Comparative army officer ranks of Africa

Rank comparison chart of officer ranks for armies/land forces of African states.

Officers

Rank group	General / flag officers					Senior officers				Junior officers
Algerian Land Forces^[1] v t e
		فريق أول‎‎ Farīq 'awwal	فريق Farīq	لواء Liwāʾ	عميد 'Amīd	عقيد 'Aqīd		مقدم Muqaddam	رائد Rā'id	نقيب Naqīb	ملازم أول Mulāzim 'awwal		ملازم Mulāzim
		Général d'armée	Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Angolan Army^[2] v t e
Angolan Army^[2] v t e		General de exército	General	Tenente-general	Brigadeiro	Coronel		Tenente-coronel	Mayor	Capitão	Tenente		Sub-tenente
Benin Army^[3] v t e
Benin Army^[3] v t e		Général d'armée	Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Botswana Ground Force^[4] v t e
Botswana Ground Force^[4] v t e			Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	First lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Burkina Faso Ground Forces^[5] v t e
Burkina Faso Ground Forces^[5] v t e		Général d'armée	Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel-major	Colonel	Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Burundi Army^[6] v t e
		Général	Lieutenant-général	Général-major	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Major	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
		Jenerai	Riyetena jenerai	Jenerai majoro	Jenerai wa birigade	Koroneri		Riyetena koroneri	Majoro	Kapitene	Riyetena		Suriyetena
Cameroon Ground Forces v t e
Cameroon Ground Forces v t e		Général d'armée	Général de corps	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-Colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-Lieutenant
Cape Verdean National Guard^[7] v t e
Cape Verdean National Guard^[7] v t e				Major-general	Brigadeiro-general	Coronel		Tenente-coronel	Major	Capitão	Primeiro tenente	Tenente		Subtenente
Central African Ground Forces v t e
Central African Ground Forces v t e		Général d'armée	Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-Lieutenant
Chadian Ground Forces v t e
Chadian Ground Forces v t e	Maréchal	Général d'armée	Général de corps	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-Colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-Lieutenant
Comorian Army v t e
Comorian Army v t e				Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-Lieutenant
Land Forces of the DR Congo v t e
Land Forces of the DR Congo v t e		Général d'armée	Lieutenant-général	Général-major	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Major	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Rank group	General / flag officers					Senior officers				Junior officers
Congolese Ground Forces^[8] v t e
Congolese Ground Forces^[8] v t e		Général d'armée	Général de corps	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-Colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Djiboutian Army v t e
Djiboutian Army v t e				Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Egyptian Army^[9] v t e
Egyptian Army^[9] v t e	مشیر Mushir	فريق أول‎‎ Fariq 'awal	فريق Fariq	لواء Liwa	عميد Amid	عقيد Aqid		مقدم Muqaddam	رائد Ra'id	نقيب Naqib	ملازم أول Mulazim awwal		ملازم Mulazim
Army of Equatorial Guinea v t e
Army of Equatorial Guinea v t e				General de division	General de brigada	Coronel		Teniente coronel	Comandante	Capitán	Teniente		Alférez
Eritrean Army v t e
Eritrean Army v t e				Major general	Brigadier general	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	First lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Ethiopian Ground Forces^[10] v t e
Ethiopian Ground Forces^[10] v t e	የፊልድ ማርሻል ጄኔራል Yefīlidi marishali jēnērali	ጄነራል Jēnerali	ሌተናል ጄነራል Lētenali jēnerali	ሜጀር ጄነራል Mējeri jēnerali	ብርጋዴር ጄነራል Birigadēri jēnerali	ኮሎኔል Kolonēli		ሌተናንት ኮሎኔል Lētenaniti kolonēli	ሻለቃ Shalek’a	ሻምበል Shamibeli	የመቶ ዓለቃ Yemeto ‘alek’a		ምክትል የመቶ ዓለቃ Mikitili yemeto ‘alek’a
Gabonese Army^[11] v t e
Gabonese Army^[11] v t e		Général d'armée	Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-Lieutenant
Gambian National Army v t e
Gambian National Army v t e		General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier general	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	First lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Ghana Army v t e
Ghana Army v t e	Field marshal	General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Guinea Ground Forces v t e
Guinea Ground Forces v t e		Général d'armée	Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Army of Guinea-Bissau v t e
Army of Guinea-Bissau v t e		General	Tenente-general	Major-general	Brigadeir-general	Coronel		Tenente-coronel	Major	Capitão	Primeiro tenente	Tenente		Subtenente
Ivory Coast Ground Forces^[12] v t e
Ivory Coast Ground Forces^[12] v t e		Général d'armée	Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel-major	Colonel	Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Kenya Army^[13] v t e
Kenya Army^[13] v t e	Commander-in-Chief	General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Lesotho Army^[14] v t e
