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Danish Social Liberal Party

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Danish Social Liberal Party
Radikale Venstre
AbbreviationRV
B[a]
LeaderMartin Lidegaard
ChairmanMikkel Irminger Sarbo
Founded21 May 1905; 119 years ago (1905-05-21)
Split fromVenstre
HeadquartersChristiansborg
1240 København K, Denmark
NewspaperRadikal Politik
Youth wingRadikal Ungdom
Membership (2022)Decrease 5,945[1]
IdeologySocial liberalism
Pro-Europeanism
Political positionCentre to centre-left[4]
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
European Parliament groupRenew Europe
International affiliationLiberal International
Nordic affiliationCentre Group
Colours
  •   Magenta (official)
  •   Navy blue
  •   Purple (customary)
Folketing[5]
7 / 179[b]
European Parliament
1 / 14
Regions[6]
8 / 205
Municipalities[7]
91 / 2,432
Mayors
1 / 98
Election symbol
B
B
Party flag
Flag of the Danish Social Liberal Party
Website
radikale.dk Edit this at Wikidata

The Danish Social Liberal Party (Danish: Radikale Venstre, RV, lit. 'Radical Left') is a social-liberal[13] political party in Denmark.[8] The party was founded as a split from the Venstre Reform Party in 1905.[9][10][11][12]

Historically, the centrist[14][15] party has played a central role in Danish politics and has supported governments on both sides of the political spectrum, as co-operation is a primary belief of the party.[16] A pro-European party, it is a member of Liberal International and the ALDE, and has two MEPs in the Renew Europe group in the European Parliament.

History

[edit]

1905–1930s

[edit]
Carl Theodor Zahle served as the first Social Liberal Prime Minister from 1909 to 1910 and again from 1913 to 1920.
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The party was founded in 1905 as a split from the Venstre. The initial impetus was the expulsion of Venstre's antimilitarist wing from the party in January 1905. The expelled members held a founding conference for the new party in Odense, on 21 May 1905. In addition to the differences over military spending, the social liberals also took a more positive view than Venstre towards measures that aimed to reduce social inequality. The party also became the political leg of the cultural radical movement. The party was cautiously open to aspects of the welfare state, and also advocated reforms to improve the position of smallholders, an important early group of supporters.[17][18] The party's social-liberal ideals are said to have been inspired by the political economists Henry George and John Stuart Mill.[19] Until 1936 party was member of the International Entente of Radical and Similar Democratic Parties.

The first Social Liberal Cabinet was formed in 1909 with Carl Theodor Zahle serving as Prime Minister (1909–1910). From 1913 to 1920, Zahle led the second Social Liberal Cabinet with the Social Democrats serving as parliamentary support, keeping Denmark neutral during World War I. During the Great Depression of the 1930s, the party served as coalition partners along with the Social Democrats, led by Prime Minister Thorvald Stauning, and managed to lead the country through the recession by implementing far-reaching social reforms.[16]

Post-World War II

[edit]

After 1945, the party continued with its pragmatic ways, influencing either as coalition partner as parliamentary support. From 1957 to 1964 they served as coalition partners in a Social Democratic led government, while Hilmar Baunsgaard served as Prime Minister 1968–1971 in a coalition government with Venstre and the Conservative People's Party as partners. In the 1968 general elections the party reached an all-time high of 15% of the vote, while they only received 11.2% in the 1973 landslide election.

During the 1980s the party served either as parliamentary support or as coalition partner in various Conservative led governments.

