Sambas Malay
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| Sambas Malay | |
|---|---|
| Basè Sambas بيس سمبس | |
| Native to | Indonesia (West Kalimantan) |
| Region | Sambas, Bengkayang and Singkawang |
| Ethnicity | Sambas Malays |
Native speakers | (603,111 cited 1982)[1] |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin (Indonesian alphabet) Jawi | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | samb1326 |
 Regencies and cities in West Kalimantan where Sambas Malay is spoken by the majority of the population
Regencies and cities in West Kalimantan where Sambas Malay is spoken by a significant minority of the population | |
Sambas Malay (Sambas Malay: Basè Sambas, Jawi: بيس سمبس) is a Malayic language primarily spoken by the Malay people living in Sambas Regency in the northwestern part of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. It is also widely used in Bengkayang and Singkawang, both of which were formerly part of Sambas Regency before being split in 1999 and 2001 respectively.[2] Sambas Malay is closely related to Sarawak Malay, spoken in the neighboring Malaysian state of Sarawak, particularly in terms of vocabulary. The border between Sambas and Sarawak has fostered a long-standing connection between the Sambas Malay community and the Sarawak Malay community, existing even before the formation of Malaysia and Indonesia.[3] It is also more distantly related to other Malay dialects spoken in West Kalimantan, such as Pontianak Malay, which exhibits significant phonological differences.[4]
In Sambas, Sambas Malay serves as a language of interaction and culture, not just among the Sambas Malay people but also with other ethnic groups. This means that Sambas Malay is not only a means of communication within the community but also plays a vital role in preserving cultural elements such as traditional ceremonies and folklore.[5] Nevertheless, most Sambas Malays are bilingual, speaking both Sambas Malay and standard Indonesian. On the other hand, other ethnic groups in Sambas, such as the Chinese and Dayak, are also proficient in Sambas Malay alongside their native tongue and Indonesian. The language is also the primary language of the Sultanate of Sambas, an Islamic sultanate historically ruling the region, though it no longer holds any political power today.[6]
Classification
[edit]Sambas Malay is a Malayic language. Speakers of Malayic languages are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[7]
Sambas Malay is closely related to Sarawak Malay, sharing significant lexical similarities. For instance, both dialects use words like kamek for I, pangkong for to hit, and maok for want, among others.[3] Some studies classify Sambas Malay as part of the Coastal Borneo Malay language group, which includes Brunei Malay, Berau Malay, Banjarese, and Kutainese.[8] It is also distantly related to Pontianak Malay and other Malay dialects spoken in other parts of West Kalimantan. However, there are significant differences between Sambas Malay and Pontianak Malay, especially in terms of phonology.[9]
Geographic distribution and usage
[edit]See also
[edit]
References
[edit]- ^ Trimantomo et. al. 1985, p. 1.
- ^ Effendy, Chairil; Asfar, Dedy; Syahrani, Agus; Rahayu, Utari; Jupitasari, Mellisa; Febrianti, Binar (2023-09-04). "Fauna Lexicon In Malay Proverbs: Revealing The Symbolic Meaning In The Malay Community of Sambas". Proceedings of the 2nd Biennial International Conference on Safe Community, B-ICSC 2022. doi:10.4108/eai.20-9-2022.2334189. ISBN 978-1-63190-419-6.
- ^ a b Ibrahim, Dayang Fatin Amira Abang (2023). "Tahap Kekerabatan Dialek Melayu Sambas dengan Dialek Melayu Sarawak: Sebuah Penelitian Linguistik Historis Komparatif". Jurnal Antarabangsa Pengajian Kepulauan Melayu (in Malay). 1 (03): 15–15. ISSN 2811-390X.
- ^ Asfar, Dedy Ari (2019-07-05). "Ciri-Ciri Bahasa Melayu Pontianak Berbasis Korpus Lagu Balek Kampong". Tuah Talino (in Indonesian). 13 (1): 1–13. doi:10.26499/tt.v13i1.1474. ISSN 2685-3043.
- ^ Susilo et. al. 1998, p. 1.
- ^ Suhardi, Muhamad; Mulyono, Sri; Aslan, Aslan; Syakhrani, H. Abdul Wahab; Putra, Purniadi (2020-04-05). "Perubahan kurikulum lembaga pendidikan Islam di Sambas pada masa Kesultanan Sambas". Ta'dibuna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam. 9 (1): 034. doi:10.32832/tadibuna.v9i1.2715. ISSN 2622-7215.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
- ^ Jaludin, Haji Chuchu (2003). Dialek Melayu Brunei dalam salasilah Bahasa Melayu purba. Bangi: Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. ISBN 978-967-942-607-6.
- ^ Indriani, Wiwin (3 June 2024). "Ciri Bahasa Melayu Pontianak dengan Varian Melayu Lainnya" (in Indonesian). Radio Republik Indonesia.
Bibliography
[edit]- Susilo, Firman; Sulistyawati, Rr.; Tarno, Slamet; Ramdani, Deden (1998). Fonologi Bahasa Melayu Sambas [Phonology of the Sambas Malay language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture. ISBN 979-459-827-5.
- Muzamil, A.R.; Sulissusiawan, Ahadi; Hartono; Yunus, M. (1997). Sistem Sapaan Bahasa Melayu Sambas [Addressing System in the Sambas Malay Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture. ISBN 979-459-770-8.
- Effendy, Adam; Hijriah, Amanah (2004). Struktur dan Fungsi Kalimat Bahasa Melayu Sambas [Structure and Function of Sentences in the Sambas Malay Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Center, Department of National Education. ISBN 979-685-441-4.
- Trimantomo, Y.; Paimin, Suparmin; Raz., Asniadi M.T.; Umar, Mochtar (1985). Morfosintaksis Bahasa Melayu Sambas [Morphosyntax of the Sambas Malay Language] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Language Development and Cultivation Center, Department of Education and Culture.