Jump to content

List of fake news websites

Add links
Checked
Page protected with pending changes
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Postcard News)

For satirical news, see List of satirical news websites.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Fake news websites are those which intentionally, but not necessarily solely, publish hoaxes and disinformation for purposes other than news satire. Some of these sites use homograph spoofing attacks, typosquatting and other deceptive strategies similar to those used in phishing attacks to resemble genuine news outlets.[1][2][3]

Definition

[edit]

Fake news sites deliberately publish hoaxes and disinformation to drive web traffic inflamed by social media.[4][5][6] These sites are distinguished from news satire (which is usually intended to be humorous) as they mislead and sometimes profit from readers' gullibility.[5] While most fake news sites are portrayed to be spinoffs of other news sites, some of these websites are examples of website spoofing, structured to make visitors believe they are visiting major news outlets like ABC News or MSNBC.[7] The New York Times pointed out that within a strict definition, "fake news" on the Internet referred to a fictitious article which was fabricated with the deliberate motivation to defraud readers, generally with the goal of profiting through clickbait.[8] PolitiFact described fake news as fabricated content designed to fool readers and subsequently made viral through the Internet to crowds that increase its dissemination.[9]

The New York Times noted in a December 2016 article that fake news had previously maintained a presence on the Internet and within tabloid journalism in the years prior to the 2016 U.S. election.[8] Except for the 2016 Philippine elections,[10] prior to the election between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump, fake news had not impacted the election process and subsequent events to such a high degree.[8] Subsequent to the 2016 election, the issue of fake news turned into a political weapon, with supporters of left-wing politics saying those on the opposite side of the spectrum spread falsehoods, and supporters of right-wing politics arguing such accusations were merely a way to censor conservative views.[8] Due to these back-and-forth complaints, the definition of fake news as used for such polemics became more vague.[8]

Lists

[edit]

Campaigns by individuals

[edit]

The following is a list of websites created by individuals (aside from those associated with corporations or political actors) that have been assessed by fact-checkers as fake news websites.

American News LLC

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
American News americannews.com Defunct Published a false story claiming actor Denzel Washington endorsed Donald Trump for U.S. president. The fictional headline led to thousands of people sharing it on Facebook, a prominent example of fake news spreading on the social network prior to the 2016 presidential election. [11]

[12][13][14]

Conservative 101 conservative101.com Falsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway. [11][12][14]
Democratic Review DemocraticReview.com Defunct Owned by American Review LLC of Miami, the same company that owns American News (americannews.com), Conservative 101 and Liberal Society. [12][14]
Liberal Society LiberalSociety.com Defunct Published a fake direct quote attributed to Obama, Falsely claimed that the White House fired Kellyanne Conway. [11][12][14]

Conservative Beaver

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Conservative Beaver conservativebeaver.com Defunct Published false anti-vaccination claims related to Pfizer, leading to Pfizer filing a petition to compel the site host to reveal the site owner's identity. [15]
The Red Panther theredpanther.com Defunct Former name of Toronto Today.

As of 2024, is now an e-commerce site.

[15]
Toronto99.com Toronto99.com Active Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver. [15]
Toronto Today torontotoday.net Defunct Had the same Google Adsense code as The Conservative Beaver. [15]
Vancouver Times vancouvertimes.org Defunct Likely shares the same site owner as the Conservative Beaver and Toronto Today. [16]

Jestin Coler

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Conservative Frontline conservativefrontline.com [17]
Denver Guardian denverguardian.com [17]
DrudgeReport.com.co DrudgeReport.com.co Mimics the name of the Drudge Report. [17]
United Media Publishing unitedmediapublishing.com [17]
usatoday.com.co usatoday.com.co Defunct Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns [17]
washingtonpost.com.co washingtonpost.com.co Originally registered by Jestin Coler. The Washington Post submitted a complaint against Coler's registration of the site with GoDaddy under the UDRP, and in 2015, an arbitral panel ruled that Coler's registration of the domain name was a form of bad-faith cybersquatting (specifically, typosquatting), "through a website that competes with Complainant through the use of fake news. ... The fake news content misleads readers and serves as 'click bait' to drive readers to other sites, or to share the fake news content with others on social networking websites, to generate advertising revenue." [18][17]

Paul Horner

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
ABCnews.com.co ABCnews.com.co Defunct Owned by Paul Horner. Mimics the URL, design and logo of ABC News (owned by Disney–ABC Television Group). [19]

[20]

CBSnews.com.co CBSnews.com.co Defunct Mimics the URL, design and logo of CBS News. [21]
christianfreedommovement.com christianfreedommovement.com Defunct [21]
cnn.com.de cnn.com.de Defunct Impostor site of CNN. [21]
donaldjtrump.com.co donaldjtrump.com.co [22]
isissingles.com isissingles.com Defunct [21]
iywib.com iywib.com Defunct [21]
keepdonaldtrump.com keepdonaldtrump.com Defunct [21]
makeredhatswearableagain.com makeredhatswearableagain.com Defunct [21]
mericaland.com mericaland.com Defunct [21][22]
microsoftsite.com microsoftsite.com Defunct [21]
My Phoenix Daily myphoenixdaily.com [22]
nationalgeographic.com.co nationalgeographic.com.co Spoof of National Geographic. [21]
nationalreview.biz nationalreview.biz Defunct Spoof of National Review. [21]
NBC.com.co NBC.com.co Imitates NBC. [23][21]
NBCNews.com.co NBCNews.com.co Defunct Mimics the URL, design and logo of NBC News. [24]
News Examiner newsexaminer.net Started in 2015 by Paul Horner, the lead writer of the National Report. This website has been known to mix real news along with its fake news. [25]
paulhorner.org paulhorner.org Defunct [21]
snopes.com.co snopes.com.co Defunct Imposter site of Snopes. [21]
St George Gazette stgeorgegazette.com Defunct [21][26][27]
superofficialnews.com superofficialnews.com Defunct [21]
thephoenixnewtimes.com thephoenixnewtimes.com [21]
trumptized.com trumptized.com [21]

WTOE 5 News

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
16WMPO 16WMPO.com Defunct Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][28][29]
AlexJones.xyz AlexJones.xyz Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [30]
alynews.com alynews.com Part of a network that posted a false story that there was a sequel to the movie Step Brothers in the works in 2016.

Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[31][32][30]
channel16news.com channel16news.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
channel17news.com channel17news.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][33]
Channel 18 News Channel18News.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][34][28]
clancyreport.com clancyreport.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
Daily News 10 DailyNews10.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][35][28]
Daily News 11 dailynews11.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
Daily News 5 DailyNews5.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][30][28]
FoxBusiness.xyz FoxBusiness.xyz Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [30]
Headline Brief headlinebrief.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][32][30]
km8news.com km8news.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
KMT 11 News kmt11.com Defunct Falsely reports celebrity appearances and filming locations in random local towns. Before the website went down, it referred to itself as a "fantasy news website".[36][37]

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[38][36][37][28]
knp7.com knp7.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
kspm33.com kspm33.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][32][30]
KUPR7 kupr7.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][39][40]
ky6news.com ky6news.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][32][30]
KY12News.com KY12News.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][28]
KYPO6 kypo6.com Defunct Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
Local 31 News Local31News.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][35][28]
localnews33.com localnews33.com Part of the same network as alynews.com [31][32]
lopezreport.com lopezreport.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
maywoodpost.com maywoodpost.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][41]
mbynews.com mbynews.com Part of the same network as alynews.com [31][32][30]
McKenzie Post mckenziepost.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][32][30]
NewsDaily12.com NewsDaily12.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News.

[23][28][29]
newsdaily27.com newsdaily27.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
News Now 11 newsnow11.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [42]
oreillypost.com oreillypost.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
WBN 12 News wbn12.com Likely part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [35]
wcpm3.com wcpm3.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
wleb21.com wleb21.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
WRPT 16 News wrpt16.com Part of the same network as WTOE 5 News. [31][30]
WTOE 5 News wtoe5news.com Defunct Original source of false claim that Pope Francis had endorsed Donald Trump in 2016. [43][30]

Your News Wire

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Neon Nettle neonnettle.com Per FactCheck.org and PolitiFact.

Stated by Snopes to be "interrelated" with NewsPunch and Your News Wire.

[23][44][45]
Newspunch Newspunch.com Alternative name for YourNewsWire. [44]
The People's Voice (formerly NewsPunch and Your News Wire) thepeoplesvoice.tv Active Founded by Sean Adl-Tabatabai and Sinclair Treadway in 2014. It has published fake stories, such as "claims that the Queen had threatened to abdicate if the UK voted against Brexit." Its name was changed to NewsPunch in 2018 and The People's Voice in 2023. [46][23][44][47][48][49][50][51][52][53]
Your News Wire yournewswire.com Former name for The People's Voice. [46][23]

Others

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
ABCNews1.us ABCNews1.us Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
African News Updates africannewupsdate.com Same owner as News Updates South Africa. Published a false story about election fraud during the 2016 municipal elections in South Africa, which led to the Electoral Commission of South Africa filing a criminal complaint against the site owner. [55][56]
AJUAnews AJUAnews.com Plagiarized content from The Last Line of Defense. Reportedly owned by individual based in Pakistan. [54]
ALNewsNetwork.press ALNewsNetwork.press Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
America Talks Americatalks.com Per FactCheck.org. [44]
America's Freedom Fighters Americasfreedomfighters.com Per FactCheck.org. [44]
Banned Information BannedInformation.com Per FactCheck.org. [44]
Dos Palos News dospalosnews.com Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
FB News Cycle Fbnewscycle.com Per FactCheck.org.

Same owner as Banned Information.

[44]
HealthFacts.pro HealthFacts.pro Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
Hot Global News hotglobalnews.com [51][57]
ILoveQuilting.pro ILoveQuilting.pro Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
Leading Report theleadingreport.com A website and Twitter account that promotes misinformation and conspiracy theories about COVID-19 and United States politics. [58][59][60]
National News Bulletin nationalnewsbulletin.com Same Google Analytics ID as News Updates South Africa. [55][56]
The National Sun thenationalsun.com Same owners as Hot Global News. [57][61]
net-breaking.com net-breaking.com Affiliated with Leading Report. [58]
News@Last newsatlast.com Fake news website in South Africa, per Africa Check, an IFCN signatory.

Same owner as News Updates South Africa.

[55][56]
News Updates South Africa newsupdatessa.site Per Africa Check and News24. [62][55]
Ohio Press Pro ohiopress.pro Same owner as AJUAnews. [54]
thepedogate.com thepedogate.com Part of same network as America Talks. Spread the false Pizzagate conspiracy theory. [44]
Right Wing Tribune Rightwingtribune.com Per FactCheck.org.

Same owners as America's Freedom Fighters.

