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Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment

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This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): IKontogiannis.

Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 02:26, 17 January 2022 (UTC)[reply]

Non-monocot angiosperms

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The wording "non-monocot flowering plants" was changed to "dicotyledonous flowering plants", which is an old-fashioned classification. Schisandra has lenticels, it is a basal angiosperm, a citation for that is Lin, Q.; Shui, Y.-M.; Yang, Z.-R. (2011). "Schisandra macrocarpa (Schisandraceae), a New Species from Yunnan Province, China". Systematic Botany. 36 (3): 595–599.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). "Non-monocot flowering plants" is better wording. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 21:08, 7 March 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Gymnosperms can have lenticels

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A web search for "pinus root lenticel" should turn up plenty of evidence. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 21:24, 7 March 2013 (UTC)[reply]

Lenticels on rachis

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There has been so much deleting on this page that it seems likely to lead to an edit war, so I'll just list points here in the hope that some future editor will take them into account. This is a citation that mentions a very common condition, lenticels on the rachis of a compound leaf: Sorbus insignis in Flora of China. Sminthopsis84 (talk) 21:35, 7 March 2013 (UTC)[reply]

My apologies for the collateral damage, but these points demanded evidence and examples. I have no intention of warring on this - if the claims can be supported and I am mistaken then so be it. Plantsurfer (talk) 21:41, 7 March 2013 (UTC)[reply]


Bibliography for Lenticle Article

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Hi! I am a current senior biology major at TCNJ and think I can contribute to this article. Here are some sources I was thinking of using with topics they can contribute to. Please let me know if you have any comments/feedback.

Evolution

1. aeration system in arborescent trees: http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2471695.pdf?refreqid=excelsior:f7ada2418ae07c74255ce5574c6882f0

2. parichnos as primitive lenticels in ancient arboreal forms: http://ezproxy.tcnj.edu:2126/stable/pdf/2470894.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3A5cdb00378aec35505b27332a6931fa8f

More about the Pome Lenticels (in apples)

3. morphology (how they arise and close; number per apple; moisture effects): http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2471695.pdf?refreqid=excelsior:f7ada2418ae07c74255ce5574c6882f0

Formation

4. lenticel formation on shoots: http://ezproxy.tcnj.edu:2126/stable/pdf/2428084.pdf?refreqid=excelsior:cce7996f7ed2324e852efdadc0f01b3f

5. some info of formation/description (+ conditions of closure): http://ezproxy.tcnj.edu:2126/stable/pdf/3624744.pdf?refreqid=excelsior:a40ab28ee280f5f45ac57c05c3c8a836

Structure/Development

6. in pneumatophores of Mangrove species: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/216745465_Structure_of_Lenticels_on_the_Pneumatophores_of_Avicennia_marina_as_Aerating_Device_Deliver_Oxygen_in_Mangrove's_root

7. anatomy and discoloration in mango lenticels: http://www.lib.ku.ac.th/kujn/TAB451083.pdf

8. barrier properties of phellems and lenticels towards water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide: https://watermark.silverchair.com/erl014.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAaAwggGcBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggGNMIIBiQIBADCCAYIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMBdBAoltpdkzjx1RWAgEQgIIBU5y5EAYan2TeYOjttNMlmw3wjqCnnzSDaKPg0UDGfpIVDqUb5c6X-GrxGXRjVNWJZMo3i2_H41esO39SYSSsNmcTr_5sJB5NDvNnbONfQBpOR6hobZFjY9iENDCHaoeiTXsT7gsoh1ccW96VGz_NVCN0k8P-oC862B-aOae_m--6t7l1vhuovttmBgXZPJXahuvyBZkM2k15FwO3esjPotNfC5GDfSz49-lmABxjGmYudES9mEYufz8myAG0O68CzqmwMlp9j_JKBPhZiocH1gTKMS-2EznEzcoPxSLpBIj6VnA_Q484Y1fRJxPYSHZ_fIEw-yIPIB5uDYMFHJ9NE4oif82BUqNyL70LS7KKnJBQYHEzbbYMouiPaIkn8dcrPCIlJb2yrkP33RzQCGlZa87ueSBOAN2eGwNZ3pVO5ZfRcgfrGdH1Ju-Jh7ICPfdh7H05eQ