After an all-time low in the 1990 general elections (where the party only received 3.5% of the vote), the party once again started cooperating with the Social Democrats under leadership of Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, participating in a coalition government in 1993.[16]

2001–present

[edit]

In the early 2000s, the political scene was marked by "bloc"-politics, with "blue bloc" being led by Venstre and "red bloc" by the Social Democrats. The Danish People's Party overtook the Social Liberals' key position as prime candidate for parliamentary support. Furthermore, the DPP's anti-immigrant policies made the Social Liberals profile themselves as a progressive party being pro-globalisation, pro-EU and more tolerant towards refugees and immigrants. At the same time the party profiled itself on reforming the welfare system, campaigning to abolish "efterløn" and lower taxes. As such the party served to unite a modern social profile with a more liberal economic profile. This served to appeal the more well-educated urbanised parts of the country, resulting in 9.2% of the vote at the 2005 general elections.[16]

In a 2006 press release, they tried to mark themselves as once again being able to lead a government, doing away with the presumption of the party only being able to serve as government partner or parliamentary support.[20] The strategy proved unpopular both among voters and within the party itself.[21] On 7 May 2007 MP Naser Khader and MEP Anders Samuelsen left the party and formed the New Alliance, known today as the Liberal Alliance, along with Conservative MEP Gitte Seeberg.[16] At a press conference on 15 June 2007, it was announced that MP Margrethe Vestager would take over leadership of the party after Marianne Jelved, and that the party would rethink its strategy. The party returned to its historical role as possible coalition partner and at the political centre of Danish politics.[22] Vestager clarified during the run-up to the 2007 general election that her party would only be supporting a government led by the Social Democrats. Still, the party only won 5.1% of the vote.

At the subsequent 2011 general elections, the party support rose to 9.5% and regained eight seats to resume a total of 17. Together with the Social Democrats and the Socialist People's Party, they formed a three-way government coalition.

On 31 August 2014, Prime Minister Helle Thorning-Schmidt nominated Margrethe Vestager as Denmark's EU Commissioner, resulting in her resignation as party leader. The party's parliamentary group subsequently elected Morten Østergaard as new leader.[23]

At the 2015 general elections, the party lost nine out of 17 seats and was reduced to 4.6%. The party lost a share of its voters to the newly formed The Alternative, a Green political party formed by former member of the party Uffe Elbæk.[24]

At the 2019 general elections, the party rose to 8.6% of the vote, doubling its number of seats to 16. Østergaard stated that he would support a government led by the Social Democrats only if changes would be made to the previous government's strict immigration policies.[25]

On 7 October 2020, Morten Østergaard stepped down as leader of the party following allegations of sexual harassment from within the party. Sofie Carsten Nielsen was elected new leader the same day.[26]

Nielsen resigned on 2 November 2022, following the loss of nine out of 16 seats in the 2022 Danish general election. The Social Liberal Party had instigated the election by threatening a vote of no confidence against Mette Frederiksen's government in July 2022 due to the 2020 Danish mink cull.[27][28] One day later, Martin Lidegaard became leader of the party.[29]

Relationship to other parties

[edit]

The Danish Social Liberal Party has traditionally kept itself in the centre of the political scale. Since the early 1990s, though, it has primarily cooperated with the Social Democrats. Internationally, the party has cooperated with the Swedish Centre Party and Liberals, the Norwegian Venstre party, the Dutch Democrats 66, and the British Liberal Democrats.[citation needed]

Etymology

[edit]

The literal translation of the party's name Radical Left refers to its origin as the historically radical wing of its parent party Venstre (Left). In a modern context, this literal translation is somewhat misleading, as the party is considered to be centrist in the Danish political spectrum. The use of Left in the name of the party, as with the Norwegian party Venstre, is meant to refer to liberalism and not modern left-wing politics. The Danish Venstre was originally to the left of the conservative and aristocratic right-wing party Højre, whose name meant Right.[citation needed]

Prominent members

[edit]

Prime Ministers

[edit]
  • Carl Theodor Zahle, Prime Minister 1909–1910 and 1913–1920, (Minister of Justice 1929–1935)
  • Erik Scavenius, Prime Minister 1942–1945 (de facto until 29 August 1943), (Foreign Minister 1909–1910, 1913–1920 and 1940–1943 de facto/–1945 de jure )
  • Hilmar Baunsgaard, Prime Minister 1968–1971, (Trade Minister 1961–1964)

