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Obsolete for Infobox element. Please see Template:Element-symbol-to-oxidation-state-data

Content maintenance (editing this data set)

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Usage

[edit]

Automated used in {{Infobox element}} (talk):

  • Hg: {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state|symbol=Hg}} → −2 , +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide)
  • Hs: {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state|symbol=Hs}} → (+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8[1][2][3] (parenthesized: prediction)

Comment options

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Oxidation states comment options (WP:ELEMENTS (talk))
|comment= options (as of November 2018):
comment=acidic (an acidic oxide)
comment=mildly acidic (a mildly acidic oxide)
comment=strongly acidic (a strongly acidic oxide)
comment=amphoteric (an amphoteric oxide)
comment=basic (a basic oxide)
comment=weakly basic (a weakly basic oxide)
comment=mildly basic (a mildly basic oxide)
comment=strongly basic (a strongly basic oxide)
comment=strongly basic expected (expected to have a strongly basic oxide) -- Ra
comment=oxidizes oxygen (oxidizes oxygen) -- F
comment=depending (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) -- Cr, Mn
comment=rarely non-0, weakly acidic (rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide) -- Xe
comment=rarely non-0, unk oxide (rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown) -- Kr
 
comment=parenthesized (parenthesized: prediction)
comment=predicted (predicted)
comment=<any text> <any text>, including blank
 
WP:ENGVAR (set |engvar= in article page)
By default, element articles (and so infoboxes) are in en-US.
In article space, one can call an infobox with |engvar=en-GB, en-OED, which changes these spellings
comment=parenthesized
|engvar= (parenthesized: prediction)
|engvar=en-US (default) (parenthesized: prediction)
|engvar=en-GB (brackets: prediction)
|engvar=en-OED (brackets: prediction)
|engvar=en-FOO (parenthesized: prediction)