Lesotho Army^[14] v t e	Field marshal		Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Liberian Ground Forces^[15] v t e
Liberian Ground Forces^[15] v t e			Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier general	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	First lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Rank group	General / flag officers					Senior officers				Junior officers
Libyan Ground Forces^[16] v t e
Libyan Ground Forces^[16] v t e	مشير Mushir	فريق أول‎‎ Fariq 'awal	فريق Fariq	لواء Liwa	عميد Amid	عقيد Aqid		مقدم Muqaddam	رائد Ra'id	نقيب Naqib	ملازم أول Mulazim awwal		ملازم Mulazim
Madagascar Ground Forces^[17] v t e
Madagascar Ground Forces^[17] v t e		Général d'armée	Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Malawi Army v t e
Malawi Army v t e		General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Malian Army^[18] v t e
Malian Army^[18] v t e		Général d'armée	Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel-major	Colonel	Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Mauritanian National Army^[19] v t e
Mauritanian National Army^[19] v t e			فريق Fariq	لواء Liwa		عميد Amid		مقدم Muqaddam	رائد Ra'id	نقيب Naqib	ملازم أول Mulazim awwal		ملازم Mulazim
Mauritius	No army
Royal Moroccan Army^[20] v t e
Royal Moroccan Army^[20] v t e	Maréchal	Général d'armée	Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel-major	Colonel	Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Mozambican Army v t e
Mozambican Army v t e		Coronel-general	Tenente-general	Major-general		Coronel		Tenente-coronel	Major	Capitão	Tenente		Alferes
Namibian Army^[21] v t e
Namibian Army^[21] v t e		General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier general	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Niger Army^[22] v t e
Niger Army^[22] v t e		Général d'armée	Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Nigerian Army^[23] v t e
Nigerian Army^[23] v t e	Field marshal	General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier-general	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Rwandan Land Forces^[24] v t e
Rwandan Land Forces^[24] v t e		General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier general	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Rank group	General / flag officers					Senior officers				Junior officers
Army of São Tomé and Príncipe v t e
Army of São Tomé and Príncipe v t e					Brigadeiro	Coronel		Tenente-coronel	Major	Capitão	Tenente		Alferes
Senegalese Army v t e
Senegalese Army v t e			Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Seychelles Army^[25] v t e
Seychelles Army^[25] v t e					Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Sierra Leone Army v t e
Sierra Leone Army v t e		General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	First lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Somali National Army^[26] v t e
Somali National Army^[26] v t e			Sareeye guud	Sareeye gaas	Sareeye guuto	Gashaanle sare		Gashaanle dhexe	Gashaanle	Dhamme	Laba xídígle		Xídígle
Somaliland National Army v t e
Somaliland National Army v t e			Sareeye guud	Sareeye gaas	Sareeye guuto	Gashaanle sare		Gashaanle dhexe	Gashaanle	Dhamme	Laba xídígle		Xídígle
South African Army^[27] v t e
South African Army^[27] v t e		General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier general	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
South Sudan Army v t e
South Sudan Army v t e	Field marshal	General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	First lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Sudanese Army^[28] v t e
Sudanese Army^[28] v t e	مشیر Mushir	فريق أول‎‎ Fariq 'awal	فريق Fariq	لواء Liwa	عميد Amid	عقيد Aqid		مقدم Muqaddam	رائد Ra'id	نقيب Naqib	ملازم أول Mulazim awwal		ملازم Mulazim
Eswatini Army v t e
Eswatini Army v t e	Field marshal	General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		2nd lieutenant
Tanzanian Army v t e
Tanzanian Army v t e		Jenerali	Luteni jenerali	Meja jenerali	Brigedia jenerali	Kanali		Luteni kanali	Meja	Kapteni	Luteni		Luteni usu
Togolese Army^[29] v t e
Togolese Army^[29] v t e				Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel		Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Tunisian Army^[30] v t e
			فريق أول Fariq 'awal	فريق Fariq	أمير لواء 'amir liwa'	عميد Amid	عقيد Aqid	مقدم Muqaddam	رائد Ra'id	نقيب Naqib	ملازم أول Mulazim awwal		ملازم Mulazim
			Général de corps d'armée	Général de division	Général de brigade	Colonel-major	Colonel	Lieutenant-colonel	Commandant	Capitaine	Lieutenant		Sous-lieutenant
Ugandan Land Forces^[31] v t e
Ugandan Land Forces^[31] v t e		General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second Lieutenant
Zambian Army v t e
Zambian Army v t e		General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Zimbabwe National Army^[32] v t e
Zimbabwe National Army^[32] v t e		General	Lieutenant general	Major general	Brigadier	Colonel		Lieutenant colonel	Major	Captain	Lieutenant		Second lieutenant
Rank group	General / flag officers					Senior officers				Junior officers

