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PROBLEMS OF TRIBALS

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The 67.7 million people belonging to "Scheduled Tribes" in India are generally considered to be 'Adivasis', literally meaning 'indigenous people' or 'original inhabitants', though the term 'Scheduled Tribes' (STs) is not coterminous with the term 'Adivasis'. PLEASE note THATScheduled Tribes is an administrative term used for purposes of 'administering' certain specific constitutional privileges, protection and benefits for specific sections of peoples considered historically disadvantaged and 'backward'

All tribal communities are not alike. They are products of different historical and social conditions. They belong to four different language families, and several different racial stocks and religious moulds. They have kept themselves apart from feudal states and brahminical hierarchies for thousands of years.

In the Indian epics such as Ramayana, Mahabharata and Puranas (folklores) there are many references to interactions and wars between the forest or hill tribes and the Hindus. Endemic hunger and food insecurity were rampant especially in tribal dominated areas of Rajasthan. In October 2005, the New Delhi-based Centre for Environment and Food Security (CEFS) in its survey report revealed that 99 per cent of Adivasi households had lived with one or another level of endemic hunger and food insecurity throughout 2004 in the tribal dominated areas under Udaipur and Dungarpur districts.[39]

According to reports, about 80 persons belonging to the tribes had allegedly died of starvation and malnutrition in Baran district in September 2005. They had been allegedly deprived of employment and basic amenities including proper medical facilities.[40] However, a Supreme Court fact-finding committee had concluded that the deaths took place due to lack of proper health service in the area.[41]

Even in the 21st century, students and professionals belonging to tribals and Sudra communities are victimized by the Manuwadi teachers, bureaucrats, ministers, judges, doctors, and all other professionals. Brahmin, Shatriya, and Vaishya castes make up 15% of the population, yet claim about 65% of the upper-level jobs. In the first-ever statistical analysis of its kind, a survey of the social profile of more than 300 senior journalists at 37 Hindi and English language newspapers and TV studios found that "Hindu upper-caste men"— who form 8% of the country's population—hold 71% of the top jobs in the "national media." Hence, the media is biased and does not report the truth of suffering and discrimination by those in the scheduled castes and tribes. When SCs/STs asked members of the media to lodge a formal complaint, they said that "if we do that, our whole career will be finished by these professors who treat us worse than animals." Such is the terror of these Manuwadi professors. The SC/ST students prefer to swallow these insults and suffer silently Inequity has existed for thousands of years for the SCs/STs and has included educational discrimination, housing segregation, physical harassment and abuse, economic suppression and disenfranchisement, discrimination in medical care, religious discrimination, and violence (e.g., torture, murder,etc). Despite several Indian laws enacted for the protection and empowerment of the SCs/STs, Indian society still treats them as outcasts. The Indian government has passed laws to protect the Sudras, but failed to promote democratic principles, secular thinking, and progressive ethos. For instance, despite a constitutional mandate, India has repeatedly failed to fulfill the reservation quota for SCs/STs in faculty positions (saying suitable candidates are not available).

Recently, the Indian government created a committee—headed by Prof. S. K. Thorat—to investigate discrimination in the All India Institute of Medical Science (AIIMS), Delhi. The committee found widespread discrimination, harassment, torture, and abuse against SC/ST students and professionals, including examination assessment (theory and practical papers), consultation and interaction, discrimination in teaching, segregation in residential hostels, mess and dining discrimination, social isolation in cultural and sports events, ragging, anti-quota agitation, and hiring and promotion discrimination.

The AIIMS is a 100% grant-in-aid institution of the Indian government and should comply with all rules, regulations, and directives of the government to provide constitutional guarantees to the SCs/STs. According to the Thorat committee report, more than two-thirds of SC/ST students did not receive adequate support from teachers, which resulted in poor performance and psychological problems. A student at the AIIMS lost his eye due to ragging by upper-caste students, but had no forum in which to complain. There is no student representation for the Sudras.

In 2000,regarding iit's, the PDK published a book based on a study it did on the anti-Dalit attitude in the institute. The study noted that there were several departments at the institute where even after 41 years, “not a single Dalit student has been selected for doing Ph.D or has successfully completed his degree”. The study also stated that, “almost all M.Tech and ms Students in IIT were Brahmins.” The PDK is now demanding that the institute come out with a white paper providing details of the total number of Dalit students who have completed postgraduate and doctoral programmes. “The National Commission for SC/ST should closely monitor if reservation policy for Dalits is being strictly followed in student admissions,” says Viduthalai Rajendran, PDK general secretary

Private sector should reserve jobs for SC, ST,OBC.

Chandigarh, Feb 4 (PTI) Union Minister for Social Justice and Empowerment Meira Kumar today asked private sector to initiate efforts for reserving jobs for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes youth as part of its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

"The government and the public sector provide reservation in jobs for SC and ST. But this kind of protection is absent in the private sector," Kumar said while addressing a programme on CSR organised by CII.