Other ministers

[edit]
  • Edvard Brandes, Finance Minister 1909–1910 and 1913–1920
  • Christopher Krabbe, Defence Minister 1909–1910
  • Peter Rochegune Munch, Minister of the Interior 1909–1910, Defence Minister 1913–1920, Foreign Minister 1929–1940
  • Poul Christensen, Agriculture Minister 1909–1910
  • Ove Rode, Minister of the Interior 1913–1920
  • J. Hassing-Jørgensen, Minister for Public Works 1913–1920
  • Kristjan Pedersen, Agriculture Minister 1913–1920
  • Bertel Dahlgaard, Minister of the Interior 1929–1940, Minister for Economic Affairs and Minister for Nordic Co-operation 1957–1960
  • Jørgen Jørgensen, Education Minister 1935–1940, 1942–1942, 1957–1960, Minister of the Interior 1942–1943
  • A. M. Hansen, Education Minister 1945–1945
  • Kjeld Philip, Trade Minister 1957–1960, Finance Minister 1960–1961, Minister for Economic Affairs 1961–1962
  • Karl Skytte, Agriculture Minister 1957–1964
  • A. C. Normann, Fishery Minister 1960–1964, Fishery Minister and Minister for Greenland 1968–1971
  • Helge Larsen, Education Minister 1968–1971
  • Lauge Dahlgaard, Labour Minister 1968–1971
  • Jens Bilgrav-Nielsen, Energy Minister 1988–1990
  • Kristen Helveg Petersen, Education Minister 1961–1964, Minister of Culture 1968–1971
  • Niels Helveg Petersen, Minister for Economic Affairs 1988–1990, Foreign Minister 1993–2000
  • Ole Vig Jensen, Minister of Culture 1988–1990, Education Minister, 1993–1998, Church Minister, 1996–1998
  • Lone Dybkjær, Minister for the Environment 1988–1990
  • Aase Olesen, Social Minister 1988–1990
  • Ebbe Lundgaard, Minister of Culture 1996–1998
  • Elsebeth Gerner Nielsen, Minister of Culture 1998–2001
  • Marianne Jelved, Minister for Economic Affairs 1993–2001, Minister for Nordic Co-operation 1994–2001, Minister for Culture 2012–2015
  • Margrethe Vestager, Education Minister 1998–2001, Church Minister 1998–2000, Minister for Economic and Interior Affairs 2011–2014
  • Anita Bay Bundegaard, Minister for Development Cooperation 2000–2001
  • Johannes Lebech, Church Minister 2000–2001
  • Christian Friis Bach, Minister for Development Cooperation 2011–2013
  • Uffe Elbæk, Minister of Culture 2011–2012
  • Morten Østergaard, Minister for Research, Innovation and Higher Education 2011–2014, Minister for Taxation 2014–2014 Minister for Economic and Interior Affairs 2014-2015
  • Martin Lidegaard, Minister for Climate and Energy 2011–2014, Minister for Foreign Affairs 2014–2015
  • Manu Sareen, Minister for Equality, Church and Nordic Cooperation 2011–2014, Minister for Integration and Social Affairs 2014–2015
  • Rasmus Helveg Petersen, Minister for Development Cooperation 2013–2014, Minister for Climate and Energy 2014–2015
  • Sofie Carsten Nielsen, Minister for Research, Innovation and Higher Education 2014–2015

Political leaders

[edit]

Election results

[edit]