Significance

9. lenticels, oxygen diffusion, and potential link to cell death in berries https://watermark.silverchair.com/ery039.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAbMwggGvBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggGgMIIBnAIBADCCAZUGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMqdeE_P6VD5z4ZwelAgEQgIIBZurm2pTsLodU7cQUv2b3F_pCjcC4t6HUtUVobNWXh3_eb6nSqgBunEMrQM4lXIj04pezuTjmo2aXtUL7uKE5PW0gQp4NLTgBOQpKdk2lhGxbXhaPArFc2ImMb9ZtdbKghKHITucr1Rn6j-bh4KFkcWuu_4Se7hePvxLx98JHJiW7WNbGqWONawsqXahinoyKt6vEXqtuFn6xi55_o9its3Drc4zhgPEaqdm9qVAI5meFExV1M8MgB6FCSPx0dc-VNff1XL5aA5tQuqzrKAtmsmuVohq3pX0Sdk9QFagAIvX7W1BL4xZxNO6m6biYNiQ9r6KGSTSTSWukw3vB-BbnJCxts7n1XJseEUWURfsjJsxkxAXyM1Ap1iB_pj-M2Qd8QpdzLKIrIihja_ASzgQNObkc6rAqASgI-LC5ym3Zz14AxmwDYvMSO5iHjM9AKuSPCu5VIIYNfKjBlYzUXd4xcTqQtfr7xIs

Formation (continued)

10. relation to stomatal (origins)/phellogenic tissue https://watermark.silverchair.com/eru252.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAAaAwggGcBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggGNMIIBiQIBADCCAYIGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQMv6Xvr05x_EuuBXUzAgEQgIIBU7RZ34m15ovJRw6UpyXviLzZC3BYZ9ZGPCfqMeaAJHxNDeZzoBjEbBopyhNJnZfQy2BYGpqYHc-RonZh7GAkZgloAx97bfR0QmIJn7bDXfoBbCyfHPXgy4LZ7doWzqgJ0YYhrVJDmCQMVbjDWKYGu1ohGH7XF12oUWKXm32BAvse11Sdsfrm4c56wn9JspnUWOGSqX5q_WnPtZrTJy43cTU-_gbRpPifzDRQ1kbYbkeVXyhGzhUOa7z3kgD8m8mh8keFcbqTuU7NHy9AnvktD8jFA94cFO7L0jTWtX0fMrLRH0i1XJ3HCcDqJ6AEYdi7N7_KrtjvmZk8froyf5SeDkInxBxKGppLzKTW8odQYl_tkNZLVf8W6u1ZRP8GQSFFABy5RSTIXkFmQgG7B3FFvdLGAMgj3wHTsRjDl3sosrnUu_6nabtFIVmFlrbZKHb-B32ziw IKontogiannis (talk) 05:31, 14 March 2018 (UTC)[reply]

New Sections and Info

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Hi, below is what I have added to this article that I think is helpful to our Wiki audience.

Evolution

Before there was much evidence for the existence and functionality of lenticels, the fossil record has shown the first primary mechanism of aeration in early vascular plants to be the stomata.[1] However, if there are internal stresses present, stomatal tissue expansion or damage can result. Woody plants, with vascular and cork cambia activity, are prime candidates for the latter. This necessity of aeration structures that combated stomatal damage in the presence of the secondary tissues of these woody plants is where lenticels is believed to have evolved.

The extinct arboreal plants of the genera Lepidodendron and Sigillaria were the first to have distinct aeration structures that rendered these modifications. "Parichnoi" (singular: parichnos) are canal-like structures that, in association with foliar traces of the stem, connected the stem's outer and middle cortex to the mesophyll of the leaf. Parichnoi were thought to eventually give rise to lenticels as they helped solve the issue of long-range oxygen transport in these woody plants during the Carboniferous period. They also evolved to acquire secondary connections as they evolved to become transversely elongated to efficiently aerate the maximum number of vertical rays as well as the central core tissue of the stem.[2] The evolutionary significance of these parichnoi was their functionality in the absence of cauline stomata, where they can also be affected and destroyed by pressure similar to what can damage to stomatal tissue. Evidently, in both conifers and Lepidodendroids, the parichnoi, as the primary lenticular structure, appear as paired structures on either side of leaf scars. The development and increase in the number of these primitive lenticels were key to providing a system that was open for aeration and gas exchange in these plants..[3]