[44]

Disinformation campaigns

[edit]

Corporate disinformation campaigns

[edit]
Main article: List of corporate disinformation campaigns

Examples of disinformation campaigns from companies include Eliminalia, a reputation management firm that created a network of over 600 websites for its clients,[63][64] and Regency Enterprises, which created sites to promote the movie A Cure for Wellness.[65][66]

Political disinformation campaigns

[edit]
Main article: List of political disinformation website campaigns

Examples of countries with political actors that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Brazil,[67] India,[68] Iran,[3] Italy,[69] the People's Republic of China,[70] the Philippines,[71] Russia,[72] Ukraine (Luhansk),[73] and the United States.[74]

Fraudulent fact-checking websites

[edit]
Main article: List of fact-checking websites § Fraudulent fact-checking websites

According to the Poynter Institute, there are four categories of false fact-checking websites:

  1. Sites that are satirical in nature
  2. Sites that attempt to subvert serious fact-checking sites
  3. Sites that re-appropriate the term "fact-check" for partisan political causes
  4. Sites with more violent intentions, such as genocide denial.[75]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
AosFatos.com AosFatos.com Spoof of Brazilian fact-checking organization Aos Fatos. [76]
Business2Community business2community.com Plagiarized fact-checks from Lead Stories. [77]
The California Republican carepublican.com Run by Devin Nunes' political campaign. [75]
Descobrindo As Verdades descobrindoasverdades.blogspot.com Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [76]
Duboka Voda dubokavoda.com Partisan false fact-checking site in Croatia, per the Poynter Institute. [75]
Fact Check Armenia factcheckarmenia.com A website with ties to Turkish government-related organizations that denies the historical facts of the Armenian genocide. [78][79]
Fact-Checking Turkey factcheckingturkey.com Operated by PR company Bosphorus Global and counters criticism of Turkey in foreign media. It treats statements by Turkish government officials as arbiters of the truth. [78][79][80][81]
Faktiskt.eu Faktiskt.eu Spoof of Swedish fact-checking organization Faktiskt. [82]
India News Network indianewsnetwork.com Active Same owner as India Vs Disinformation. [83]
India Vs Disinformation indiavsdisinformation.com Owned by "a Canadian communications firm called Press Monitor"[84] [84][83]
Jigyasa Online jigyasaonline.org Same owner as India Vs Disinformation. [83]
Middle East Guardians meguardians.com Published false fact-check about Jamal Khashoggi. [85]
Notícias Brasil Online noticiasbrasilonline.com.br Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [76]
O Detetive odetetive.com Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. The website owner was summoned by a regional court in Brazil for publishing a false story about the 2018 attack on Jair Bolsonaro. [76][86]
OpIndia opindia.com Active OpIndia is an Indian website that has been rejected by the International Fact-Checking Network (IFCN). Fact checkers certified by the IFCN have identified 25 fake news stories published by OpIndia between January 2018 and June 2020. [87][88]
Pensa Brasil pensabrasil.com Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [76]
Plantão Brasil plantaobrasil.net Has the same Google AdSense and Google Analytics codes as AosFatos.com. [76]
Shayeaat shayeaat.ir Partisan false fact-checking site in Iran, per the Poynter Institute. [75]
Vøx voxnews.info Partisan false fact-checking site in Italy, per the Poynter Institute. Not to be confused with Vox, the American news site. [75]
War on Fakes waronfakes.com Defunct A Russian website that promotes Russian propaganda and disinformation about the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Seized by the United States federal government in 2024.

[89][90][91][92]

Generative AI

[edit]
Main article: Generative artificial intelligence

As of October 2024, NewsGuard has tracked at least 1,090 news/information websites automatically generated by machine learning models that span 16 languages.[93]

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
AlaskaCommons.com AlaskaCommons.com [94]
The Americans Daily theamericansdaily.com [95]
BestBudgetUSA.com BestBudgetUSA.com [96]
Biz Breaking News bizbreakingnews.com Summarizes The Financial Times and Fortune. [97]
BNN Breaking bnnbreaking.com Redirect [98][99]
bnngpt.com Redirect
bnn.network Redirect
trimfeed.com Redirect
Boluno.com Boluno.com [100]
bosase.com bosase.com [100]
Buckeye State Press buckeyestatepress.com Created by a journalist to demonstrate the ease of building generative AI-based political news sites. [101]
Celeb Jihad celebjihad.com Active Described by the Daily Beast as a "satirical celebrity gossip website",[102] the site has spread real and fake nude images of celebrities using Photoshop and Generative AI. [102][103][104][105]
celebritiesdeaths.com celebritiesdeaths.com [106][96]
County Local News CountyLocalNews.com [96][95]
Daily Business Post [97]
DailyHeadliner.com DailyHeadliner.com [107]
Daily Time Update [108]
Esspots esspots.com Part of the same network as SpaceXMania. [109]
Famadillo.com Famadillo.com [106][96]
FilthyLucre.com FilthyLucre.com [96]
FoodingWorld.com FoodingWorld.com [94]
Getintoknowledge.com Getintoknowledge.com [106][96]
globalvillagespace.com globalvillagespace.com [107]
GlobeEcho.com GlobeEcho.com [110]
HistoryFact.in HistoryFact.in [96]
iBusiness Day [108]
IheartDogs.com IheartDogs.com [111]
InternationalNewsandViews.com InternationalNewsandViews.com [111]
Ireland Top News irelandtopnews.com [108]
L'Observatoire de l'Europe observatoiredeleurope.com Accused of automatically plagiarizing stories from Euronews. [112]
Lawyer Legality lawyerlegality.com [95]
LiverPoolDigest.co.uk LiverPoolDigest.co.uk [107]
Lunumi.com Lunumi.com [100]
Medical Outline medicaloutline.com [108]
Michigan Sports Zone michigansportszone.com [111]
NewsGPT newsgpt.ai Active Accused by Annie Lab of "factual errors, misleading images, and possible plagiarism" from Reuters, CBS News, and CNN.[113] [114][113]
News Live 79 [97]
News Today sagenews.site Part of the same network as SpaceXMania. [109][115]
News You Can't Use newsyoucantuse.com Defunct [116]
NewYorkFolk.com NewYorkFolk.com [110]
NoticiasDeEmprego.com.br NoticiasDeEmprego.com.br [94]
NotRealNews.net NotRealNews.net Defunct [117]
Roadan.com Roadan.com [107]
SpaceXMania spacexmania.com Active Accused by Christopher Blair, the owner of The Last Line of Defense, of plagiarizing its stories via a generative AI model. The New York Times also found that many stories from SpaceXMania were produced by generative AI. [118][119][120][121][109][122][123][124]
Scoop Earth ScoopEarth.com Active [106][96]
setolu.com setolu.com [100]
Time.news Time.news [94]
TnewsNetwork.com TnewsNetwork.com [96]
TopGolf.kr TopGolf.kr [107]
topnews67.com topnews67.com Accused of plagiarizing story from The Last Line of Defense, possibly via ChatGPT. [125]
TopStories.com.ng TopStories.com.ng [107]
TrendFool.com TrendFool.com [110]
US Newsper usnewsper.com Registered in Lithuania, falsely claims to be a news site for the United States. Spread false claim that Joe Biden's withdrawal from the 2024 United States presidential election was a hoax. Accused by NewsGuard of having a network of bots to share its stories on social media. [126]
vatolu.com vatolu.com [100]
Walli.us Walli.us [107]
WaveFunction.info WaveFunction.info [96]
WestObserver.com WestObserver.com Imitates CNN. [110]
WhatsNew2Day.com WhatsNew2Day.com [107]
World-Today-News.com World-Today-News.com [94]
Worldtimetodays.com worldtimetodays.com Accused of plagiarizing stories from Distractify and Heavy.com. [127]

Hate groups

[edit]
Main article: List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups

The following table lists websites that have been both considered by fact-checkers as distributing false news and are run by organizations that have been designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups.

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
banned.video banned.video Sister site of InfoWars.

Warned by the US Food and Drug Administration for spreading misinformation on COVID-19 for "claims on videos posted on your websites that establish the intended use of your products and misleadingly represent them as safe and/or effective for the treatment or prevention of COVID-19."

[128][129][130]
Bare Naked Islam barenakedislam.com [131][132]
Brighteon Brighteon.com Sister site of Natural News. [133]
The Daily Stormer DailyStormer.com Per PolitiFact. [23][134]
Geller Report Gellerreport.com Registered through Pamela Geller's organization, the American Freedom Defense Initiative. [44][132]
HoggWatch hoggwatch.com Setup by Natural News founders to publish attacks against Parkland high school shooting survivors. [135][136]
InfoWars infowars.com Managed by Alex Jones. Has claimed that millions of people have voted illegally in the 2016 presidential election, that the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting was a hoax, that the Boston Marathon bombing was a false flag attack, and that the Democratic Party was hosting a child sex slave ring out of a pizza restaurant. [137][138]

[139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147]

National File nationalfile.com Sister site of InfoWars. It has promoted misinformation about COVID-19 and the COVID-19 vaccines.

Leaked texts from Alex Jones's phone indicated that he started National File to promote InfoWars content while obscuring its origin to evade an InfoWars ban on Facebook.

[154]

[155][156]

Natural News naturalnews.com Formerly NewsTarget, a website for the sale of various dietary supplements, promotion of alternative medicine, controversial nutrition and health claims, and various conspiracy theories, such as "chemtrails", chemophobic claims (including the purported dangers of fluoride in drinking water, anti-perspirants, laundry detergent, monosodium glutamate, aspartame), and purported health problems caused by allegedly "toxic" ingredients in vaccines, including the now-discredited link to autism. [157][158][159][160][146][147]
NewsTarget newstarget.com Sister site of Natural News. [133]
Next News Network nextnewsnetwork.com Combined content from mainstream sites such as the Associated Press with content from sites such as RT and Sputnik. [161][162][163][164]
PrisonPlanet prisonplanet.com Sister site of InfoWars. [165]
Red Ice RedIce.tv [166][167]
Return of Kings returnofkings.com [168][169][170]
TruNews trunews.com [171][172][147]
WorldNetDaily wnd.com A far-right website known for promoting falsehoods and conspiracy theories, including the false claim that Barack Obama was not born in the United States. [171][173][174][146][175][147]

Pseudoscience and junk science

[edit]

The following is a list of websites that have been characterized by journalists and researchers as promoting pseudoscience or junk science.