Parliament

[edit]
Election Votes % Seats +/– Government
1906 38,151 12.6 (#4)
15 / 114
 Increase 9 Opposition
1909 50,305 15.5 (#4)
15 / 114
 Increase 6 Opposition (1909)
Minority (1909–1910)
1910 64,884 18.6 (#3)
20 / 114
 Increase 5 Opposition
1913 67,903 18.7 (#3)
32 / 114
 Increase 11 Minority
1915 677 5.3 (#3)
31 / 140
 Decrease 1 Minority
1918 189,521 20.7 (#3)
32 / 140
 Increase 1 Minority
1920
(Apr) 		122,160 11.9 (#4)
17 / 140
 Decrease 15 Caretaker government
1920
(Jul) 		109,931 11.5 (#4)
16 / 140
 Decrease 1 Opposition
1920
(Sep) 		147,120 12.1 (#4)
18 / 149
 Increase 2 Opposition
1924 166,476 13.0 (#4)
20 / 149
 Increase 2 External support
1926 151,746 11.3 (#4)
16 / 149
 Decrease 4 External support
1929 151,746 10.7 (#4)
16 / 149
 Steady 0 Coalition
1932 145,221 9.4 (#4)
14 / 149
 Decrease 2 Coalition
1935 151,507 9.2 (#4)
14 / 149
 Steady 0 Coalition
1939 161,834 9.5 (#4)
14 / 149
 Steady 0 Coalition
1943 175,179 8.7 (#4)
11 / 149
 Decrease 2 Coalition
1945 167,073 8.1 (#5)
11 / 149
 Decrease 2 External support
1947 144,206 6.9 (#4)
10 / 150
 Decrease 1 External support
1950 167,969 8.2 (#5)
12 / 151
 Increase 2 Opposition
1953
(Apr) 		178,942 8.6 (#4)
13 / 151
 Increase 1 External support
1953
(Sep) 		169,295 7.8 (#4)
14 / 179
 Increase 1 External support
1957 179,822 7.8 (#4)
14 / 179
 Steady 0 Coalition
1960 140,979 5.8 (#5)
11 / 179
 Decrease 3 Coalition
1964 139,702 5.3 (#5)
10 / 179
 Decrease 1 External support
1966 203,858 7.3 (#5)
13 / 179
 Increase 3 Opposition
1968 427,304 15.0 (#4)
27 / 179
 Increase 14 Coalition
1971 413,620 14.4 (#4)
27 / 179
 Steady 0 External support
1973 343,718 11.2 (#4)
20 / 179
 Decrease 7 External support
1975 216,553 7.1 (#4)
13 / 179
 Decrease 7 External support
1977 113,330 3.6 (#8)
6 / 179
 Decrease 7 External support
1979 172,365 5.4 (#6)
10 / 179
 Increase 4 External support
1981 160,053 5.1 (#7)
9 / 179
 Decrease 1 External support
1984 184,642 5.5 (#6)
10 / 179
 Increase 1 External support
1987 209,086 6.2 (#5)
11 / 179
 Increase 1 External support
1988 185,707 5.6 (#6)
10 / 179
 Decrease 1 Coalition
1990 114,888 3.5 (#7)
7 / 179
 Decrease 3 External support (1990–1993)
Coalition (1993–1994)
1994 152,701 4.6 (#6)
8 / 179
 Increase 1 Coalition
1998 131,254 3.9 (#7)
7 / 179
 Decrease 1 Coalition
2001 179,023 5.2 (#6)
9 / 179
 Increase 2 Opposition
2005 308,212 9.2 (#5)
17 / 179
 Increase 8 Opposition
2007 177,161 5.1 (#6)
9 / 179
 Decrease 8 Opposition
2011 336,698 9.5 (#4)
17 / 179
 Increase 8 Coalition
2015 160,672 4.6 (#7)
8 / 179
 Decrease 9 Opposition
2019 304,273 8.6 (#4)
16 / 179
 Increase 8 External support
2022 133,931 3.8 (#9)
7 / 179
 Decrease 9 Opposition

Local elections

[edit]
Municipal elections
Year Seats
No. ±
1925
1,069 / 11,289
1929
1,237 / 11,329
 Increase 168
1933
1,160 / 11,424
 Decrease 77
1937
1,078 / 11,425
 Decrease 82
1943
941 / 10,569
 Decrease 137
1946
870 / 11,488
 Decrease 71
1950
824 / 11,499
 Decrease 46
1954
764 / 11,505
 Decrease 60
1958
648 / 11,529
 Decrease 116
1962
501 / 11,414
 Decrease 147
1966
340 / 10,005
 Decrease 161
Municipal reform
1970
323 / 4,677
 Decrease 17
1974
311 / 4,735
 Decrease 12
1978
192 / 4,759
 Decrease 119
1981
187 / 4,769
 Decrease 5
1985
108 / 4,773
 Decrease 79
1989
73 / 4,737
 Decrease 35
1993
80 / 4,703
 Increase 7
1997
87 / 4,685
 Increase 7
2001
88 / 4,647
 Increase 1
Municipal reform
2005
86 / 2,522
 Decrease 2
2009
50 / 2,468
 Decrease 36
2013
62 / 2,444
 Increase 12
2017
80 / 2,432
 Increase 18
2021
94 / 2,436
 Increase 14
 