The caste system contains both social oppression and classexploitation. The dalits suffer from both types of exploitation in the worst form. 86.25 per cent of the scheduled caste households are landless and 49 per cent of the scheduled castes in the rural areas are agricultural workers. The dalits are subject to untouchability and other forms of discrimination despite these being declared unlawful. According to the 2001 census, scheduled castes comprise 16.2 per cent of the total population of India, that is, they number over 17 crore the problem of alienation of tribal lands. According to the 2007-08 Annual Report of the Ministry of Rural Development, a total of 2,084 cases of land alienation were filed in the Courts involving an area of 6,615 acres by 2007. Dalits and tribals remained vulnerable to discrimination and physical violence. Rajasthan was one among the worst states for recorded violence against Dalits during 2007 The failure to appoint sufficient number of judges contributed to increase in the number of backlog cases. There were 218,219 cases pending before the Rajasthan High Court and 11,80,334 cases pending before the District and Subordinate Courts as of 1 July 2008. Prison conditions also remained poor III. Violations of the rights of indigenous/ST peoples a. Atrocities The NCRB recorded 1,110 incidents of crime against Scheduled Tribes in 2007. These included 17 cases of killing, 25 cases registered under SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, among others.9

b. Land rights The state government failed to address the problem of alienation of tribal lands. According to the 2007-08 Annual Report of the Ministry of Rural Development, a total of 2,084 cases of land alienation were filed in the Courts involving an area of 6,615 acres by 2007. 1,257 cases were disposed of by the Courts of which 187 cases involving 587 acres were decided in favour of the tribals, while 53 cases were rejected. Another 1,067 cases were pending in courts by the end of 2007.11 The state government failed to properly implement the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006. In tribal-dominated Udaipur district, the district administration allegedly issued a misleading circular which stated that the cut-off year for eligibility given in the Act was 1980 instead of 2005. This was allegedly intentionally done to deprive the tribals from their rights under the Forest Rights Act. On 21 September 2008, several tribals were injured and hospitalized after they were attacked by non-tribals at Jhala Pipla village under Jhadol tehsil in Udaipur district. The tribals were targeted after they filed their claims for land rights under the Forest Rights Act. Two of the tribals identified as Vera and Naro, sustained injuries in the attack.12

HISTORY OF STs The epic of Mahabharata refers to the death of Krishna at the hands of a Bhil Jaratha. In the ancient scriptures, considered to be sacred by the upper castes, various terms are used depicting Adivasis as almost non-humans. The epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata, the Puranas, Samhitas and other so-called 'sacred books' refer to Adivasis as Rakshasa (demons), Vanara (monkeys), Jambuvan (boar men), Naga (serpents), Bhusundi Kaka (crow), Garuda (King of Eagles) etc. In medieval India, they were called derogatorily as Kolla, Villa, Kirata, Nishada, and those who surrendered or were subjugated were termed as Dasa (slave) and those who refused to accept the bondage of slavery were termed as Dasyu (a hostile robber).

Ekalavya, one of their archers was so skillful that the hero of the Aryans, Arjuna, could not stand before him. But they assaulted him, cutting his thumb and destroying his ability to fight - and then fashioned a story in which he accepted Drona as his Guru and surrendered his thumb as an offering to the master! The renowned writer Maheshwata Devi points out that Adivasis predated Hinduism and Aryanism, that Shiva was not an Aryan god and that in the 8th century, the tribal forest goddess or harvest goddess was absorbed and adapted as Siva's wife. Goddess Kali, the goddess of hunters, has definitely had a tribal origin.

The invasion of Adivasi territories, which for the most part commenced during the colonial period, intensified in the post-colonial period. Most of the Adivasi territories were claimed by the state. Over 10 million Adivasis have been displaced to make way for development projects such as dams, mining, industries, roads, protected areas etc. Though most of the dams (over 3000) are located in Adivasi areas, only 19.9% (1980-81) of Adivasi land holdings are irrigated as compared to 45.9% of all holdings of the general population. India produces as many as 52 principal, 3 fuel, 11 metallic, 38 non-metallic and a number of minor minerals.

Of these 45 major minerals (coal, iron ore, magnetite, manganese, bauxite, graphite, limestone, dolomite, uranium etc) are found in Adivasi areas contributing some 56% of the national total mineral earnings in terms of value. Of the 4,175 working mines reported by the Indian Bureau of Mines in 1991-92, approximately 3500 could be assumed to be in Adivasi areas. Income to the government from forests rose from Rs.5.6 million in 1869-70 to more than Rs.13 billions in the 1970s. The bulk of the nation's productive wealth lay in the Adivasi territories. Yet the Adivasi has been driven out, marginalised and robbed of dignity by the very process of 'national development'.

The systematic opening up of tribal territories, the development projects and the 'tribal development projects' make them conducive for waves of immigrants. In the rich mineral belt of Jharkhand, the Adivasi population has dropped from around 60% in 1911 to 27.67% in 1991. These developments have in turn driven out vast numbers of Adivasis to eke out a living in the urban areas and in far-flung places in slums. According to a rough estimate, there are more than 40,000 tribal domestic working women in Delhi alone!