References

^ "Ranks". mdn.dz. Ministry of National Defence (Algeria). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
^ "Postos do Exército". faa.ao (in Portuguese). Angolan Army. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
^ "LOI N° 2005-43 DU 26 JUIN 2006" (PDF). ilo.org (in French). National Assembly (Benin). 26 June 2006. pp. 19–20, 35–36. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
^ "Ranks". Government of Botswana. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
^ "LOI N° 037-2016/AN PORTANT CONDITIONS D'AVANCEMENT DES PERSONNELS D'ACTIVE DES FORCES ARMEES NATIONALES" (PDF) (in French). 2015. pp. 17–21. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
^ "Loi organique N°1/ 04 du 20 février 2017 portant Missions, Organisation, Composition, Instruction, Conditions de service et Fonctionnement de la Force de Défense Nationale du Burundi" (PDF). fdnb.bi/ (in French). Government of Burundi. p. 45. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
^ "Patente". fa.gov.cv (in Portuguese). Cape Verdean Armed Forces. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
^ "Grades appellations distinctions". defense.gouv.cg (in French). Ministry of National Defense (Republic of the Congo). Retrieved 7 June 2021.
^ "Ranks of Military Officers". mod.gov.eg. Ministry of Defense (Egypt). Retrieved 30 May 2021.
^ "Ethiopia introduces its first Field Marshal rank amid changes to insignia". ethiopiancitizen.com. 8 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
^ "Nos Galons". Ministère de la Défense nationale. 20 August 2021. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2024.
^ "GRADES / APPELLATIONS / DISTINCTIONS". defense.gouv.ci (in French). Ministère de la Défense. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
^ "KDF Ranks". mod.go.ke. Ministry of Defence - Kenya. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
^ "Ranks in the Army". Lesotho Defence Force. Retrieved 5 May 2021.
^ "Defense Act of 2008" (PDF). 3 September 2008. p. 8. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
^ Tartter, Jean R. (1989). "National Security". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Libya: a country study. Area Handbook (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 270–271. LCCN 88600480. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
^ "LOI N° 96-029 portant Statut Général des Militaires" (PDF). defense.gov.mg (in French). Ministry of Defence (Madagascar). 15 November 1996. p. 2. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
^ "2011 - Plaquette sur les insignes et blasons des Forces Armées du Mali" (in French). 23 April 2011. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
^ "رتب الضباط" [Officer ranks]. armee.mr/ (in Arabic). Armed Forces of Mauritania. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
^ Ehrenreich, Frederich (1985). "National Security". In Nelson, Harold D. (ed.). Morocco: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American University. pp. 350–351. LCCN 85600265. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
^ "Government Notice" (PDF). Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. Vol. 4547. 20 August 2010. pp. 99–102. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
^ Bureau international des droits des enfants (December 2012). "État des Lieux: Formation des forces de défense et de sécurité sur les droit de l'enfant au Niger" (PDF) (in French). p. 34. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
^ Smaldone, Joseph P. (1992). "National Security". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Nigeria: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 296–297. LCCN 92009026. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
^ "RDF Insignia". mod.gov.rw. Government of the Republic of Rwanda. Retrieved 12 June 2021.
^ "Rank structure". spdf.sc. Seychelles People's Defence Forces. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
^ Ehrenreich, Frederick (1982). "National Security". In Nelson, Harold N. (ed.). Somalia: a country study (PDF). Area Handbook (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 257. Retrieved 21 October 2021.
^ "Uniform: Rank insignia". army.mil.za. Department of Defence (South Africa). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
^ "الرتب العسكرية" [Military ranks]. mod.gov.sd/ (in Arabic). Republic of Sudan Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
^ "Journal officiel de la république togolaise" (PDF) (in French). 12 February 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
^ "Décret n° 72-380 du 6 décembre 1972, portant Statut particulier des militaires". legislation-securite.tn (in French). Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance. 6 December 1972. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
^ "Uganda Peoples' Defence Forces Act" (PDF). The Uganda Gazette. CXII (46). Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation: 1851–1854. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
^ Ehrenreich, Frederick (1983). "National Security". In Nelson, Harold D. (ed.). Zimbabwe: a Country Study. Area Handbook (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 267. LCCN 83-11946. Retrieved 5 July 2022.