Regional elections
Year Seats
No. ±
1935
27 / 299
1943
30 / 299
 Increase 3
1946
27 / 299
 Decrease 3
1950
27 / 299
 Steady 0
1954
31 / 299
 Increase 4
1958
26 / 303
 Decrease 5
1962
21 / 301
 Decrease 5
1966
22 / 303
 Increase 1
Municipal reform
1970
35 / 366
 Increase 13
1974
34 / 370
 Decrease 1
1978
23 / 370
 Decrease 11
1981
24 / 370
 Increase 1
1985
13 / 374
 Decrease 11
1989
10 / 374
 Decrease 3
1993
16 / 374
 Increase 6
1997
15 / 374
 Decrease 1
2001
15 / 374
 Steady 0
Municipal reform
2005
11 / 205
 Decrease 4
2009
7 / 205
 Decrease 4
2013
8 / 205
 Increase 1
2017
8 / 205
 Steady 0
2021
12 / 205
 Increase 4
 
Mayors
Year Seats
No. ±
2005
1 / 98
2009
0 / 98
 Decrease 1
2013
1 / 98
 Increase 1
2017
1 / 98
 Steady 0
2021
1 / 98
 Steady 0

European Parliament

[edit]
Year List leader Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
1979 Unclear 56,944 3.26 (#10)
0 / 15
 New –
1984 Unclear 62,560 3.14 (#9)
0 / 15
 Steady 0
1989 Unclear 50,196 2.81 (#8)
0 / 16
 Steady 0
1994 Lone Dybkjær 176,480 8.48 (#6)
1 / 16
 Increase 1 ELDR
1999 180,089 9.14 (#4)
1 / 16
 Steady 0
2004 Anders Samuelsen 120,473 6.36 (#6)
1 / 14
 Steady 0 ALDE
2009 Sofie Carsten Nielsen 100,094 4.27 (#7)
0 / 13
 Decrease 1 –
2014 Morten Helveg Petersen 148,949 6.54 (#7)
1 / 13
 Increase 1 ALDE
2019 277,929 10.07 (#4)
2 / 14
 Increase 1 RE
2024 Sigrid Friis Frederiksen 173,355 7.08 (#6)
1 / 15
 Decrease 1

European representation

[edit]

In the European Parliament, the Danish Social Liberal Party sits in the Renew Europe group with one MEP.[30]

