Ranks and insignia of the German Women's Auxiliary Services
The Ranks and insignia of German Women's Auxiliary Services were the ranks given to women who served in the German military and paramilitary forces during World War II.
Wehrmacht
[edit]The first female auxiliary service in the Wehrmacht was the Army signals communications female auxiliaries, formed on 1 October 1940. Others followed suit, in the army and in the other services. Until December 1941, recruitment was by volunteer enlistment, but by that date unmarried women in the age group 18–40 years could be drafted into auxiliary service.[1] All female auxiliary services were uniformed and under military discipline, with free rations, quarters and clothing. Yet, they were paid according to civil service pay rates and were not considered members of the armed forces, but auxiliaries of the armed forces. Their ranks did not correspond to military ranks.[2]
Army
[edit]- Nachrichtenhelferinnen (NH) des Heeres
Army signals communications female auxiliaries.
| Insignia (1940–1942) |
|
|
|
|
|
No insignia | ||||
| NH-Hauptführerin | NH-Oberführerin | NH-Führerin | NH-Unterführerin | NH-Oberhelferin | Nachrichtenhelferin | |||||
| Insignia (1942–1945)[3] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No insignia |
| NH-Oberstabsführerin | NH-Stabsführerin | NH-Hauptführerin | NH-Oberführerin | NH-Führerin | NH-Unterführerin | NH-Haupthelferin | NH-Oberhelferin | NH-Vorhelferin | Nachrichtenhelferin |
Navy
[edit]| Insignia[4] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No insignia |
| Marineoberstabsführerin | Marinestabsführerin | Marinehaubtführerin | Marineoberführerin | Marineführerin | Marinehaupthelferin | Marineoberhelferin | Marinevorhelferin | Marinehelferin |
Air force
[edit]- Flugmeldediensthelferinnen (FMDH)
Female air warning service auxiliaries
| Insignia (6 July 1940–2 August 1940)[5][6] |
|
|
|
|
No insignia | |
| Hauptgruppenführerin (Senior work group officer) |
Betriebsgruppenführerin (Work group officer) |
Aufsicht (Warden, supervisor) |
Helferin (Female auxiliary) |
Anwärterin (Applicant) | ||
| Insignia (2 August 1940–26 February 1941)[7] |
|
|
|
|
|
No insignia |
| Kameradschaftsführerin (Comradeship leader) |
Betriebsgruppenführerin (Work group officer) |
Betriebsgruppenunterführerin (Work group junior officer) |
Aufsichtshelferin (Female supervisor auxiliary) |
Flugmeldehelferin (Female air warning auxiliary) |
Anwärterin (Applicant) |
On 26 February 1941, the Flugmelde-Helferinnen were incorporated into the Luftnachrichtenhelferinnen (Luftwaffe female signals communications auxiliaries).
- Luftnachrichtenhelferinnen (LNH)
| Insignia[8] |
|
|
|
|
| Luftnachrichten-Flugmelde | Luftnachrichten-Flugmelde-Stabsführerin | Luftnachrichten-Flugmelde-Hauptführerin | Luftnachrichten-Flugmelde-Oberführerin | Luftnachrichten-Flugmelde-Führerin |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Luftnachrichten-Betriebs | Luftnachrichten-Betriebs-Oberführerin | Luftnachrichten-Betriebs-Führerin | ||
| Insignia[8] | 
|
|
|
|
| Luftnachrichten-Flugmelde | Luftnachrichten-Flugmelde-Haupthelferin (major plane spotter auxiliary) |
Luftnachrichten-Flugmelde-Oberhelferin (senior plane spotter auxiliary) |
Luftnachrichten-Flugmelde-Helferin (plane spotter auxiliary) |
Luftnachrichten-Flugmelde-Anwärterin (applicant) |
| Luftnachrichten-Betriebs | Luftnachrichten-Betriebs-Haupthelferin (major plane spotter auxiliary) |
Luftnachrichten-Betriebs-Oberhelferin (senior plane spotter auxiliary) |
Luftnachrichten-Betriebs-Helferin (plane spotter auxiliary) |
Luftnachrichten-Betriebs-Anwärterin (applicant) |
- Flakwaffenhelferinnen
Female anti-aircraft auxiliaries 1944.
| Insignia[9] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No insignia |
| Flakw. Stabsführerin | Flakw. Hauptführerin | Flakw. Oberführerin | Flakw. Führerin | Flakw. Obertruppführerin | Flakw. Truppführerin | Flakw. Oberhelferin | Flakw. Helferin |
- Luftschutzwarndiensthelferinnen
Civil defence air-raid warning service female auxiliaries.