[Algeria-1] "Ranks". mdn.dz. Ministry of National Defence (Algeria). Retrieved 30 May 2021.

[Angola_Army-2] "Postos do Exército". faa.ao (in Portuguese). Angolan Army. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.

[Benin-3] "LOI N° 2005-43 DU 26 JUIN 2006" (PDF). ilo.org (in French). National Assembly (Benin). 26 June 2006. pp. 19–20, 35–36. Retrieved 13 June 2021.

[Botswana-4] "Ranks". Government of Botswana. Archived from the original on 26 August 2016. Retrieved 22 September 2016.

[BurkinaFaso1-5] "LOI N° 037-2016/AN PORTANT CONDITIONS D'AVANCEMENT DES PERSONNELS D'ACTIVE DES FORCES ARMEES NATIONALES" (PDF) (in French). 2015. pp. 17–21. Retrieved 3 June 2021.

[Burundi-6] "Loi organique N°1/ 04 du 20 février 2017 portant Missions, Organisation, Composition, Instruction, Conditions de service et Fonctionnement de la Force de Défense Nationale du Burundi" (PDF). fdnb.bi/ (in French). Government of Burundi. p. 45. Retrieved 27 June 2021.

[CapeVerde_Army-7] "Patente". fa.gov.cv (in Portuguese). Cape Verdean Armed Forces. Retrieved 26 May 2021.

[RepublicoftheCongo-8] "Grades appellations distinctions". defense.gouv.cg (in French). Ministry of National Defense (Republic of the Congo). Retrieved 7 June 2021.

[9] "Ranks of Military Officers". mod.gov.eg. Ministry of Defense (Egypt). Retrieved 30 May 2021.

[Ethiopia_Army-10] "Ethiopia introduces its first Field Marshal rank amid changes to insignia". ethiopiancitizen.com. 8 January 2022. Retrieved 10 January 2022.