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
ancient-code.com ancient-code.com [168]
Children's Health Defense childrenshealthdefense.org Active Accused by NBC of "[misinterpreting] research to stoke fears that vaccines might be dangerous for children and pregnant women".[176] Filed a lawsuit in 2020 against Facebook, PolitiFact, Science Feedback, and the Poynter Institute over advertisements and fact-checked claims. Produced an anti-vaccine film that was marketed towards Black Americans. One of its participants, a medical history professor, felt that she had been "used" as part of "an advocacy piece for anti-vaxxers."[177] Cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.[178] Banned by Facebook and Instagram in 2022 for repeatedly spreading medical misinformation. [176][179][180][181][182][177][178][183]
Collective Evolution collective-evolution.com Active Spread misinformation about vaccines and COVID-19, and shared conspiracy theories about Mark Zuckerberg and airport body scanners. [184][168][185][171][186]
collectivelyconscious.net collectivelyconscious.net [168]
dineal.com dineal.com [171][187][168][188][189]
EWAO (Earth. We Are One) ewao.com Published false claim that images of a mountain formation in Antartica is evidence of an ancient civilization. [168][190]
Feature Remedies featureremedies.com Falsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy. [176][191][192]
Food Babe foodbabe.com Active Promoted anti-vaccine misinformation. Criticized for promoting chemophobia and "misinformation and fear-mongering about food ingredients."[193] NPR notes that a revenue stream is based on affiliate marketing partnerships with organic and non-GMO food brands. Alleged collusion between Monsanto and the Food and Drug Administration over cancelling a program to monitor glyphosate in food, which Snopes has deemed as false. [168][194][193][195]
Galactic Connection galacticconnection.com Published an article claiming the existence of aliens was disclosed by Russia after a joke made by then-Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev. [168][196]
Geoengineering Watch geoengineeringwatch.org Active Published video claiming the existence of solar geoengineering and chemtrails, which Climate Feedback deemed as incorrect. The site owner filed a lawsuit against one of the scientist reviewers, claiming that the fact-check limited the video's reach on social media. The lawsuit was dismissed, with plans to appeal as of September 2022. [168][197][198][199]
Goop goop.com Active Accused in 2020 by Truth in Advertising of violating a court settlement to stop spreading false medical claims about Goop products. Criticized by Simon Stevens, the then-Chief Executive of NHS England, for promoting products and procedures that he described as monetarily wasteful or "carrying considerable risks to health".[200] Sells many of the same wellness products as Infowars. [201][200][202]
GreenMedInfo greenmedinfo.com Active Founded by Sayer Ji, who has been cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.[178] Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread false claims about COVID-19 vaccines. Includes a search engine that McGill University describes as "biased toward scientific papers that claim natural food and alternative medicine can prevent and heal diseases."[203] Claims without evidence that marijuana is a cure for cancer. [204][205][203][206][207][208][209][178]
Health Holistic Living healthyholisticliving.com Falsely claimed that ginger is a more effective cancer treatment than chemotherapy, that manuka honey is more effective than antibiotics, and that repeatedly boiling water is harmful. Cites peer-reviewed research to draw conclusions not supported by the works in question, such as citing four studies to claim that magnesium is an effective treatment for ADHD. [176][191][207][210][211]
healthy-holistic-living.com
Health Impact News healthimpactnews.com Falsely linked deaths to flu vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines, and spread unproven cures for COVID-19. [184][212][168][213][214][215][216]
Health Nut News healthnutnews.com Founded by Erin Elizabeth, who was cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.[178] Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. Spread conspiracy theories falsely alleging that the deaths of doctors or alternative health practitioners were connected. [178][217][171][218][168][219][220][221][222][223][204]
In5D in5d.com [168]
The Institute for Creation Research icr.org [168]
Institute for Responsible Technology responsibletechnology.org Founded by Jeffrey M. Smith. [168][224]
Medical Kidnap medicalkidnap.com Spread false or unproven claims about cases involving Child protective services. Falsely framed COVID-19 vaccines as "experimental".[216] Part of the same network as Vaccine Impact and Health Impact News. [171][225][226][216]
Mercola.com mercola.com Founded by Joseph Mercola, who was cited by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as one of the "Disinformation Dozen" for frequently sharing anti-vaccine misinformation on social media.[178] Removed from Pinterest in 2019, which Snopes concluded was likely due to the site’s promotion of health misinformation. [178][204][227]
Natural Blaze naturalblaze.com [168]
Principia Scientific International principia-scientific.com Repeatedly published climate change denial and false claims about COVID-19. [228][229][230][231][232]
principia-scientific.org
RealFarmacy realfarmacy.com Noted by the Wall Street Journal to promote homeopathy. Spread false claims about COVID-19 origins and unproven treatments. Spread anti-vaccine misinformation and has been noted by NewsGuard to have "promoted ineffective and potentially dangerous cancer treatments."[233] [168][234][235][236][237][238][233][239]
Riposte laique ripostelaique.com Spread false claim that the French government approved euthanasia during the COVID-19 pandemic. [184][240][241]
Science Vibe sciencevibe.com Reposted satirical story from World News Daily Report and framed it as genuine news. Reposted hoax on assassination of Marilyn Monroe. [242][243][244]
Stop Mandatory Vaccination stopmandatoryvaccination.com The founder has been described by NBC News as "a man without medical training who has made a name as a leader of the online anti-vaccination movement."[245]

Censured by the Advertising Standards Authority in 2018 for distributing a Facebook ad targeted towards parents with misleading claims about vaccines. Accused by the Guardian of "[using] Facebook’s advertising tools to target their propaganda exclusively at women."[246] Publishes "accounts from parents who claim that a baby's death was the result of a vaccination. Many of those viral articles have been debunked with official, medically supported explanations that include sudden infant death syndrome, pneumonia and accidental asphyxiation."[176] Misinformation from the group has resulted in at least one death: a child whose mother was urged by other group members not to give her son Tamiflu after he had a bout of the flu. Accounts associated with the site and its founder have been suspended from Facebook and Twitter in 2020 for promoting QAnon conspiracy theories. The founder’s YouTube channel was demonetized in 2019 due to "[promoting] anti-vaccination content".[247] Ads to the site were also removed by Facebook in 2019 for violating Facebook’s policies on misinformation about vaccines. The founder’s Twitter account was reinstated in 2023.

[176][248][245][246][249][250][251][247]
Technocracy News technocracy.news Spread misinformation about face masks with respect to COVID-19 as well as COVID-19 vaccinations. Falsely claimed that carbon dioxide is not a greenhouse gas. The site owner edits a health newsletter for Newsmax. [184][252][253][254][255]
The Truth About Cancer thetruthaboutcancer.com According to NewsGuard, "repeatedly promotes ineffective, unproven, and dangerous treatments for cancer".[256] [168][256]
TruthKings truthkings.com Posted false allegations of fraud in the 2008 US presidential election. Spread false information about vaccines. Reportedly owned by Sherri Tenpenny. [189][188][171][257][258][259][260]
Vaccine Impact vaccineimpact.com Part of the same network as Medical Kidnap and Health Impact News. [216][227]
The Waking Times wakingtimes.com Accused by the Global Disinformation Index of spreading disinformation on COVID-19 public policies. [188][168][261]

Climate change denial

[edit]
Main article: Climate change denial
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Chicks On The Right chicksonright.com Spread false claim about an upcoming "mini ice age".[262] [188][263][262][189][171]
chicksontheright.com
Climate Intelligence Foundation (CLINTEL) clintel.org [264][265]
NoTricksZone notrickszone.com [264][265]
Klimaat Feiten klimaatfeiten.nl [264][265]
Climate Gate climategate.nl [264][265]
Energy Talking Points energytalkingpoints.com [264][265]
Clima et Verité climatetverite.net [264][265]
Climato-Réalistes climato-realistes.fr [264][265]
Global Warming Scare globalwarmingscare.wordpress.com [265]
Climate Fraud klima-schwindel.com [265]
Climate Skeptical climat-sceptique.over-blog.com [265]
Climate Depot climatedepot.com [265]
Climate Exit (CLEXIT) clexit.net [265]
Climate Resistance climate-resistance.org [265]
CO2 Coalition co2coalition.org [265]
The Daily Sceptic dailysceptic.org Publishes anti-vaccine and climate change denial misinformation. [266][264]
The Daily Wire dailywire.com Published multiple false claims that were debunked by Snopes. Per the Daily Beast, Mike Adams would repeatedly post to the site "to attack and mock... students, staff, and faculty" at University of North Carolina Wilmington.[267] Identified by the Center for Countering Digital Hate as a major distributor of climate change denialism. In 2022, the Global Disinformation Index described the Daily Wire as having a high risk of disinformation due to "bias", "sensational language" and "a high degree of sensational visuals".[268] Alongside Ken Paxton and The Federalist, filed a lawsuit in 2023 against the United States Department of State, partially as a result of this assessment by the GDI, alleging censorship of right-wing media and revenue loss. [189][269][268][270][188][171][271][272][273][274][267]
De Groene Rekenkamer groene-rekenkamer.nl [265]
Destaatvanhet Klimaat destaatvanhet-klimaat.nl [265]
Ecologia, Clima, Aquecimento ecologia-clima-aquecimento.blogspot.com [265]
Climate Curious shortfall.blog [265]
Climate Etc judithcurry.com [265]
Environmental Progress environmentalprogress.org [265]
European Climate Realist Network ecr.network [265]
Everything Climate everythingclimate.com [265]
Klimaat Gek klimaatgek.nl [265]
Klima Realisme klimarealisme.dk [265]
Klima Realistene klimarealistene.com [265]
Klimat Sans klimatsans.com [265]
Klimat Upplysningen klimatupplysningen.se [265]
Koklimaat koklimaat.nl [265]
La Question Climatique laquestionclimatique.org [265]
Science, Climat et Énergie science-climat-energie.be [265]
Sky Fall skyfall.fr [265]
Weather Action weatheraction.com [265]
A Grande Farsa do Aquecimento Global agfdag.wordpress.com [265]

Satire

[edit]
Main article: List of satirical fake news websites

Numerous websites have been created by companies that contain satirical or news parody content that is intended to be or has been designated by fact-checkers as fake news.

Troll farms

[edit]
Main article: List of fake news troll farms
See also: Troll farm

Examples of countries with troll farms that have been confirmed or suspected to be involved with fake news website networks include Cambodia,[275] Ghana,[276] North Macedonia,[277] the Republic of Georgia,[278] and Russia.[279]

User-generated fake news

[edit]

The following table lists websites that have allowed users to generate their own hoaxes that appear in the form of news articles. While the stated purpose is for users to prank their friends, many of the resulting false stories have spread on social media and have led to harassment.[280]

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
12minutos.com 12minutos.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
24aktuelles.com 24aktuelles.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
24hnoticias.com 24hnoticias.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
actualite.co actualite.co Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
actualites.co actualites.co Part of the same network as React 365. [281][171]
actualitesdujour.fr actualitesdujour.fr Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
theasociatedpress.com theasociatedpress.com Same owner as The Fake News Generator. [282][283]
thebreakingnews.co thebreakingnews.co Same owner as React 365. [51]
BreakingNews247.net BreakingNews247.net Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365. [23][51]
BreakingNews365.net BreakingNews365.net Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as React 365. [23][51][281]
cbs-news.us cbs-news.us Same owner as The Fake News Generator. [284]
cbsnews.us cbsnews.us Same owner as The Fake News Generator. [284]
channel22news.com channel22news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
Channel 23 News Channel23News.com Prank website for generating false stories. [46]
Channel24news.com Channel24news.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact. Same owner as Channel 23 News. [23][51][280]
channel28news.com channel28news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel33news.com channel33news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel34news.com channel34news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel40news.com channel40news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel45news.com channel45news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel46news.com channel46news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel55news.com channel55news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel56news.com channel56news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel59news.com channel59news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel60news.com channel60news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel62news.com channel62news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel63news.com channel63news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel65news.com channel65news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel66news.com channel66news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel68news.com channel68news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
channel77news.com channel77news.com Same owner as Channel 23 News. [51][280]
Clone Zone clonezone.link Impersonated The New York Times to spread the false story that Elizabeth Warren had endorsed Bernie Sanders in 2016. [285][286][287][288][289][290][291]
cnoticias.net cnoticias.net Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
en-bref.fr en-bref.fr Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
fakeawish.com fakeawish.com [292]
The Fake News Generator thefakenewsgenerator.com [284]
fakeShare fakeshare.com [293][294]
FeedNewz feednewz.com Renamed to prank.link. [295]
flashinfo.org flashinfo.org Part of the same network as React 365. [281][171]
Journific journific.com Often used to spread false claims of businesses about to close. [296]
nachrichten.de.com nachrichten.de.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
nachrichten247.de nachrichten247.de Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
nachrichten365.com nachrichten365.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
net-infosnews.com net-infosnews.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
thenewyorktimes.company thenewyorktimes.company Same owner as The Fake News Generator. [282][283]
Nipsy’s News nipsysnews.com [297]
noticias-frescas.com noticias-frescas.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
noticias365.info noticias365.info [171][298]
notizzia.com notizzia.com Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
nsfnews.com nsfnews.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
prank.link prank.link [295][293]
prankyourfriends.com prankyourfriends.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
PunkShare PunkShare.com [299]
react2424.com react2424.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
React 365 React365.com This user-created fake news generator, supposedly for "pranking your friends", had at least two stories that went viral. [25][51][281]
routers.news routers.news Same owner as PunkShare. Spoof of Reuters. [300]
SHRTURL shrturl.co [301]
toutelinfo.fr toutelinfo.fr Same owner as React 365. [51][281]
trend-news.com trend-news.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
yam.fr yam.fr Part of the same network as React 365. [281]
youreact247.com youreact247.com Part of the same network as React 365. [281]

Other networks

[edit]

Many fake news websites can be assessed as likely being part of the same network campaign if some combination of the following are true:

Action News 3

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
Action News 3 actionnews3.com Spread death hoaxes about various public figures. [25][306][307]
Breaking13News.com Breaking13News.com [306][307]
Daily Buzz Live DailyBuzzLive.com Per PolitiFact.