| Insignia[10] |
|
|
|
|
No insignia |
| LS-Warndienst-Oberführerin | LS-Warndienst-Führerin | LS-Warndienst-Hapthelferin | LS-Warndienst-Oberhelferin | LS-Warndienst-Helferin |
Wehrmachthelferinnenkorps
[edit]On 29 November 1944 all female auxiliary organizations, except the Civil defence air-raid warning service female auxiliaries, were merged into one corps, the Wehrmacht Female Auxiliary Corps.[11]
| Insignia[12] | 
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No insignia |
| Oberstabsführerin | Stabsführerin | Hauptdienstführerin | Oberdienstführerin | Dienstführerin | Obertruppführerin | Truppführerin | Haupthelferin | Oberhelferin | Helferin |
Ordnungspolizei
[edit]- Helferinnen der Ordnungspolizei
During the war, the female civilian employees of the Ordnungspolizei were augmented with drafted female police auxiliaries; Stabshelferinnen performed office work, Nachrichtenhelferinnen worked with signals communications, while Kraftfahrhelferinnen drove automobiles.[13]
Rank insignia for Female Police Auxiliaries was introduced in 1944. The three ranks were Führerin, Unterführerin and Helferin.[14]
- Feuerwehr-Helferinnen
Female fire fighting auxiliaries were drafted into the fire service from 1943.[15]
Rank insignia for Female Fire Fighting Auxiliaries was introduced in 1944.
| Insignia[15] |
|
|
|
|
No insignia |
| Kreishelferin d. Fw. | Unterkreishelferin d. Fw. | Haupthelferin d. Fw. | Oberhelferin d. Fw. | Helferin d. Fw. |
Paramilitary
[edit]Female Reich Labour Service, Auxiliary War Service
[edit]During the war, the six months mandatory service in the Female Reich Labour Service was extended with another six months in the Kriegshilfsdienst (the auxiliary war service).[16] The auxiliary war service of RAD was prolonged with another six months in April 1944, and at the end of November all time limits for service were removed. The majority of the additional draft of 150,000 young women were to serve in the Luftwaffe air defenses.[17] They should not be confused with the Flakwaffenhelferinnen of the Luftwaffe.[18] They formed special RAD-Flak units with RAD uniforms.[19] While female Wehrmacht personnel saw extensive deployment throughout German-occupied Europe, members of the RAD Auxiliary War Service only served within the borders of Germany.[20]
| Insignia[21] |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
No insignia |
| Stabshauptführerin* | Stabsoberführerin* | Stabsführerin* | Maidenhauptführerin* | Maidenoberführerin* | Maidenführerin* | Maidenunterführerin* | Jungführerin | Kameradschaftsälteste | Arbeitsmaid | |
| * = professional leaders[22] | ||||||||||
References
[edit]- ^ Williamson 2003, p. 4.
- ^ United States War Department 1945, p. 12.
- ^ Williamson 2003, p. 7.
- ^ Williamson 2003, pp. 13–14.
- ^ Schlicht & Angolia 1999, p. 518.
- ^ Davis 2001, p. 246.
- ^ Schlicht & Angolia 1999, p. 519.
- ^ a b Davis 2001, p. 248.
- ^ Williamson 2003, p. 20.
- ^ Williamson 2003, p. 19.
- ^ Absalon 1995, p. 470.
- ^ Williamson 2003, p. 10.
- ^ Deuster 2009, p. 188.
- ^ Deuster 2009, p. 194.
- ^ a b Deuster 2009, p. 263.
- ^ Heineman 1999, p. 65.
- ^ Kompisch 2008, pp. 229–230.
- ^ Cassin-Scott 1980, p. 31.
- ^ Maubach 2009, p. 350.
- ^ Krimmer 2018, p. 34.
- ^ Williamson 2003, p. 23.
- ^ Amtliches Werk 1943, p. 230.
Bibliography
[edit]- Absalon, Rudolf (1995). Die Wehrmacht im Dritten Reich: 19. Dezember 1941 bis 9. Mai 1945 (in German). H. Boldt. ISBN 978-3764619404.
- Cassin-Scott, Jack (1980). Women at War. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-0850453492.
- Davis, Brian L. (2001). Uniforms and Insignia of the Luftwaffe, Vol 2 (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-1854091079.
- Deuster, Dieter (2009). Deutsche Polizei-Uniformen 1936-1945 (in German). Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3613031050.
- Heineman, Elisabeth D. (1999). What Difference Does a Husband Make?: Women and Marital Status in Nazi and Postwar Germany. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520937314.
- Kompisch, Kathrin (2008). Täterinnen: Frauen im Nationalsozialismus (in German). Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 978-3412201883.
- Krimmer, Elisabeth (2018). German Women's Life Writing and the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1108563758.
- Maubach, Franka (2009). Die Stellung halten: Kriegserfahrungen und Lebensgeschichten von Wehrmachthelferinnen (in German). Vandenhoek & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3525361672.
- Amtliches Werk (1943). Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I (in German). Reichsministerium des Innern.
- Schlicht, Adolf; Angolia, John R. (1999). Die deutsche Wehrmacht - Uniformierung und Ausrüstung 1933-1945, Band 3: Die Luftwaffe (in German). Stuttgart: Motorbuch Verlag. ISBN 978-3613020016.
- United States War Department (1945). Handbook on German military forces, part I (TM-E 30-451). Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.
- Williamson, Gordon (2003). World War II German Women's Auxiliary Services. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1841764078.