Denial of justice to dalits (scheduled castes) and scheduled tribes and violence directed at them continues in India today despite official policies and declarations to the contrary. Considerable physical violence is inflicted on members of these deprived and marginalised communities as substantiated by official reports. Policing, far from being ‘the professional imposition of a coherent moral consensus on society’ is an intensely political activity with policemen often facilitating and participating in the violence not just against these two communities but against minorities, other weaker sections and women “The quota students face discrimination everywhere, starting from the canteens, laboratories and classes. Such limited numbers in a class would make the students even more vulnerable as they are most often viewed as dumb heads who have made it to IITs because of the quotas,” says Narendra Kumar, general secretary of the SC/ST Welfare Union at IIT Delhi. There is a very very Strong need of OBC/SC/ST reservation in billion dollor corporate world and billion dollor private sector,then only the backward castes can compete with forward castes,Being a good human let us try for the wellbeing of 70% People..Thanks. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Bigbrothersorder (talk • contribs) 08:23, 4 November 2010 (UTC)[reply]

Origins

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Riccio et al. (2011), The Austroasiatic Munda population from India and Its enigmatic origin: a HLA diversity study:

"their peculiar genetic profile is better explained by a decrease in genetic diversity through genetic drift from an ancestral population having a genetic profile similar to present-day Austroasiatic populations from Southeast Asia (thus suggesting a possible southeastern origin), followed by intensive gene flow with neighboring Indian populations. This conclusion is in agreement with archaeological and linguistic information. The history of the Austroasiatic family represents a fascinating example where complex interactions among culturally distinct human populations occurred in the past."

Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 07:08, 27 March 2016 (UTC)[reply]

See also:
Joshua Jonathan -Let's talk! 17:59, 29 March 2016 (UTC)[reply]
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WP:COPYWITHIN and confusion of "Munda" & "Mundari"

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@Neurotm: Please stop inserting irrelevant information into the article. For one it is an internal copyright violation cut and pasted from our article at Munda languages. Secondly, it doesn't apply to this article. This article is specifically about the Munda people who speak the Mundari language, not all of the people groups who speak one of the many Munda languages. "Munda" doesn't mean "Mundari". If you have any other concerns please use the talk page to discuss rather than revert without giving a reason.--William Thweatt TalkContribs 09:03, 18 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

@Neurotm: You are removing sourced material and replacing it with unsourced (and incorrect) information. You have not answered any attempt at communication. If you don't attempt an explanation for these edits within 24 hours, I will revert them again (unless somebody else does it first) and report you for disruptive editing.--William Thweatt TalkContribs 22:04, 21 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Mundari-speaking Munda in Assam

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I have reverted these edits because the official GOI census doesn't list any Munda in Assam. However, I do believe there are Mundari-speaking Munda in Assam but I can't seem to find a reliable that is sufficiently reliable to contradict the government census. I will keep looking. Please don't re-insert Assam unless/until there is a reliable source (and, no, the Joshua Project is generally not a reliable source, even less so when needed to contradict an official government source).--William Thweatt TalkContribs 20:52, 25 October 2017 (UTC)[reply]

Semi-protected edit request on 19 October 2018

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Mundas are not Christian Ghonxu (talk) 08:30, 19 October 2018 (UTC)[reply]

 Not done: it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a "change X to Y" format and provide a reliable source if appropriate. L293D (☎ • ✎) 12:41, 19 October 2018 (UTC)[reply]

Etymology

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The source for the current description is illogical. The source infers that a tribe did not have its name before Hindus interacted with them whereas all other neighboring tribes like Santhal, Ho, etc. had their own names. Kindly explain how is it possible? Yes it's true Munda word in Sanskrit does exist but it does not contribute to the name of this tribe. Sunil S Aind (talk) 18:12, 22 June 2019 (UTC)[reply]

Notable people

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@Fylindfotberserk: Thank you for your work, I had included this talk previously but messed up publishing it, apologies, and I hope you see why I removed references. The notable people section has a "needs references" box, however all the present names have WP pages, and notability and references are provided there. Entries on this list do not need references unless they have no WP page, then if they are to be included, by the guidelines they need some references to notability. I have added dates; like their achievements, dates provide a context, alive or dead, contemporary or 1000 years ago. Brunswicknic (talk) 08:36, 20 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

@Brunswicknic: The ethnic group is not sourced in most of the listed articles, viz Kariya Munda, Nilkanth Singh Munda, Ram Dayal Munda, Sukra Munda, Rohidas Singh Nag. In Dayamani Barla article where Her family belonged to the Munda tribe is mentioned in the 'Early life' section, is not sourced in the accompanying reference (I'll remove that). As per consensuses at WP:INB adn generally, these needs to be sourced and merely having a surname that matches the ethnic name doesn't mean that the person belongs to that ethnicity. The source should be like this refernced in Jaipal Singh Munda article. - Fylindfotberserk (talk) 10:44, 20 January 2021 (UTC)[reply]

Difference between Munda peoples

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What is the difference between this article and Munda peoples? It looks the target range overlaps.--ABCEdit (talk) 16:46, 15 May 2021 (UTC)[reply]

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