Republished a hoax about worldwide blackout, a false claim that had been spreading since 2012.

Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3.

[23][308][309][307]
dailyviralbuzz.com dailyviralbuzz.com [307]
News4KTLA.com News4KTLA.com Impostor site, per PolitiFact.

Has the same IP address as Action News 3.

Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.

Cited story from World News Daily Report.

[23][310][311][312][313][306][307]
News4Local.com News4Local.com [306][307]
Now 8 News Now8News.com Started in 2015, this fake news website is also designed to look like a local television outlet. Several of the website's fake stories have successfully spread on social media. Has the same IP address as Action News 3. [25][314][315][310][306][307]
TheRacketReport.com TheRacketReport.com Per PolitiFact.

Has the same IP address as Action News 3.

Repurposed an Associated Press article with a false headline.

[23][310][311][307]
realstonedtimes.com realstonedtimes.com [307]
Straight Stoned straightstoned.com Hosted on the same webserver as Action News 3. [51][316][307]

Batty Post

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
abc14news.com abc14news.com Spoof of ABC News. [317][318]
abcnews-us.com abcnews-us.com Spoof of ABC News. [25][51]
abcnews5.com abcnews5.com Spoof of ABC News. [319]
AlabamaObserver.com AlabamaObserver.com [23][302]
albertatimes.com albertatimes.com [302]
Batty Post battypost.com Published a false claim about being acquired by East Asia Tribune, a page that has the same Google AdSense ID. [302][51][320][321]
Border Herald borderherald.com [302]
Boston Leader bostonleader.com Possibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site. [23][25][322][302]
boston-post.com boston-post.com Not to be confused with the Boston Post.

Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com.

[317][319]
cairnstimes.com cairnstimes.com [302]
cbs15.com cbs15.com Spoof of CBS News. Possibly part of same network as abc14news.com. [323][324]
cbsnews10.com cbsnews10.com Spoof of CBS News. Part of same network as abc14news.com. [317][318]
cbsnews15.com cbsnews15.com Spoof of CBS News. [319]
cbsnews24.com cbsnews24.com Spoof of CBS News. [319]
cgcnews.com cgcnews.com Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [324][323]
cnn-globalnews.com cnn-globalnews.com Impostor site of CNN. Published death hoax on Clint Eastwood. [325][302][51]
cnn-internationaledition.com cnn-internationaledition.com Impostor site of CNN. [302][51]
coindesk-us.com coindesk-us.com Spoof of CoinDesk. [319]
countyweekly.com countyweekly.com [51]
dallastimes.us dallastimes.us [51]
DenverInquirer.com DenverInquirer.com [23][302]
dublintribune.com dublintribune.com [51]
East Asia Tribune eastasiatribune.com Published death hoax about Kim Jong-un. [326]
Florida Sun Post floridasunpost.com Possibly part of same network as Associated Media Coverage, another fake news site. [322][23][302]
focustimes.org focustimes.org [302]
foreignjournal.com foreignjournal.com [302]
fox-26houston.com fox-26houston.com [319]
fox-32chicago.com fox-32chicago.com [319]
foxnews-us.com foxnews-us.com Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com. [317][319]
foxnews15.com foxnews15.com [319]
freeinquirer.com freeinquirer.com [51]
The Jackson Telegraph jacksontelegraph.com [325][302][51]
longarticles.com longarticles.com [302]
MississippiHerald.com MississippiHerald.com [23][302][51]
nbc9news.com nbc9news.com Spoof of NBC. Part of same network as abc14news.com. [317][318][323][324]
nbcnews11.com nbcnews11.com [319]
nbcnews15.com nbcnews15.com [319]
nbcnews6.com nbcnews6.com [319]
newjournal.us newjournal.us [51]
thenyherald.com thenyherald.com Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [324]
pressunion.org pressunion.org [302]
si-nba.com si-nba.com [319]
sundayregister.com sundayregister.com [302]
The Sunday Inquirer sundayinquirer.com [325][302]
The Sunday Post sundaypost.org [302]
surreytelegraph.com surreytelegraph.com [51]
sydneybulletin.com sydneybulletin.com [51]
Telegraph Sun telegraphsun.com [302]
timesofcambodia.com timesofcambodia.com [51]
tmz-us.com tmz-us.com Spoof of TMZ. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [324]
tvtnews.com tvtnews.com Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [324][323]
unitednews.org unitednews.org [302]
us-nbcnews.com us-nbcnews.com Spoof of NBC News. Part of the same network as nbc9news.com. [324]
usatoday-go.com usatoday-go.com Has the same IP address as cbsnews10.com. [317][327]
Vancouver Inquirer vancouverinquirer.com [302][51]
vice-en-us.com vice-en-us.com Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com. [317][319]
weekendherald.com weekendherald.com [302]
yahoonews-us.com yahoonews-us.com Part of the same network as abcnews-us.com. [317][319]

Celebtricity

[edit]
Name Domain Status Notes Sources
20minutenews.com 20minutenews.com [51][303]
alertchild.com alertchild.com [51][303]
areyousleep.com areyousleep.com [51][303]
badcriminals.com badcriminals.com [51][303]
cartelreport.com cartelreport.com [51][303]
Celebtricity celebtricity.com Has falsely claimed that Barack Obama declared a state of emergency in Chicago, Illinois after more than 300 people were shot in one night; that a Wendy's employee put vaginal discharge on a burger as revenge against a partner; and that Bryshere Y. Gray was Jay-Z's son. Contains a "notorious fauxtire and satire entertainment" disclaimer which used to read "the most notorious urban satirical entertainment website in the world".[328] [329][328][330]
channel5000.com channel5000.com [51][303]
drugsofficial.com drugsofficial.com [51][303]
everydaybreakingnews.com everydaybreakingnews.com [51][303]
FedsAlert.com FedsAlert.com [23][51][303]
folksvideo.com folksvideo.com [51][303]
thefrt.com thefrt.com [51][303]
jokerviral.com jokerviral.com [51][303]
mrnewswatch.com mrnewswatch.com [51][303]
Persecutes.com Persecutes.com [23][51][303]
qualitysharing.com qualitysharing.com [51][303]
scaryhours.com scaryhours.com [51][303]
smhwtfnews.com smhwtfnews.com [51][303]
tmzbreaking.com tmzbreaking.com [51][303]
tmzbusiness.com tmzbusiness.com [303]
tmzcomedy.com tmzcomedy.com [51][303]
tmzhiphop.com tmzhiphop.com [51][303]
tmzurban.com tmzurban.com [303]
tmzuncut.com tmzuncut.com [51][303]
TMZWorldNews.com TMZWorldNews.com [23][51][303]
tmzworldstar.com tmzworldstar.com [51][303]
tmzworldstarnews.com tmzworldstarnews.com [51][303]
ViralActions.com ViralActions.com Cited story from World News Daily Report. [23][51][303][313]
viralcocaine.com viralcocaine.com [303]
viraldevil.com viraldevil.com [51][303]
viralmugshot.com viralmugshot.com [51][303]
viralpropaganda.com viralpropaganda.com [51][303]
viralspeech.com viralspeech.com [51][303]
viralstuppid.com viralstuppid.com [51][303][331][171]

PoliticsFocus

[edit]

Used a technique called "domain hopping" - repeatedly switching domain names to stay ahead of advertising blacklists on social media.[332][333]

Name Domain Status Notes Sources
PoliticsFocus anypolitical.com [332]
PoliticsFocus cloudpolitical.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus goldpolitics.com [334]
PoliticsFocus flexpolitics.com [334]
PoliticsFocus jetpolitics.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus maxrepublican.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus politicsbee.com [332]
PoliticsFocus politicsedge.com [334]
PoliticsFocus politicsfast.com [334]
PoliticsFocus Politicsfocus.com Per FactCheck.org. [44][332][334][335]
PoliticsFocus politicsmate.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus politicstec.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus politicsvision.com [332][334]
PoliticsFocus sunrepublican.com [332]
PoliticsFocus totalpolitical.com [334]

Miscellaneous

[edit]

The following article lists miscellaneous sites that are one-offs or otherwise lack information that would place them into one of the other categories above.