Data

[edit]
Oxidation states data sets (WP:ELEMENTS talk)
Z Name Symbol complete main group val oxidation state (P1121) note
1 hydrogen H −1, 0, +1 (an amphoteric oxide) −1, +1 1 I -1, 1, 0 Edit this at Wikidata
2 helium He 0 0 18 0 Edit this at Wikidata
3 lithium Li 0[4], +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I 1 Edit this at Wikidata
4 beryllium Be 0,[5] +1,[6] +2 (an amphoteric oxide) +2 2 II 2, 1[7] Edit this at Wikidata
5 boron B −5, −1, 0,[8] +1, +2, +3[9][10] (a mildly acidic oxide) +3 13 III 2, 3, 1 Edit this at Wikidata
6 carbon C −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,[11] +2, +3,[12] +4[13] (a mildly acidic oxide) −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 14 IV -4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 0 Edit this at Wikidata
7 nitrogen N −3, −2, −1, 0,[14] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a strongly acidic oxide) −3, +3, +5 15 V -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Edit this at Wikidata
8 oxygen O −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 −2 16 VI -2, -1, 1, 2 Edit this at Wikidata
9 fluorine F −1, 0[15] (oxidizes oxygen) −1 17 VII -1 Edit this at Wikidata
10 neon Ne 0 0 18 0 Edit this at Wikidata
11 sodium Na −1, 0,[16] +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I -1, 1, 0 Edit this at Wikidata
12 magnesium Mg 0,[17] +1,[18] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II 1, 2 Edit this at Wikidata
13 aluminium Al −2, −1, 0,[19] +1,[20] +2,[21] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) +3 13 III 1, 2, 3 Edit this at Wikidata
14 silicon Si −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[22] +1,[23] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +4 14 IV -4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4 Edit this at Wikidata
15 phosphorus P −3, −2, −1, 0,[24] +1,[25] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) −3, +3, +5 15 V -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Edit this at Wikidata
16 sulfur S −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Edit this at Wikidata
17 chlorine Cl −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 17 VII -1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Edit this at Wikidata
18 argon Ar 0 0 18 0 Edit this at Wikidata
19 potassium K −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I -1, 1[26] Edit this at Wikidata
20 calcium Ca +1,[27] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II 1, 2 Edit this at Wikidata
21 scandium Sc 0,[28] +1,[29] +2,[30] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) +3 3 III 1, 2, 3 Edit this at Wikidata
22 titanium Ti −2, −1, 0,[31] +1, +2, +3, +4[32] (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +3, +4 4 IV -1, 1, 2, 4, 3[33] Edit this at Wikidata
23 vanadium V −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +3, +4, +5 5 V 5, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4 Edit this at Wikidata
24 chromium Cr −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) +2, +3, +6 6 VI 3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6 Edit this at Wikidata
25 manganese Mn −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) +2, +3, +4, +6, +7 7 VII 2, -3, -2, -1, 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Edit this at Wikidata
26 iron Fe −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[34] +2, +3, +4, +5,[35] +6, +7[36] (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +3 8 VIII 2, 3, -2, -1, 1, 4, 5, 6 Edit this at Wikidata
27 cobalt Co −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5[37] (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +3 9 VIII 2, -1, 1, 3, 4, 5 Edit this at Wikidata
28 nickel Ni −2, −1, 0, +1,[38] +2, +3, +4[39] (a mildly basic oxide) +2 10 VIII -1, 1, 2, 3, 4 Edit this at Wikidata
29 copper Cu −2, 0,[40] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) +1, +2 11 I 1, 2, 3, 4 Edit this at Wikidata
30 zinc Zn −2, 0, +1, +2 (an amphoteric oxide) +2 12 II 1, 2 Edit this at Wikidata
31 gallium Ga −5, −4, −3,[41] −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3[42] (an amphoteric oxide) +3 13 III 1, 2, 3 Edit this at Wikidata
32 germanium Ge −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[43] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +4 14 IV -4, -3, -2, -1, 1, 2, 3, 4 Edit this at Wikidata
33 arsenic As −3, −2, −1, 0,[44] +1,[45] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) −3, +3, +5 15 V -3, 1, 2, 3, 4 Edit this at Wikidata
34 selenium Se −2, −1, 0,[46] +1,[47] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI -2, 2, 4, 6, 1 Edit this at Wikidata
35 bromine Br −1, 0, +1, +2,[48] +3, +4, +5, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) −1, +1, +3, +5 17 VII Edit this at Wikidata
36 krypton Kr 0, +1, +2 (rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown) 0 18 0 Edit this at Wikidata
37 rubidium Rb −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I 1 Edit this at Wikidata
38 strontium Sr +1,[49] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II 2 Edit this at Wikidata
39 yttrium Y 0,[50] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 3 III 3 Edit this at Wikidata
40 zirconium Zr +2,[51] +4[52] +4 4 IV 4[53] Edit this at Wikidata
41 niobium Nb −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) +5 5 V 5,[54] 2,[54] 3,[54] 4[54] Edit this at Wikidata
42 molybdenum Mo −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[citation needed] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) +4, +6 6 VI 6,[55] 0,[55] 5,[55] 4,[55] 3,[55] 2[55] Edit this at Wikidata
43 technetium Tc −1, 0, +1,[citation needed] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) +4, +7 7 VII 4,[56] 6,[56] 7[56] Edit this at Wikidata
44 ruthenium Ru −4, −2, 0, +1,[citation needed] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) +3, +4 8 VIII 3,[57] 4,[57] 1,[57] 2,[57] 5,[57] 6,[57] 7,[57] 8[57] Edit this at Wikidata
45 rhodium Rh −3[58], −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7[59] (an amphoteric oxide) +3 9 VIII 3,[60] 1,[60] 2,[60] 4,[60] 5,[60] 6[60] Edit this at Wikidata
46 palladium Pd 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5[61] (a mildly basic oxide) 0, +2, +4 10 VIII Edit this at Wikidata
47 silver Ag −2, −1, 0,[62] +1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide) +1 11 I Edit this at Wikidata
48 cadmium Cd −2, +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide) +2 12 II Edit this at Wikidata
49 indium In −5, −2, −1, 0,[63] +1, +2, +3[64] (an amphoteric oxide) +3 13 III Edit this at Wikidata
50 tin Sn −4, −3, −2, −1, 0,[65] +1,[66] +2, +3,[67] +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +4 14 IV Edit this at Wikidata
51 antimony Sb −3, −2, −1, 0,[68] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) +3, +5 15 V Edit this at Wikidata
52 tellurium Te −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI Edit this at Wikidata
53 iodine I −1, 0, +1, +2,[69] +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 17 VII Edit this at Wikidata
54 xenon Xe 0, +2, +4, +6, +8 (rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide) 0 18 0 Edit this at Wikidata
55 caesium Cs −1, +1[70] (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I 1 Edit this at Wikidata
56 barium Ba +1, +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II 2 Edit this at Wikidata
57 lanthanum La 0,[50] +1,[71] +2, +3 (a strongly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
58 cerium Ce +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) +3, +4 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
59 praseodymium Pr 0,[50] +1,[72] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