[Gabon-11] "Nos Galons". Ministère de la Défense nationale. 20 August 2021. Archived from the original on 30 August 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2024.

[IvoryCoast-12] "GRADES / APPELLATIONS / DISTINCTIONS". defense.gouv.ci (in French). Ministère de la Défense. Retrieved 23 September 2020.

[Kenya-13] "KDF Ranks". mod.go.ke. Ministry of Defence - Kenya. Retrieved 9 December 2022.

[Lesotho-14] "Ranks in the Army". Lesotho Defence Force. Retrieved 5 May 2021.

[Liberia-15] "Defense Act of 2008" (PDF). 3 September 2008. p. 8. Retrieved 20 November 2017.

[Libya-16] Tartter, Jean R. (1989). "National Security". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Libya: a country study. Area Handbook (4th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 270–271. LCCN 88600480. Retrieved 28 October 2021.

[Madagascar-17] "LOI N° 96-029 portant Statut Général des Militaires" (PDF). defense.gov.mg (in French). Ministry of Defence (Madagascar). 15 November 1996. p. 2. Retrieved 10 July 2021.

[Mali-18] "2011 - Plaquette sur les insignes et blasons des Forces Armées du Mali" (in French). 23 April 2011. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2020.

[Mauritania_Officer-19] "رتب الضباط" [Officer ranks]. armee.mr/ (in Arabic). Armed Forces of Mauritania. Retrieved 10 June 2021.

[Morocco-20] Ehrenreich, Frederich (1985). "National Security". In Nelson, Harold D. (ed.). Morocco: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: American University. pp. 350–351. LCCN 85600265. Retrieved 16 September 2023.

[Namibia-21] "Government Notice" (PDF). Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. Vol. 4547. 20 August 2010. pp. 99–102. Retrieved 20 December 2021.

[Niger-22] Bureau international des droits des enfants (December 2012). "État des Lieux: Formation des forces de défense et de sécurité sur les droit de l'enfant au Niger" (PDF) (in French). p. 34. Retrieved 28 September 2020.

[Nigeria-23] Smaldone, Joseph P. (1992). "National Security". In Metz, Helen Chapin (ed.). Nigeria: a country study. Area Handbook (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. pp. 296–297. LCCN 92009026. Retrieved 21 October 2021.

[Rwanda-24] "RDF Insignia". mod.gov.rw. Government of the Republic of Rwanda. Retrieved 12 June 2021.

[Seychelles-25] "Rank structure". spdf.sc. Seychelles People's Defence Forces. Retrieved 4 June 2021.

[Somalia-26] Ehrenreich, Frederick (1982). "National Security". In Nelson, Harold N. (ed.). Somalia: a country study (PDF). Area Handbook (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 257. Retrieved 21 October 2021.

[SouthAfrica_Army-27] "Uniform: Rank insignia". army.mil.za. Department of Defence (South Africa). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 29 May 2021.

[Sudan-28] "الرتب العسكرية" [Military ranks]. mod.gov.sd/ (in Arabic). Republic of Sudan Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 19 November 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2021.

[Togo-29] "Journal officiel de la république togolaise" (PDF) (in French). 12 February 2008. Retrieved 16 June 2021.

[Tunisia-30] "Décret n° 72-380 du 6 décembre 1972, portant Statut particulier des militaires". legislation-securite.tn (in French). Geneva Centre for Security Sector Governance. 6 December 1972. Retrieved 22 December 2021.

[Uganda_Army-31] "Uganda Peoples' Defence Forces Act" (PDF). The Uganda Gazette. CXII (46). Uganda Printing and Publishing Corporation: 1851–1854. 18 September 2019. Retrieved 29 May 2021.

[ZimbabweOfficer-32] Ehrenreich, Frederick (1983). "National Security". In Nelson, Harold D. (ed.). Zimbabwe: a Country Study. Area Handbook (3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. p. 267. LCCN 83-11946. Retrieved 5 July 2022.

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Officers

See also

References