Main article: List of miscellaneous fake news websites

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Watch out for this fake news website masquerading as The New York Times". businessinsider.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  2. ^ "Would you believe the pope endorsed Trump? Five tips for spotting fake news". NBC News. 22 November 2016. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d Lim, Gabrielle; Maynier, Etienne; Scott-Railton, John; Fittarelli, Alberto; Moran, Ned; Deibert, Ron (2019-05-14). Burned After Reading: Endless Mayfly's Ephemeral Disinformation Campaign (Report). University of Toronto.
  4. ^ Weisburd, Andrew; Watts, Clint (6 August 2016), "How Russia Dominates Your Twitter Feed to Promote Lies (And, Trump, Too)", The Daily Beast, archived from the original on 31 May 2017, retrieved 24 November 2016
  5. ^ a b LaCapria, Kim (2 November 2016), "Snopes' Field Guide to Fake News Sites and Hoax Purveyors - Snopes.com's updated guide to the internet's clickbaiting, news-faking, social media exploiting dark side.", Snopes.com, archived from the original on 28 June 2020, retrieved 19 November 2016
  6. ^ Lewis Sanders IV (11 October 2016), "'Divide Europe': European lawmakers warn of Russian propaganda", Deutsche Welle, archived from the original on 25 March 2019, retrieved 24 November 2016
  7. ^ Gilbert, Ben (15 November 2016), "Fed up with fake news, Facebook users are solving the problem with a simple list", Business Insider, archived from the original on 26 May 2019, retrieved 16 November 2016, Some of these sites are intended to look like real publications (there are false versions of major outlets like ABC and MSNBC) but share only fake news; others are straight-up propaganda created by foreign nations (Russia and Macedonia, among others).
  8. ^ a b c d e Tavernise, Sabrina (7 December 2016), "As Fake News Spreads Lies, More Readers Shrug at the Truth", The New York Times, p. A1, archived from the original on 3 April 2019, retrieved 9 December 2016, Narrowly defined, 'fake news' means a made-up story with an intention to deceive, often geared toward getting clicks.
  9. ^ Kertscher, Tom (13 December 2016), "PolitiFact's Lie of the Year 2016: Fake news", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, archived from the original on 7 December 2019, retrieved 14 December 2016
  10. ^ Ong, Jonathan Corpus (August 30, 2018). "Trolls for Sale in the World's Social Media Capital". AsiaGlobal Online. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  11. ^ a b c Iannelli, Jerry (28 February 2017). "There's Reportedly a Gigantic #FakeNews Operation Run From Miami (and It's Not New Times!)". Miami New Times. Archived from the original on 6 May 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  12. ^ a b c d Silverman, Craig (February 27, 2017). "This Is How Your Hyperpartisan Political News Gets Made". Buzzfeed News. Archived from the original on July 17, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  13. ^ Bump, Philip (14 November 2016). "Denzel Washington endorsed Trump, according to AmericaNews, Breitbart, USANewsHome — and Facebook". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 21 February 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  14. ^ a b c d Silverman, Craig (2018-07-29). "This Huge Hyperpartisan American Conservative Facebook Page Was Rented Out To Guys In India". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2018-07-30. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
  15. ^ a b c d "Pfizer Petitions Court For Identity of 'Conservative Beaver' Publisher -- Lead Stories May Have Found Him". Lead Stories. 2021-11-24. Archived from the original on 2023-04-06. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  16. ^ "Fact Check: Trucker Convoy Leader Was NOT Found Dead In Her Cell | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2022-02-23. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  17. ^ a b c d e f Sydell, Laura (23 November 2016). "We Tracked Down A Fake-News Creator In The Suburbs. Here's What We Learned". All Things Considered. NPR. Archived from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  18. ^ "WP Company LLC v. Jestin Coler / DisInfoMedia Inc - Claim Number: FA1509001636671". National Arbitration Forum. October 26, 2015. Archived from the original on November 28, 2016. Retrieved November 28, 2016.
  19. ^ Murtha, Jack (May 26, 2016). "How fake news sites frequently trick big-time journalists". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  20. ^ Jacobson, Louis (November 17, 2016). "No, someone wasn't paid $3,500 to protest Donald Trump". PolitiFact.com. Archived from the original on November 19, 2016. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Funke, Daniel (2017-11-07). "Weeks after his death, most of Paul Horners fake news sites are down. So whats left?". Poynter. Archived from the original on 2022-10-07. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  22. ^ a b c "Fake News King Paul Horner Launches New Website Named My Phoenix Daily". Lead Stories. 2017-09-14. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Gillin, Joshua (2018-04-20). "PolitiFact's guide to fake news websites and what they peddle". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2019-08-03. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
  24. ^ Becky Bratu; Erin Calabrese; Kurt Chirbas; Emmanuelle Saliba; Adam Howard (December 15, 2016). "Tall Tale or Satire? Authors of So-Called 'Fake News' Feel Misjudged". NBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  25. ^ a b c d e f LaCapria, Kim (14 January 2016). "Snopes' Field Guide to Fake News Sites and Hoax Purveyors". snopes. Archived from the original on 2020-06-28. Retrieved 2016-11-24.
  26. ^ Gillin, Joshua (2017-07-05). "Story about Ryan announcing Trump's resignation comes from infamous fake news writer". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2018-06-20. Retrieved 2018-06-19.
  27. ^ Levin, Sam (2017-05-16). "Facebook promised to tackle fake news. But the evidence shows it's not working". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2018-06-25. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h Gillin, Joshua (2017-01-06). "PolitiFact - No, a celebrity's car didn't break down in your hometown". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2023-09-08. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  29. ^ a b "AP FACT CHECK: Alike tales of actors' car trouble are false". AP News. 2017-01-06. Archived from the original on 2024-01-26. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  30. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Silverman, Craig; Singer-Vine, Jeremy (2016-12-16). "The True Story Behind The Biggest Fake News Hit Of The Election". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  31. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Silverman, Craig (2016-12-30). "Here Are 50 Of The Biggest Fake News Hits On Facebook From 2016". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-05-10. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g Evon, Dan (2016-03-22). "'Step Brothers 2' Rumors Are False". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-06-11. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  33. ^ Cain, Patrick (2016-12-24). "Fake news: No room in the stadium, Brad Pitt moving to Brantford, the War on Christmas and more". Global News. Archived from the original on 2022-09-09. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  34. ^ Emery, David (2016-07-29). "Celebrity Summoned to Jury Duty in Your Town!". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  35. ^ a b c Dietrich, Matt (2017-04-13). "PolitiFact - Fake news alert: Vin Diesel names Rockford his favorite city". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2023-10-08. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  36. ^ a b "No, a new 'Harry Potter' movie will not be filmed in Arizona". KTAR.com. 20 June 2016. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  37. ^ a b Cataldo, Laurie (14 June 2016). "'The Notebook 2' Not Filming in Atlantic City...or Anywhere Else". WJLK. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  38. ^ Paulson, Dave (30 June 2016). "Sorry, Forrest Gump 2 NOT filming in Brentwood". The Tennessean. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  39. ^ Szaroleta, Tom (2016-04-07). "Clint Eastwood moving to Jacksonville?". The Florida Times-Union. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  40. ^ Barlette, Kristi Gustafson (2016-05-11). "Johnny Depp did *not* say Albany has beautiful women". Times Union. Archived from the original on 2019-02-06. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  41. ^ "Adam Sandler spoof article goes viral". Kent Online. 2016-11-14. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  42. ^ "This story about Leonardo DiCaprio moving to Galway is going insanely viral - but it's not true". The Daily Edge. 2017-07-20. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  43. ^ Allcott, Hunt; Gentzkow, Matthew (2017-05-01). "Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 31 (2): 211–236. doi:10.1257/jep.31.2.211. ISSN 0895-3309.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Misinformation Directory". FactCheck.org. 2017-07-06. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  45. ^ Emery, David (2018-01-19). "Did Macaulay Culkin Say Satanic Hollywood Executives Wear Shoes Made From Dead Children?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  46. ^ a b c Schaedel, Sydney (2017-07-06). "Websites that post fake and satirical stories". FactCheck. Archived from the original on 2018-05-12. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
  47. ^ Baum, Gary (September 21, 2017). "L.A. Alt-Media Agitator (Not Breitbart) Clashes With Google, Snopes". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on September 24, 2017. Retrieved September 23, 2017.
  48. ^ Boswell, Josh (January 29, 2017). "Mother churns out stories for master of fake news". The Times. London. Archived from the original on July 18, 2017. Retrieved May 23, 2017. The man behind one of America's biggest 'fake news' websites is a former BBC worker from London whose mother writes many of his stories. Sean Adl-Tabatabai, 35, runs YourNewsWire.com, the source of scores of dubious news stories, including claims that the Queen had threatened to abdicate if the UK voted against Brexit.
  49. ^ "Don't get fooled by these fake news sites". CBS News. February 10, 2017. Archived from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  50. ^ "Misinformation Directory". FactCheck.org. July 6, 2017. Archived from the original on August 28, 2018. Retrieved August 27, 2018.
  51. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc Silverman, Craig; Lytvynenko, Jane; Pham, Scott (December 28, 2017). "These Are 50 Of The Biggest Fake News Hits On Facebook In 2017". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  52. ^ Funke, Daniel (July 20, 2018). "Fact-checkers have debunked this fake news site 80 times. It's still publishing on Facebook". Poynter Institute. Archived from the original on December 10, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  53. ^ Frier, Sarah (November 4, 2018). "Facebook Tamped Down on Hoax Sites, But Polarization Thrives". bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved November 25, 2018.
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Funke, Daniel. "PolitiFact - How a disinformation network exploited satire to become a popular source of false news on Facebook". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
  55. ^ a b c d "The former PWC staffer in charge of fake news – #exposed". News24. Archived from the original on 2022-10-04. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  56. ^ a b c "GUIDE: How to stop falling for fake news". Africa Check. 2016-11-18. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2023-12-09.
  57. ^ a b Silverman, Craig (2016-08-09). "These Two Teenagers Keep Fooling The Internet With Justin Trudeau Hoaxes". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  58. ^ a b Teoh, Flora (31 October 2023). "Who's Behind The (Mis)Leading Report?". Science Feedback. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  59. ^ Shaheen, Mansur (2024-06-28). "CNN denies rumors of delay in TV broadcast of presidential debate". The Mirror US. Archived from the original on June 28, 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  60. ^ Merlan, Anna (September 17, 2024). "How the debate whistleblower car crash conspiracy went viral". Mother Jones. Archived from the original on September 18, 2024. Retrieved 2024-09-19.
  61. ^ Silverman, Craig (2016-08-12). "A Bunch Of Conservative Sites Fell For A Hoax Claiming Obama Will Move To Canada If Trump Wins". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on 2023-06-24. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  62. ^ "Fake quote has South Africa's agriculture minister blaming white people for cold weather". Africa Check. 2019-06-17. Archived from the original on 2023-01-30. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  63. ^ Boburg, Shawn. "Leaked files reveal reputation-management firm's deceptive tactics". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2023-03-15. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  64. ^ a b "Part 2 – Analysis of the fake articles". Qurium Media Foundation. Archived from the original on 2023-02-18. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  65. ^ "Fake News Websites Used to Promote Horror Flick A Cure For Wellness | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2017-02-13. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
  66. ^ Silverman, Craig; Lytvynenko, Jane (2017-02-13). "A Hollywood Film Is Funding Fake News As Part Of Its Publicity Campaign". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
  67. ^ Dourado, Tatiana; Salgado, Susana (2021-10-02). "Disinformation in the Brazilian pre-election context: probing the content, spread and implications of fake news about Lula da Silva". The Communication Review. 24 (4): 297–319. doi:10.1080/10714421.2021.1981705. hdl:10451/49827. ISSN 1071-4421.
  68. ^ "The dead professor and the vast pro-India disinformation campaign". BBC. 2020-12-10. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2023-12-27.
  69. ^ Nardelli, Alberto; Silverman, Craig (2016-11-29). "Italy's Most Popular Political Party Is Leading Europe In Fake News And Kremlin Propaganda". BuzzFeed. Archived from the original on 2023-12-03. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
  70. ^ Serabian, Ryan; Kapellmann Zafra, Daniel. "Pro-PRC "HaiEnergy" Information Operations Campaign Leverages Infrastructure from Public Relations Firm to Disseminate Content on Inauthentic News Sites". Mandiant. Archived from the original on 2022-08-31. Retrieved 2023-12-04.