60 neodymium Nd 0,[50] +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
61 promethium Pm +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - 2, 3 Edit this at Wikidata
62 samarium Sm 0,[50] +1,[73] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
63 europium Eu 0,[50] +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +2, +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
64 gadolinium Gd 0,[50] +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
65 terbium Tb 0,[50] +1,[71] +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
66 dysprosium Dy 0,[50] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - 2, 3, 4 Edit this at Wikidata
67 holmium Ho 0,[50] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - 2, 3 Edit this at Wikidata
68 erbium Er 0,[50] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
69 thulium Tm 0,[50] +1,[71] +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
70 ytterbium Yb 0,[50] +1,[71] +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
71 lutetium Lu 0,[50] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 3 III 3 Edit this at Wikidata
72 hafnium Hf −2, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +4 4 IV 4[74] Edit this at Wikidata
73 tantalum Ta −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) +5 5 V 2,[75] 3,[75] 4,[75] 5[75] Edit this at Wikidata
74 tungsten W −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide) +4, +6 6 VI 2,[76] 3,[76] 4,[76] 5,[76] 6[76] Edit this at Wikidata
75 rhenium Re −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a mildly acidic oxide) +3, +4, +7 7 VII 3,[77] 5,[77] 7,[77] 1,[77] 2,[77] 4,[77] 6[77] Edit this at Wikidata
76 osmium Os −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) +2, +3, +4, +8 8 VIII 4,[78] 2,[78] 8,[78] 6,[78] 3[78] Edit this at Wikidata
77 iridium Ir −3, –2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9[79] +1, +3, +4 9 VIII Edit this at Wikidata
78 platinum Pt −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly basic oxide) +2, +4 10 VIII Edit this at Wikidata
79 gold Au −3, −2, −1, 0,[80] +1, +2, +3, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) +1, +3 11 I Edit this at Wikidata
80 mercury Hg −2 , +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide) +1, +2 12 II Edit this at Wikidata
81 thallium Tl −5,[81] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +1, +3 13 III Edit this at Wikidata
82 lead Pb −4, −2, −1, 0,[82] +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +4 14 IV Edit this at Wikidata
83 bismuth Bi −3, −2, −1, 0,[83] +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) +3 15 V Edit this at Wikidata
84 polonium Po −2, +2, +4, +5,[84] +6 (an amphoteric oxide) −2, +2, +4 16 VI Edit this at Wikidata
85 astatine At −1, +1, +3, +5, +7[85] −1, +1 17 VII Edit this at Wikidata
86 radon Rn 0, +2, +6 0 18 0 Edit this at Wikidata
87 francium Fr +1 (expected to have a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I 1 Edit this at Wikidata
88 radium Ra +2 (expected to have a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II 2 Edit this at Wikidata
89 actinium Ac +3 (a strongly basic oxide) +3 f-block groups - 3 Edit this at Wikidata
90 thorium Th −1,[86] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) +4 f-block groups - 4, 3, 2, 1 Edit this at Wikidata
91 protactinium Pa +2, +3, +4, +5 (a weakly basic oxide) +5 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
92 uranium U −1,[86] +1, +2, +3,[87] +4, +5, +6 (an amphoteric oxide) +4, +6 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
93 neptunium Np +2, +3, +4,[88] +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide) +5 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
94 plutonium Pu +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (an amphoteric oxide) +4 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
95 americium Am +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide) +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
96 curium Cm +3, +4, +5,[89] +6[90] (an amphoteric oxide) +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
97 berkelium Bk +2, +3, +4, +5[89] +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
98 californium Cf +2, +3, +4, +5[91][89] +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
99 einsteinium Es +2, +3, +4 +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
100 fermium Fm +2, +3 +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
101 mendelevium Md +2, +3 +3 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
102 nobelium No +2, +3 +2 f-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
103 lawrencium Lr +3 +3 3 III Edit this at Wikidata
104 rutherfordium Rf (+2), (+3), +4[92][93][2] (parenthesized: prediction) (+3), +4 (parenthesized: prediction) 4 IV Edit this at Wikidata
105 dubnium Db (+3), (+4), +5[93][2] (parenthesized: prediction) +5 5 V Edit this at Wikidata
106 seaborgium Sg 0, (+3), (+4), (+5), +6[93][2] (parenthesized: prediction) (+4), +6 (parenthesized: prediction) 6 VI Edit this at Wikidata
107 bohrium Bh (+3), (+4), (+5), +7[93][2] (parenthesized: prediction) (+3), (+4), (+5), +7 (parenthesized: prediction) 7 VII Edit this at Wikidata
108 hassium Hs (+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8[94][2][3] (parenthesized: prediction) (+3), (+4) (parenthesized: prediction) 8 VIII Edit this at Wikidata
109 meitnerium Mt (+1), (+3), (+4), (+6), (+8), (+9) (predicted)[93][95][96][2] (+1), (+3), (+6) (predicted) 9 VIII Edit this at Wikidata
110 darmstadtium Ds (0), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)[93][2] (0), (+2), (+4) (predicted) 10 VIII Edit this at Wikidata
111 roentgenium Rg (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5), (+7) (predicted)[93][2][97] (+3) (predicted) 11 I Edit this at Wikidata
112 copernicium Cn 0, (+1), +2, (+4), (+6) (parenthesized: prediction)[93][98][2][99] 0, +2 12 II Edit this at Wikidata
113 nihonium Nh (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[93][2][100] (+1), (+3) (predicted) 13 III Edit this at Wikidata
114 flerovium Fl (0), (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6) (predicted)[93][2][101] (+2) (predicted) 14 IV Edit this at Wikidata
115 moscovium Mc (+1), (+3) (predicted)[93][2] (+1), (+3) (predicted) 15 V Edit this at Wikidata
116 livermorium Lv (−2),[102] (+2), (+4) (predicted)[93] (+2) (predicted) 16 VI Edit this at Wikidata
117 tennessine Ts (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[2][93] (+1), (+3) (predicted) 17 VII Edit this at Wikidata
118 oganesson Og (−1),[93] (0), (+1),[103] (+2),[104] (+4),[104] (+6)[93] (predicted) (+2), (+4) (predicted) 18 0 -1, 0, 1, 2, 4, 6 Edit this at Wikidata
119 ununennium Uue (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[93][105] (+1) (predicted) 1 I Edit this at Wikidata
120 unbinilium Ubn (+1),[106] (+2), (+4), (+6) (predicted)[93][105] (+2) (predicted) 2 II Edit this at Wikidata
121 unbiunium Ubu (+1), (+3) (predicted)[93][107] (+3) (predicted) g-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
122 unbibium Ubb (+4) (predicted)[108] (+4) (predicted) g-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
123 unbitrium Ubt (+5) (predicted)[108] (+5) (predicted) g-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
124 unbiquadium Ubq (+6) (predicted)[108] (+6) (predicted) g-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
125 unbipentium Ubp (+1), (+6), (+7) (predicted)[108] (+6), (+7) (predicted) g-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata
126 unbihexium Ubh (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)[108] (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted) g-block groups - Edit this at Wikidata