Structure and Development

In plant bodies that produce secondary growth, lenticels promote gas exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water vapor.[4] The formation of lenticels seem to be directly related to the growth and strength of the shoot and on the hydrose of the tissue, which refers to the internal moisture.[5]

Lenticels commonly appear as rough, cork-like structures on young branches of woody plants. Underneath them, porous tissue creates a number of large intercellular spaces between cells. This tissue fills the lenticel and arises from cell division in the phellogen or substomatal ground tissue. Discoloration of lenticels may also occur, such as in mangoes, that may be due to the amount of lignin in cell walls.[6][7]

In oxygen deprived conditions, making respiration a daily challenge, different species may possess specialized structures where lenticels can be found. For example, in a common mangrove species, lenticels appear on pneumatophores (specialized roots), where the parenchyma cells that connect to the aerenchyma structure increase in size and go through cell division.[8] In contrast, lenticels in grapes are located on the pedicels and act as a function of temperature. If they are blocked, hypoxia and successive ethanol accumulation may result and lead to cell death.[9]

Fruits (merge into existing section)

The term lenticel is usually associated with the breakage of periderm tissue that is associated with gas exchange; however, lenticels also refer to the lightly colored spots found on apples (a type of pome fruit). "Lenticel" seems to be the most appropriate term to describe both structures mentioned in light of of their similar function in gas exchange. Pome lenticels can be derived from (1) no longer functioning stomata, (2) epidermal breaks from the removal of trichomes, and (3) other epidermal breaks that usually occur in the early development of young pome fruits. The closing of pome lenticels can arise when the cuticle over the stomata opening or the substomatal layer seals. Closing can also begin if the substomatal cells become suberized, like cork. The number of lenticels usually varies between the species of apples, where the range may be from 450 to 800 or from 1500 to 2500 in Winesap and Spitzenburg apples, respectively. This wide range may be due to the water availability during the early stages of development of each apple type.[10] IKontogiannis (talk) 18:09, 16 April 2018 (UTC)[reply]

References

  1. ^ Matthews, Jack S.A.; Vialet-Charbrand, Silvere R.M.; Lawson, Tracy (June 2017). "Open Access Diurnal Variation in Gas Exchange: The Balance between Carbon Fixation and Water Loss". Plant Physiology. 174: 614-623.
  2. ^ Wetmore, Ralph H. (September 1926). "Organization and Significance of Lenticels in Dicotyledons. I. Lenticels in Relation to Aggregate and Compound Storage Rays in Woody Stems. Lenticels and Roots" (PDF). Botanical Gazette. 82 (1): 71-78.
  3. ^ Hook, Donald D. (December 1972). "Aeration in Trees". Botanical Gazette. 133 (4): 443-454.
  4. ^ Lendzian, Klaus J. (July 4, 2006). "Survival strategies of plants during secondary growth: barrier properties of phellems and lenticels towards water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide". Experimental Botany. 57 (11): 2535-2546.
  5. ^ Priestley, J. H. (December 18, 1922). "Physiological Studies in Plant Anatomy V. Causal Factors in Cork Formation". The New Phytologist. 21 (5): 252-268.
  6. ^ Kenoyer, Leslie A. (Dec. 31, 1908 - Jan. 2, 1909). "Winter Condition of Lenticels". Transactions on the Kansas Academy of Science. 22: 323-326. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  7. ^ Tamjinda, Boonchai (1992). "Anatomy of Lenticels and The Occurrence of Their Discoloration in Mangoes" (PDF). Natural Science Supplement. 26: 57-64.
  8. ^ Purnobasuki, Hery (January 2011). "Structure of Lenticels on the Pneumatophores of Avicennia marina: as Aerating Device Deliver Oxygen in Mangrove's root". Biota. 16 (2): 309-315.
  9. ^ Xiao, Zeyu; Rogiers, Suzy Y.; Sadras, Victor O.; Tyerman, Stephen D. "Hypoxia in grape berries: the role of seed respiration and lenticels on the berry pedicel and the possible link to cell death". Experimental Botany. {{cite journal}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 120 (help)
  10. ^ Clements, Harry F. (September 1935). "Morphology and Physiology of the Pome Lenticels of Pyrus malus". Botanical Gazette. 97 (1): 101-117.
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