  71. ^ Bacungan, VJ (June 23, 2017). "CBCP to public: Fight 'fake news'". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on June 26, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  72. ^ Nimmo, Ben; Torrey, Mike (2022-09-27). "Taking down coordinated inauthentic behavior from Russia and China" (PDF). Facebook. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2023-11-30.
  73. ^ Nimmo, Ben; Ronzaud, Léa; Eib, C. Shawn. "Echoes of Fake News - Facebook Downs Assets Linked to Deceptive Websites Run from Separatist-Held Ukraine, First Reported by Die Welt and Netzpolitik" (PDF). Graphika. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  74. ^ Bengani, Priyanjana (2021-10-14). "The Metric Media network runs more than 1,200 local news sites. Here are some of the non-profits funding them". Columbia Journalism Review. Archived from the original on 2023-07-30. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  75. ^ a b c d e Funke, Daniel (2018-10-18). "Khashoggi misinformation highlights a growing number of fake fact-checkers". Poynter. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  76. ^ a b c d e f Funke, Daniel (2019-02-15). "This website impersonated a fact-checking outlet to publish fake news stories". Poynter. Archived from the original on 2023-01-07. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  77. ^ Silverman, Craig (2018-06-14). "A Marketing Site Deleted Over 7,000 Articles After It Was Caught Stealing Fact-Checks And Plagiarizing". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-24. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  78. ^ a b Sözeri, Efe Kerem (2017-05-31). "These fake 'fact-checkers' are peddling lies about genocide and censorship in Turkey". Poynter Institute. Archived from the original on 2023-04-17. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  79. ^ a b Moshirnia, Andrew (2020). "Who Will Check the Checkers? False Factcheckers and Memetic Misinformation". Utah Law Review. 2020 (4). Archived from the original on 2020-09-19.
  80. ^ "Fact-checkers seek out grain of truth in Turkey's fake-news onslaught". Politico. 2018-12-21. Archived from the original on 2020-12-01. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  81. ^ Jackson, Jasper (2017-02-15). "Fact-checkers are weapons in the post-truth wars, but they're not all on one side". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  82. ^ Funke, Daniel (2018-07-27). "When fact-checkers are the subjects of misinformation". Poynter. Archived from the original on 2022-12-30. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  83. ^ a b c "Bogus fact-checking site amplified by dozens of Indian embassies on social media". Digital Forensic Research Lab. 2021-05-27. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  84. ^ a b Fisher, Max (2021-07-25). "Disinformation for Hire, a Shadow Industry, Is Quietly Booming". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2023-11-02. Retrieved 2023-12-30.
  85. ^ Daro, Ishmael N. (2018-10-12). "Saudi Media Are Promoting A Ludicrous "Fake Fiancé" Conspiracy Theory About Missing Journalist Jamal Khashoggi". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2022-10-25. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  86. ^ "Mural Eletrônico". Superior Electoral Court. 2018-09-12. Archived from the original on 2020-07-13. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  87. ^ "IFCN Code of Principles". 2019-03-10. Archived from the original on 2019-03-10. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
  88. ^ Tiwari, Ayush (18 July 2020). "OpIndia: Hate speech, vanishing advertisers, and an undisclosed BJP connection". Newslaundry. Archived from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  89. ^ Baig, Rachel (2022-03-09). "How one 'fact-checking' site spreads Russian propaganda". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  90. ^ Romero, Luiz (2022-08-08). "PolitiFact - How 'War on Fakes' uses fact-checking to spread pro-Russia propaganda". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2023-06-10. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  91. ^ "U.S. Seizes Websites NewsGuard Rated as Russian Disinformation". NewsGuard. 2024-09-06. Archived from the original on 2024-09-07. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
  92. ^ "doppelganger_affidavit_9.4.24.pdf". United States Department of Justice. 2024-09-04. Archived from the original on 2024-09-07. Retrieved 2024-09-07.
  93. ^ "Tracking AI-enabled Misinformation: 1,090 'Unreliable AI-Generated News' Websites (and Counting), Plus the Top False Narratives Generated by Artificial Intelligence Tools". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2024-10-08. Retrieved 2024-10-19.
  94. ^ a b c d e "Funding the Next Generation of Content Farms - Misinformation Monitor: June 2023". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2023-12-06. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  95. ^ a b c ""Biden is Dead" Hoax Lives On". NewsGuard. 2024-07-26. Archived from the original on 2024-08-02. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  96. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Rise of the Newsbots: AI-Generated News Websites Proliferating Online". NewsGuard. 2023-05-01. Archived from the original on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  97. ^ a b c "AI Chatbots Have Been Used to Create Dozens of News Content Farms". Bloomberg.com. 2023-05-01. Archived from the original on 2023-05-01. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
  98. ^ Regimbal, Alec (October 18, 2023). "'Fake news' site publishes more false stories about San Francisco Supervisor Dean Preston". SFGate. Retrieved March 6, 2024.
  99. ^ Hill, Kashmir; Hsu, Tiffany (2024-06-06). "It Looked Like a Reliable News Site. It Was an A.I. Chop Shop". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-06-12. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  100. ^ a b c d e "Exclusive: NewsGuard Uncovers Network of Italian-Language Unreliable AI Generated Sites". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  101. ^ Brewster, Jack (2024-04-12). "How I Built an AI-Powered, Self-Running Propaganda Machine for $105". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2024-04-14. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
  102. ^ a b Stern, Marlow (2017-08-24). "Inside the Fake-Islamic Site Posting Hacked Nude Photos of A-List Celebrities". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
  103. ^ Husain, Taneem (2018). "Can Islam Be Satirized? Celeb Jihad's "Explosive Celebrity Gossip" and the Divide between Islam and Mainstream American Culture". American Studies. 56 (3): 69–82. doi:10.1353/ams.2018.0003. ISSN 2153-6856. Archived from the original on 2022-03-31.
  104. ^ Smith, Ryan (2024-01-27). "The violation of Taylor Swift". Newsweek. Archived from the original on 2024-04-06. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
  105. ^ Ross, Martha (2018-03-16). "Meghan Markle, the latest female celebrity to deal with real or fake nude photos posted online". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on 2022-07-24. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
  106. ^ a b c d Cantor, Matthew (2023-05-08). "Nearly 50 news websites are 'AI-generated', a study says. Would I be able to tell?". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2023-12-11. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  107. ^ a b c d e f g h "Plagiarism-Bot? How Low-Quality Websites Are Using AI to Deceptively Rewrite Content from Mainstream News Outlets - Misinformation Monitor: August 2023". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2023-08-26. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  108. ^ a b c d "NewsGuard Now Identifies 125 News and Information Websites Generated by AI, Develops Framework for Defining 'Unreliable AI-Generated News' and Information Sources". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2023-10-28. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  109. ^ a b c Abels, Grace (2024-06-14). "No, Steelers coach did not call Pride Month 'woke crap.'". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2024-06-14. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  110. ^ a b c d "Pink Slime Network Infects 49 States with Fake COVID-19 Death Claims". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2024-06-07. Retrieved 2024-06-08.
  111. ^ a b c NewsGuard. "Google News Promotes AI-Generated "News"". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2024-06-24. Retrieved 2024-07-08.
  112. ^ "NewsGuard's Reality Check". Newsguard. 2024-03-25. Archived from the original on 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2024-04-17.
  113. ^ a b Wang, Berry; Xiaoyu, Li; Clarke, Jamie (2023-06-14). "Analysis: NewsGPT publishes an array of AI-generated falsehood". Annie Lab. Archived from the original on 2024-09-01. Retrieved 2024-10-06.
  114. ^ Harrison, Maggie (2023-03-03). "News Site Launches That's Completely Generated by AI". Futurism. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  115. ^ Cercone, Jeff (2024-06-10). "Chiefs have issued no statements about Pride Month". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  116. ^ Fong, Joss (2020-03-04). "The era of fake writing is upon us". Vox. Archived from the original on 2020-03-04. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  117. ^ Robitzski, Dan (2020-02-13). "This site uses AI to generate fake news articles". Futurism. Archived from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  118. ^ Thompson, Stuart A. (2024-06-13). "Fake News Still Has a Home on Facebook". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-06-18. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  119. ^ Spencer, Saranac Hale (2023-12-15). "Fake Story About Trans Athlete Spreads Online". FactCheck.org. Archived from the original on 2024-02-23. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  120. ^ Liles, Jordan (2023-12-01). "Did Tucker Carlson and Elon Musk Announce a New Media Empire Collaboration in November 2023?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2024-02-28. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  121. ^ "Fact Check: Taylor Swift has not been banned from attending NFL games". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2024-06-19. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  122. ^ "Fact Check: Kansas City Chiefs Did NOT 'Refuse To Participate In Pride Month' -- It's A Satirical Article". Lead Stories. 2024-06-10. Archived from the original on 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  123. ^ Hudnall, Hannah (2023-03-10). "Fact check: Claim of Twitter ban for Greta Thunberg is satire". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2023-04-11. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  124. ^ "NOT REAL NEWS: A look at what didn't happen this week". AP News. 2023-12-08. Archived from the original on 2024-05-11. Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  125. ^ "Plag-AI-rism: How Lead Stories Used ChatGPT To Find A False Story about Tucker Carlson ... That Was 'Plagiarised' With ChatGPT". Lead Stories. 2023-05-09. Archived from the original on 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  126. ^ NewsGuard (2024-08-05). "USNewsper.com is not American or News; It's Lithuanian AI!". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2024-08-05. Retrieved 2024-08-06.
  127. ^ Cox, Joseph (2024-01-18). "Google News Is Boosting Garbage AI-Generated Articles". 404 Media. Archived from the original on 2024-04-11. Retrieved 2024-05-06.
  128. ^ Food and Drug Administration (April 9, 2020). "RE: Unapproved and Misbranded Products Related to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)" (PDF). Letter to Alexander E. Jones. Retrieved February 26, 2023.
  129. ^ Curet, Monique. "PolitiFact - A video that originated on InfoWars is filled with falsehoods about COVID-19 vaccines". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2023-08-25. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  130. ^ "Infowars, resurrected: how the conspiracy site evaded a cross-platform ban". Digital Forensic Research Lab. 2020-04-21. Archived from the original on 2022-07-14. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  131. ^ Palma, Bethania (2016-08-25). "Were Tennessee Schoolchildren Forced to Bow Down to Allah?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2021-12-02. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  132. ^ a b "Active Anti-Muslim Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 2023-11-22. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  133. ^ a b "Troll farms from North Macedonia and the Philippines pushed coronavirus disinformation on Facebook". NBC News. May 29, 2020. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  134. ^ "2015 Active White Nationalist Groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 2023-03-28. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  135. ^ "Fringe websites double down on attacking Parkland teens". NBC News. April 2, 2018. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  136. ^ Kasprak, Alex (2018-04-16). "'Natural News' Creator's Newest Site Focuses Entirely on Teenaged Mass Shooting Survivor". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-03-14. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  137. ^ Mak, Tim (4 December 2016). "'Pizzagate' Gunman Liked Alex Jones". thedailybeast.com. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  138. ^ Blake, Andrew (9 December 2016). "Alex Jones, Infowars founder, appeals to Trump for aid over fears of 'fake news' crackdown". The Washington Times. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  139. ^ "Radio Conspiracy Theorist Claims Ear Of Trump, Pushes 'Pizzagate' Fictions". NPR.org. NPR. Archived from the original on 11 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  140. ^ Tracy, Abigail (6 December 2016). "The InfoWars Presidency Arrives in Washington". Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  141. ^ Finnegan, William (22 November 2016). "Why Won't Donald Trump Denounce Sandy Hook Deniers?". newyorker.com. Archived from the original on 24 November 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  142. ^ Page, Clarence (6 December 2016). "Does the First Amendment protect fake news?". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 December 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  143. ^ Hinckley, Story (15 December 2016). "Why fake news holds such allure". Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 11 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  144. ^ Goldman, Adam (2016-12-07). "The Comet Ping Pong Gunman Answers Our Reporter's Questions". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2016-12-13. Retrieved 2017-01-28.