See also

[edit]

Templates used:


  1. ^ Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. p. 1691. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Fricke, Burkhard (1975). "Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties". Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry. Structure and Bonding. 21: 89–144. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. Retrieved 4 October 2013.
  3. ^ a b Düllmann, C. E. (2008). Investigation of group 8 metallocenes @ TASCA (PDF). 7th Workshop on Recoil Separator for Superheavy Element Chemistry TASCA 08. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  4. ^ Li(0) atoms have been observed in various small lithium-chloride clusters; see Milovanović, Milan; Veličković, Suzana; Veljkovićb, Filip; Jerosimić, Stanka (October 30, 2017). "Structure and stability of small lithium-chloride LinClm(0,1+) (n ≥ m, n = 1–6, m = 1–3) clusters". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 19 (45): 30481–30497. doi:10.1039/C7CP04181K. PMID 29114648.
  5. ^ Be(0) has been observed; see "Beryllium(0) Complex Found". Chemistry Europe. 13 June 2016.
  6. ^ "Beryllium: Beryllium(I) Hydride compound data" (PDF). bernath.uwaterloo.ca. Retrieved 2007-12-10.
  7. ^ http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/252.pdf. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  8. ^ Braunschweig, H.; Dewhurst, R. D.; Hammond, K.; Mies, J.; Radacki, K.; Vargas, A. (2012). "Ambient-Temperature Isolation of a Compound with a Boron-Boron Triple Bond". Science. 336 (6087): 1420–2. Bibcode:2012Sci...336.1420B. doi:10.1126/science.1221138. PMID 22700924. S2CID 206540959.
  9. ^ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF" (PDF). J. Molecular Spectroscopy. 170 (1): 82. Bibcode:1995JMoSp.170...82Z. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058.
  10. ^ Schroeder, Melanie. Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden (PDF) (in German). p. 139.
  11. ^ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  12. ^ "Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  13. ^ "Carbon: Binary compounds". Retrieved 2007-12-06.
  14. ^ Tetrazoles contain a pair of double-bonded nitrogen atoms with oxidation state 0 in the ring. A Synthesis of the parent 1H-tetrazole, CH2N4 (two atoms N(0)) is given in Henry, Ronald A.; Finnegan, William G. (1954). "An Improved Procedure for the Deamination of 5-Aminotetrazole". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 76 (1): 290–291. doi:10.1021/ja01630a086. ISSN 0002-7863.
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