it executes a protracted, smooth curve to the northeast while located well to the southeast of Japan.
Storm path of Typhoon Bualoi

October 20

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October 21

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October 22

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A photograph of a powerful typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. It has a small, circular, and well-defined eye surrounded by a nearly axisymmetric area of deep convection. A pronounced spiral rainband curves around the typhoon's northern flank; cirrus outflow is prevalent, with thin streaks of high clouds sticking outward from the typhoon in nearly every direction.
Satellite image of Typhoon Bualoi near its peak intensity on October 22

October 23

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October 24

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October 25

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October 28

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A track map showing the short and generally westward path of a tropical storm over the South China Sea and Southeast Asia.
Storm path of Severe Tropical Storm Matmo

October 29

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October 30

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October 31

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November

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November 1

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A track map showing the path of a typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. The typhoon moves generally northwestward for the first half of its life, then shifts to the northeast for much of the latter half, turning eastward near the end.
Storm path of Typhoon Halong

November 2

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November 3

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November 4

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November 5

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A photograph of an extremely powerful typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. The circular eye is almost perfectly clear, and is surrounded by a large, nearly axisymmetric area of intense convection. There are two fragmented rainbands: one to the northeast, oriented horizontally; and the other to the east, oriented vertically. Arcs of thin, high clouds are present along the western, northwestern, and northern flanks of the typhoon.
Infrared satellite image of Typhoon Halong at its peak intensity on November 5

November 6

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November 7

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A track map showing the path of a typhoon over the South China Sea. The typhoon initially meanders over a small area, then assumes a westward motion that brings it to the southern coast of Vietnam.
Storm path of Typhoon Nakri (Quiel)

November 8

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A photograph of a typhoon over the South China Sea. Although the circulation is tightly wound, convection is mostly limited to two spiral rainbands that initiate near the center of the typhoon; these rainbands curl around to the west and southwest of the center. Areas of thin, high clouds are present on all quadrants of the typhoon.
Satellite image of Typhoon Nakri at its peak intensity west of the Philippines on November 8

November 9

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November 10

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November 11

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A track map showing the path of a typhoon over the Philippine and South China Seas. The typhoon's path begins with an erratic northwestward motion just east of the Philippines; a sharp turn to the southwest brings it over the Philippine island of Luzon. The southwestward motion continues over the South China Sea, where the typhoon dissipates.
Storm path of Typhoon Kalmaegi (Ramon)

November 12

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November 13

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A track map showing the path of a typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. The track forms an incomplete spiral; the typhoon initially moves west-northwestward before gradually shifting first to the west, then to the north, then to the east, then to the southeast, and finally to the southwest.
Storm path of Typhoon Fengshen

November 14

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November 15

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A photograph of a powerful typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. It has a small, well-defined eye surrounded by deep convection; prominent rainbands are present on the northern and southern sides, as are arcs of thin, high clouds.
Satellite image of Typhoon Fengshen at its peak intensity on November 15

November 16

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November 17

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A track map showing the path of a severe tropical storm over the Philippine and East China Seas. The track begins with an erratic northwestward motion before slowly curving to the north while located just northeast of the Philippines/east of Taiwan. After crossing the Ryukyu Islands and entering the East China Sea, the system abruptly turns to the east-northeast and grazes the southern coast of Japan before dissipating.
Storm path of Severe Tropical Storm Fung-wong (Sarah)

November 18

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November 19

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A photograph of a typhoon just northeast of the Philippine island of Luzon. The eye is mostly obscured by clouds, and a majority of the convection is on the northern side of the circulation. A broad area of thin, high clouds is located just to the west of the typhoon.
Satellite image of Typhoon Kalmaegi at its peak intensity northeast of the Philippines on November 19

November 20

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November 21

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November 22

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November 23

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November 24

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A track map showing the path of a typhoon over the western Pacific Ocean. It moves westward at first, then shifts to the north for a short time before resuming its westward motion. The typhoon crosses the Philippines and enters the South China Sea, where it turns south and dissipates.
Storm path of Typhoon Kammuri (Tisoy)

November 25

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November 26

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November 27

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November 28

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November 29

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November 30

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December

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December 1

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December 2

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A photograph of a powerful typhoon just east of the Philippines. The typhoon's eye is well-defined but mostly obscured by clouds. The core is mostly circular, and consists of intense rainbands coiling toward the center. The typhoon is completely surrounded by large swathes of high clouds.
Satellite image of Typhoon Kammuri near its peak intensity on December 2

December 3

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December 4

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December 5

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December 6

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December 19

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A track map showing the path of a typhoon over the Philippine and South China Seas. The system starts by moving westward over the Philippine Sea, then assumes a west-northwestward motion that it maintains for most of its life. On this course, the system traverses the central Philippines and enters the South China Sea, where it resumes its former westward motion before dissipating over water.
Storm path of Typhoon Phanfone (Ursula)

December 21

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December 22

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December 23

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December 24

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December 25

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A photograph of a powerful typhoon over the west-central Philippines. The eye is mostly obscured by clouds, albeit surrounded by a circular region of deep convection. Three long, thin, and fragmented rainbands extend outward from the core region to the northeast and southeast.
Satellite image of Typhoon Phanfone at its peak intensity while passing through the Philippines on December 25

December 26

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December 27

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December 28

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December 29

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Notes

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  1. ^ Based on the climatological average of 25.6 storms from 1981 to 2010.
  2. ^ According to the Thai Meteorological Department. The time of landfall varies, as the JMA reported that Pabuk made landfall over the Malay Peninsula at 12:00 UTC.[1]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht Annual Report on the Activities of the RSMC Tokyo - Typhoon Center 2019 (PDF) (Report). Tokyo, Japan: Japan Meteorological Agency. 2020. Retrieved April 9, 2024.
  2. ^ Dorst, Neal. "Frequently Asked Questions: When is hurricane season?". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Hurricane Research Division. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved August 8, 2024.
  3. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Pearl Harbor, Hawaii: United States Navy. Retrieved December 29, 2023.
  4. ^ Cappucci, Matthew (February 25, 2019). "The strongest February typhoon on record packs 180 mph gusts, sideswiping Guam". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 17, 2019. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
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