  145. ^ Mahani, Doha (March 30, 2019). "InfoWars' Alex Jones claims a 'psychosis' caused him to question Sandy Hook massacre". NBC News. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  146. ^ a b c Owen, Laura Hazard (October 26, 2020). "Older people and Republicans are most likely to share Covid-19 stories from fake news sites on Twitter". Nieman Lab. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  147. ^ a b c d "The Year in Hate and Extremism 2020" (PDF). Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-08. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  148. ^ Kornbluh, Jacob (October 1, 2021). "4 GOP candidates in key House races invoke the Holocaust against mask and vaccine mandates". The Forward. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  149. ^ "Fact Check-No evidence that Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine causes Alzheimer's disease". Reuters. May 12, 2021. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  150. ^ Czopek, Madison (February 5, 2021). "No, the CDC isn't inflating coronavirus statistics". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  151. ^ Carballo-Carbajal, Iria (29 April 2021). "Flawed speculative study incorrectly claims that mRNA COVID-19 vaccines cause neurodegenerative diseases". Science Feedback. Health Feedback. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  152. ^ MacGuill, Dan (2021-08-20). "No, Australian Officials Did Not Say They Would 'Seize' and Forcibly Vaccinate 24K Kids". Snopes. Archived from the original on June 28, 2023. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
  153. ^ Sadeghi, McKenzie (September 8, 2021). "Fact check: Pfizer is testing a drug to treat COVID-19 infections. It's not tied to vaccinations". USA Today. Archived from the original on October 25, 2021. Retrieved October 25, 2021.
  154. ^ [148][149][150][151][152][153]
  155. ^ Squire, Megan; Hayden, Michael Edison (March 8, 2023). "'Absolutely Bonkers': Inside Infowars' Money Machine". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on March 27, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-27. Jones' text messages suggest Jones and his collaborators sought to launder his Infowars content to social media sites that had banned it, while disguising its true origin. For example, the texts reveal that Jones created the junk-news website National File.
  156. ^ Barr, Kyle (2023-03-17). "Alex Jones' Alleged Secret Site Gets Around Social Media Bans". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on April 3, 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-27. In leaked texts shared earlier this month by the Southern Poverty Law Center between him and well-known Republican operative Roger Stone in 2020, Jones said "off record this is my site" in relation to National File.
  157. ^ Novella, Steven (2010-12-14). "H1N1 Vaccine and Miscarriages – More Fear Mongering". Neurologica (blog). New England Skeptical Society. Archived from the original on 2016-12-23. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  158. ^ Pearce, Matt (2013-02-07). "Conspiracy theorists harassing, impersonating Aurora victims". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on 2013-05-24. Retrieved 2013-10-25.
  159. ^ Novella, Steven (2010-01-25). "Mike Adams Takes On 'Skeptics'". Neurologica (blog). New England Skeptical Society. Archived from the original on 2016-12-06. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  160. ^ Orac [David Gorski] (2011-10-27). "Mike Adams vs. the flu vaccine". Respectful Insolence. ScienceBlogs. Archived from the original on 2014-03-11. Retrieved 2014-03-11.
  161. ^ Lewis, Paul (2018-02-02). "'Fiction is outperforming reality': how YouTube's algorithm distorts truth". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2020-04-07. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  162. ^ Timberg, Craig (2016-11-24). "Russian propaganda effort helped spread 'fake news' during election, experts say". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2020-04-04. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  163. ^ "Antigovernment General". Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original on 2023-06-22. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  164. ^ Palma, Bethania (2018-09-20). "Was the Mayor of San Juan Arrested for Misuse of Disaster Funds?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-03-30. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  165. ^ Collins, Ben (2016-10-28). "This 'Conservative News Site' Trended on Facebook, Showed Up on Fox News... and Duped the World". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  166. ^ "Old Network of Anti-Islam Fake News Websites Turns To Twitter Trolling". Lead Stories. 2018-11-27. Archived from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2023-12-19.
  167. ^ Beirich, Heidi (Spring 2019). "The Year in Hate and Extremism: Rage Against Change" (PDF). Southern Poverty Law Center. OCLC 796223066. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-09-03. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  168. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Carrasco-Farré, Carlos (2022-05-09). "The fingerprints of misinformation: how deceptive content differs from reliable sources in terms of cognitive effort and appeal to emotions". Humanities and Social Sciences Communications. 9 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1057/s41599-022-01174-9. ISSN 2662-9992.
  169. ^ "The Year in Hate: Trump buoyed white supremacists in 2017, sparking backlash among black nationalist groups". Southern Poverty Law Center. 2018-02-21. Archived from the original on 2018-02-21. Retrieved 2024-05-30.
  170. ^ "Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online" (PDF). Data & Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-25. Retrieved 2024-05-29.
  171. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Grinberg, Nir; Joseph, Kenneth; Friedland, Lisa; Swire-Thompson, Briony; Lazer, David (2019-01-25). "Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. presidential election". Science. 363 (6425): 374–378. Bibcode:2019Sci...363..374G. doi:10.1126/science.aau2706. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30679368. S2CID 59248491.
  172. ^ Guess, Andy; Aslett, Kevin; Tucker, Joshua; Bonneau, Richard; Nagler, Jonathan (2021). "Cracking Open the News Feed: Exploring What U.S. Facebook Users See and Share with Large-Scale Platform Data". Journal of Quantitative Description: Digital Media. 1. doi:10.51685/jqd.2021.006. ISSN 2673-8813. S2CID 236598470. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2022-08-31.
  173. ^ Osmundsen, Mathias; Bor, Alexander; Vahlstrup, Peter Bjerregaard; Bechmann, Anja; Petersen, Michael Bang (May 7, 2021). "Partisan Polarization Is the Primary Psychological Motivation behind Political Fake News Sharing on Twitter". American Political Science Review. 115 (3). Cambridge University Press: 999–1015. doi:10.1017/S0003055421000290. ISSN 0003-0554. S2CID 235527523. Archived from the original on August 22, 2021. Retrieved August 23, 2021.
  174. ^ Ognyanova, Katherine; Lazer, David; Robertson, Ronald E.; Wilson, Christo (2020-06-02). "Misinformation in action: Fake news exposure is linked to lower trust in media, higher trust in government when your side is in power" (PDF). Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. 1 (4). Shorenstein Center. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-03-20. Retrieved 2021-08-23.
  175. ^ Kukura, Joe (2017-03-16). "The Inside Dope on Jean Quan's Pot Club". SF Weekly. Archived from the original on 2022-10-08. Retrieved 2022-10-02. As of press time, the homepage of their website lists links to right-wing fake news sites like WorldNetDaily...
  176. ^ a b c d e f "These are the fake health news that went viral in 2019". NBC News. 2019-12-29. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  177. ^ a b "An Anti-Vaccine Film Targeted To Black Americans Spreads False Information". NPR. 2021-06-08. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  178. ^ a b c d e f g h "The Disinformation Dozen" (PDF). Center for Countering Digital Hate. 2021-03-24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-05-11. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  179. ^ Robertson, Adi (2020-08-18). "Anti-vaccination group sues Facebook over fact-checking program". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2023-12-01. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  180. ^ Brett, Chelsea (30 November 2023). "Anti-vaccination organization spreads baseless claim that global HPV vaccination campaign will lead to "mass casualty event"". Science Feedback. Health Feedback. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  181. ^ "Fact Check: Trump DID Sign 5G Bill, But Exposure Effects Are Misleading | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2020-03-30. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  182. ^ Frenkel, Sheera (2022-08-18). "Facebook and Instagram Remove Robert Kennedy Jr.'s Nonprofit for Misinformation". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2024-05-10. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  183. ^ "What VAERS Can and Can't Do, and How Anti-Vaccination Groups Habitually Misuse Its Data". FactCheck.org. 2023-06-06. Archived from the original on 2024-04-23. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  184. ^ a b c d "Special Report: COVID-19 Myths". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2023-08-07. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  185. ^ Lytvynenko, Jane; Silverman, Craig (2019-07-03). "These Bizarre Kamala Harris And Mark Zuckerberg Conspiracy Sites Are Run By A Montessori School Operator". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-09-22. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  186. ^ Kasprak, Alex (2017-02-24). "Did a Study Prove That Airport Scanners 'Rip Apart' Your DNA?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2024-05-10. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  187. ^ "Russian Trolls Fooled Sanders Voters With Anti-Clinton Fake News". HuffPost. 2017-03-11. Archived from the original on 2024-01-18. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  188. ^ a b c d e Buntain, Cody; Golbeck, Jennifer; Auxier, Brooke; Girum Assefa, Biniyam. "Analyzing a Fake News Authorship Network" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-29. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  189. ^ a b c d Guess, Andrew; Nyhan, Brendan; Reifler, Jason. "Selective Exposure to Misinformation: Evidence from the consumption of fake news during the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-02. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  190. ^ Kasprak, Alex (2017-08-24). "FACT CHECK: Were Enormous Pyramids Just Discovered In Antarctica?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-12-09. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  191. ^ a b Teoh, Flora (30 September 2019). "Claim that ginger is more effective than chemotherapy for cancer treatment is unsupported". Science Feedback. Health Feedback. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  192. ^ "Fake News: Study Does NOT Find Ginger Is 10,000x More Effective At Killing Cancer Than Chemo". Lead Stories. 2019-09-04. Archived from the original on 2023-03-26. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  193. ^ a b "Vani Hari, a.k.a. "The Food Babe," finally responds to critics". Science-Based Medicine. 2014-12-08. Archived from the original on 2023-07-19. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  194. ^ "Is The Food Babe A Fearmonger? Scientists Are Speaking Out". National Public Radio. 2014-12-04. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  195. ^ Kasprak, Alex (2016-11-16). "Is Monsanto Suppressing Evidence of a Cancerous Herbicide in Food?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2024-04-01. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  196. ^ Kane, Alex (2012-12-11). "5 signs the UFO community can't take a joke". Salon. Archived from the original on 2024-02-05. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  197. ^ Forrester, Nikki (25 March 2021). "Solar geoengineering isn't happening or damaging the planet; aircraft contrails are formed by water vapor, not chemicals". Science Feedback. Climate Feedback. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  198. ^ "Researchers Hit With Lawsuits, Records Requests for Fact-Checking Climate Claims". Bloomberg.com. 2022-09-19. Archived from the original on 2023-01-08. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  199. ^ Cairns, Rose (March 2016). "Climates of suspicion: 'chemtrail' conspiracy narratives and the international politics of geoengineering". The Geographical Journal. 182 (1): 70–84. Bibcode:2016GeogJ.182...70C. doi:10.1111/geoj.12116. ISSN 0016-7398.