In the European Committee of the regions, the Danish Social Liberal Party sits in the Renew Europe in the European Committee of the Regions group, with one full and two alternate members for the 2020 - 2025 mandate.[31]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Official party letter on voting ballot
  2. ^ Only 175 of the 179 seats in the Danish Parliament, the Folketing, are obtainable by Danish political parties as Greenland and the Faroe Islands are assigned two seats each due to their status as territories in the Kingdom of Denmark.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hoffmann-Hansen, Henrik; Nilsson, Simone; Jespersen, Johan Storgaard; Krasnik, Benjamin; Fabricius, Kitte; Schmidt, Mara Malene Raun; Gosmann, Mie Borggreen Winther og Sara Mathilde (3 October 2022). "Overblik: Partierne i Danmark". Kristeligt Dagblad (in Danish). Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  2. ^ Emmenegger, Patrick (2009). Regulatory Social Policy: The Politics of Job Security Regulations. Haupt. p. 192. ISBN 9783258074771.
  3. ^ Vera Möller-Holtkamp (9 May 2007), "Denmark's New Party Aims to Shake Up the Far Right", DW World, retrieved 30 June 2011
  4. ^ [2][3]
  5. ^ "Danmarks Radio Resultatet". Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  6. ^ "AKVA3: Valg til regions råd efter område, parti og stemmer/kandidater/køn". Statistics Denmark (in Danish). Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  7. ^ "VALGK3: Valg til kommunale råd efter område, parti og stemmer/kandidater/køn". Statistics Denmark (in Danish). Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2010.
  8. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "Denmark". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  9. ^ a b Almeida, Dimitri. "Liberal Parties and European Integration" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2012.
  10. ^ a b Marks, Gary; Wilson, Carole (July 2000). "The Past in the Present: A Cleavage Theory of Party Response to European Integration" (PDF). British Journal of Political Science. 30 (3): 433–459. doi:10.1017/S0007123400000181 (inactive 12 November 2024). Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2008.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  11. ^ a b Hans Slomp (30 September 2011). Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO. pp. 415, 419. ISBN 978-0-313-39182-8. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
  12. ^ a b Henning Jørgensen (2002). Consensus, Cooperation and Conflict: The Policy Making Process in Denmark. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 32. ISBN 978-1-84064-091-5.
  13. ^ [8][9][10][11][12]
  14. ^ Åsa Bengtsson; Kasper Hansen; Ólafur Þ Harõarson; Hanne Marthe Narud; Henrik Oscarsson (15 November 2013). The Nordic Voter: Myths of Exceptionalism. ECPR Press. p. 205. ISBN 978-1-907301-50-6.
  15. ^ "Danish parties agree on tougher border controls". Reuters. 11 May 2011. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 June 2011.
  16. ^ a b c d e Kold, Lotte Flugt (30 April 2012). "Det Radikale Venstre". danmarkshistorien.dk (in Danish). Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  17. ^ Alastair H. Thomas, ed. (2010). "Radical Liberal Party". The A to Z of Denmark. Scarecrow Press. pp. 340–341. ISBN 978-1461671848.
  18. ^ "Det Radikale Venstre". Den Store Danske. Gyldendal. 11 July 2013. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
  19. ^ Maria Eugenia Mata; Michalis Psalidopoulos (6 December 2001). Economic Thought and Policy in Less Developed Europe: The Nineteenth Century. Routledge. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-134-51496-0.
  20. ^ Larsen, Thomas (10 April 2005). "De Radikales frihedsbrev". Berlingske (in Danish). Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  21. ^ Petersen, Sami Don (23 July 2006). ""Verden forandrer sig - det har de Radikale opdaget"". Berlingske (in Danish). Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  22. ^ Haahr, Ulla (15 June 2007). Vestager ny radikal dronning Archived 30 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine (in Danish). Danmarks Radio. Retrieved 11 December 2007.
  23. ^ "Morten Østergaard er ny politisk leder af Radikale Venstre". Radikale Venstre (in Danish). 31 August 2014. Archived from the original on 21 June 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  24. ^ Winther, Bent (8 June 2015). "Her kommer Alternativets vælgere fra". Berlingske (in Danish). Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  25. ^ Jørgensen, Anna Sol (24 May 2019). "Radikale kræver lempelser i udlændingepolitikken: Vil give statsborgerskab i 18 års-fødselsdagsgave". DR (in Danish). Archived from the original on 24 May 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2019.
  26. ^ "Morten Østergaard trækker sig efter sag om krænkelser". DR (in Danish). 7 October 2020. Archived from the original on 9 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  27. ^ Eller, Emil (5 October 2022). "Mette Frederiksen udskriver folketingsvalg: Afholdes 1. november". DR. Archived from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 5 October 2022.
  28. ^ Pabst Andersen, Mette Viktoria (2 November 2022). "Sofie Carsten Nielsen trækker sig som leder for De Radikale". DR (in Danish). Archived from the original on 8 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
  29. ^ Høj, Olivia; Bay Nielsen, Silas (3 November 2022). "De Radikale har fået Martin Lidegaard som ny politisk leder". DR (in Danish). Archived from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  30. ^ "Home | Morten PETERSEN | MEPs | European Parliament". www.europarl.europa.eu. 14 September 1966. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
  31. ^ "COR members". memberspage.cor.europa.eu. Retrieved 13 September 2023.
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