  200. ^ a b Boseley, Sarah (2020-01-30). "Gwyneth Paltrow's Goop wellness products condemned by NHS chief". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-01-20. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  201. ^ Mole, Beth (2020-02-03). "Goop accused of more deceptive health claims, violating court order". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 2023-05-24. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  202. ^ Sonnad, Nikhil (2017-06-29). "All the "wellness" products Americans love to buy are sold on both Infowars and Goop". Quartz. Archived from the original on 2024-05-12. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  203. ^ a b "Popular Health Guru Sayer Ji Curates the Scientific Literature with His Bachelor's Degree in Philosophy". McGill University. Archived from the original on 2024-04-18. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  204. ^ a b c Kasprak, Alex (2018-12-18). "Pinterest Removes Three Prominent "Natural Health" Pages for Peddling Health Misinformation". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2024-04-29. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  205. ^ Funke, Daniel (2020-12-09). "The FDA did not find that COVID-19 vaccines may cause death". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2024-05-11. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  206. ^ Guerin, Cécile. "The yoga world is riddled with anti-vaxxers and QAnon believers". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2024-04-05. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  207. ^ a b Gregory, John (2019-07-26). "Health websites are notoriously misleading. So we rated their reliability". STAT. Archived from the original on 2024-04-08. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  208. ^ Beckett, Lois (2021-01-06). "Misinformation 'superspreaders': Covid vaccine falsehoods still thriving on Facebook and Instagram". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-04-05. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  209. ^ "Reports spread misinformation on Pfizer vaccine trial deaths". Australian Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2024-03-02. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  210. ^ Kasprak, Alex (2017-10-20). "FACT CHECK: Is Manuka Honey 'Better Than All Known Antibiotics?'". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-10-02. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  211. ^ Kasprak, Alex; LaCapria, Kim (2015-11-12). "FACT CHECK: Is Twice-Boiled Water "Toxic"?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2024-05-06. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  212. ^ Nguyen, Andy. "No, COVID-19 vaccines haven't caused higher vaccine deaths". PolitiFact. Archived from the original on 2023-10-02. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  213. ^ Kasprak, Alex (2019-11-01). "Did 23 Seniors Die After Receiving a Flu Shot Sold by Pharmacies?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  214. ^ "Video Makes Bogus Claims About 'War Crimes' and COVID-19 Vaccine Safety". FactCheck.org. 2021-02-12. Archived from the original on 2023-12-07. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  215. ^ Teoh, Flora (28 February 2019). "Article claiming flu vaccine causes serious illness and death is misleading and inaccurate". Science Feedback. Health Feedback. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  216. ^ a b c d ""Experiments," "shedding," and variants: Here's where Covid-19 misinformation went in May". Nieman Foundation for Journalism. Archived from the original on 2023-04-01. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  217. ^ "Doctors' deaths were not connected, as website claims". PolitiFact. 2017-04-04. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  218. ^ Kasprak, Alex (2017-05-03). "FACT CHECK: Were Doctors Who Discovered Cancer Enzymes in Vaccines All Found Murdered?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  219. ^ Kasprak, Alex (2018-11-13). "Did a 5G Cellular Network Test Cause Hundreds of Birds to Die?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2024-04-04. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  220. ^ "Fake News: Experts Do NOT Say Kids That Eat Boogers Are Happier, Healthier Adults". Lead Stories. 2019-05-02. Archived from the original on 2023-12-01. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  221. ^ Kasprak, Alex (2018-01-15). "FACT CHECK: Less Effective Flu Shots 'Prove' You Shouldn't Get Them at All?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-10-02. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  222. ^ Gorski, David H. (2019), Bernicker, Eric H. (ed.), "Cancer Quackery and Fake News: Targeting the Most Vulnerable", Cancer and Society: A Multidisciplinary Assessment and Strategies for Action, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 95–112, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05855-5_7, ISBN 978-3-030-05855-5, retrieved 2024-05-15
  223. ^ Teoh, Flora (31 July 2019). "Claim that ingredients in flu vaccine are known neurotoxins found to be incorrect". Science Feedback. Health Feedback. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  224. ^ "The Misleading War on GMOs: The Food Is Safe. The Rhetoric Is Dangerous". Slate Magazine. 2015-07-15. Archived from the original on 2024-05-11. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  225. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2016-06-17). "Alabama CPS 'Medical Kidnap'". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2022-12-01. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  226. ^ Mikkelson, David (2014-11-26). "Breastfed, Homebirthed Babies Taken Away from Parents for Not Using Hospital?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2022-12-07. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  227. ^ a b Guess, Andrew M.; Nyhan, Brendan; O’Keeffe, Zachary; Reifler, Jason (November 2020). "The sources and correlates of exposure to vaccine-related (mis)information online". Vaccine. 38 (49): 7799–7805. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.10.018. ISSN 0264-410X. PMC 7578671. PMID 33164802. Archived from the original on 2022-07-08.
  228. ^ "The Left's Myths About Project 2025". NewsGuard. 2024-07-29. Archived from the original on 2024-08-02. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  229. ^ Ngo, Madeleine (2021-01-30). "Fact check: WHO recommends mask-wearing to prevent COVID-19 spread". USA Today. Archived from the original on 2021-12-03. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  230. ^ "Fact Check: Merck Did NOT Say It Is 'Better' to Get COVID And Recover Than Take Its Vaccines". Lead Stories. 2021-01-27. Archived from the original on 2024-04-14. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  231. ^ "Principia Scientific International". DeSmog. Archived from the original on 2024-06-13. Retrieved 2024-08-02.
  232. ^ Johnson, Scott (1 January 2020). "Article falsely attributes invented quotes to James Hansen". Science Feedback. Climate Feedback. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  233. ^ a b "realfarmacy.com" (PDF). NewsGuard. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  234. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2016-03-24). "The FDA Classified Walnuts as Drugs?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  235. ^ Gallagher, Kelsey. "LibGuides: Fake News: What Is Fake News?". Union College. Archived from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  236. ^ "Ask the Expert: Six tips for fighting fake news". Indiana University. Archived from the original on 2023-12-18. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  237. ^ "Coronavirus: Far-right spreads Covid-19 'infodemic' on Facebook". BBC News. 2020-05-04. Archived from the original on 2024-03-01. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  238. ^ "How dangerous fake health news conquered Facebook". The Independent. 2017-01-09. Archived from the original on 2024-03-10. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  239. ^ Alpert, Lukas I. (2020-04-20). "Coronavirus Misinformation Spreads on Facebook, Watchdog Says". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 2020-04-21. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  240. ^ "Quels sont les sites qui ont publié le plus d'intox sur le coronavirus ?". 20 Minutes (in French). 2020-12-21. Archived from the original on 2023-03-08. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  241. ^ "The COVID-19 "Infodemic" - A Preliminary Analysis of the Online Conversation Surrounding the Coronavirus Pandemic" (PDF). Graphika. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-12-26. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  242. ^ Evon, Dan (2019-08-02). "Was a 5-Meter-Tall Human Skeleton Unearthed in Australia?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-10-03. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  243. ^ Soellner, Mica (2018-04-12). "No, Marilyn Monroe was not assassinated by a CIA agent". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2023-06-02. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  244. ^ Ronzani, Piero; Panizza, Folco; Morisseau, Tiffany; Mattavelli, Simone; Martini, Carlo (2024-01-25). "How different incentives reduce scientific misinformation online". Harvard Kennedy School Misinformation Review. doi:10.37016/mr-2020-131. Archived from the original on 2024-03-16.
  245. ^ a b "How anti-vaxxers target grieving moms and turn them into crusaders against vaccines". NBC News. 2019-09-24. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  246. ^ a b Wong, Julia Carrie (2019-02-01). "How Facebook and YouTube help spread anti-vaxxer propaganda". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2024-04-20. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  247. ^ a b O'Donovan, Caroline (2019-02-22). "YouTube Just Demonetized Anti-Vax Channels". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-05-26. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  248. ^ "On Facebook, anti-vaxxers urged a mom not to give her son Tamiflu. He later died". NBC News. 2020-02-07. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  249. ^ Muldowney, Decca (2023-06-12). "Banned Anti-Vax 'Menace' Is Back and Selling 'Vaccine Cures'". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2023-06-21. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  250. ^ Arciga, Julia (2019-03-12). "Anti-Vax Ad King Larry Cook Dethroned After Facebook Removes His Posts". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2024-02-11. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  251. ^ Teoh, Flora (13 December 2019). "Popular Facebook meme misleadingly suggests that the measles vaccine caused 2019 Samoa measles outbreak". Science Feedback. Health Feedback. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  252. ^ Johnson, Scott (14 January 2020). "Simple measurements demonstrate that CO2 is a greenhouse gas contrary to claim in online blogs". Science Feedback. Climate Feedback. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  253. ^ Teoh, Flora (19 May 2020). "No evidence that using a face mask helps coronavirus enter the brain, contrary to claim by Russell Blaylock". Science Feedback. Health Feedback. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  254. ^ "Posts Distort Misleading Analysis of COVID-19 Vaccine Safety Data". FactCheck.org. 2022-10-28. Archived from the original on 2023-12-05. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  255. ^ "Ontario nurse under investigation over anti-mask, conspiracy theory Facebook posts". Global News. Archived from the original on 2023-11-30. Retrieved 2024-05-12.
  256. ^ a b "Beware of Websites With "Truth" in their Names". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2024-05-08. Retrieved 2024-05-13.
  257. ^ "TruthKings: Not so truthful about vaccines". ScienceBlogs. 2016-03-18. Archived from the original on 2023-06-03. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  258. ^ "The claim that Gardasil causes premature ovarian failure: Ideology, not science". Science-Based Medicine. 2016-03-07. Archived from the original on 2023-10-13. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  259. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2016-01-20). "FALSE: Pediatricians' Association Admits HPV Vaccine-Cancer Link". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-10-03. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  260. ^ Yuhas, Alan (2016-10-30). "Facebook fact-check: all the fake news, from the Obamas to miracle cannabis". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2023-06-14. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  261. ^ "Global Disinformation Index - Brand sponsors of AdWeek Europe 2021" (PDF). Global Disinformation Index. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-03-29. Retrieved 2024-05-14.
  262. ^ a b Vincent, Emmanuel (21 November 2018). "False claims of a coming ice age spread through ecosystem of unreliable news sites, blogs, and social media accounts". Science Feedback. Climate Feedback. Archived from the original on 16 September 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2024.
  263. ^ "Fact Check: Kamala Harris Said She Believed Women Who Said They Felt 'Uncomfortable' By Biden Touching -- NOT 'Rape Accusers'". Lead Stories. 2020-08-12. Archived from the original on 2023-12-25. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  264. ^ a b c d e f g h Simmons, Cécile (2023-03-15). "Mainstreaming climate scepticism: Analysing the reach of fringe websites on Twitter". Institute for Strategic Dialogue. Archived from the original on 2023-04-29. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
  265. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "Don't stop me now: the growing disinformation threat against climate change". EU DisinfoLab. 2023-02-06. Archived from the original on 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-13.
  266. ^ "Vaccines do not raise your risk of catching Covid". Full Fact. 2021-09-20. Archived from the original on 2023-10-19. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
  267. ^ a b Hoffman, Jenn (2016-11-28). "UNC Professor Allowed to Harass LGBTQ Students". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2021-09-18. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  268. ^ a b "Brief: Disinformation Risk in the United States Online Media Market, October 2022". Global Disinformation Index. 2022-10-21. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  269. ^ "THE TOXIC TEN - How ten fringe publishers fuel 69% of digital climate change denial" (PDF). Center for Countering Digital Hate. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-12-15. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  270. ^ "Texas claims US State Department funds tech that censors conservative news". Reuters. 2023-12-06. Archived from the original on 2023-12-06. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  271. ^ Evon, Dan (2017-04-27). "FACT CHECK: Did Bill Nye Say Gender is Determined 'by Your Chromosomes?'". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-02-02. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  272. ^ Mikkelson, David; LaCapria, Kim (2017-03-01). "FACT CHECK: Did Democrats Refuse to Stand for a Navy SEAL's Widow?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2024-04-18. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  273. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2017-05-09). "FACT CHECK: Is Harvard University Segregating Graduation Ceremonies?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2022-12-20. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  274. ^ MacGuill, Dan (2020-09-02). "Did California DA Say Looting Is 'Okay' If Suspects 'Need' the Items?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-10-07. Retrieved 2024-05-16.
  275. ^ a b "Lead Stories Uncovers Network of Cambodian Websites Pushing Death Hoaxes On Facebook To Spread Malware | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2022-12-08. Archived from the original on 2023-11-27. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  276. ^ "Global Fake News Network Responsible For Dozens of Death Hoaxes Shuts Down After Ghana Connections Revealed | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2018-04-25. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  277. ^ "Macedonian Fake News Network Shuts Down Dozens Of Websites After Joint Investigation By Lead Stories & Nieuwscheckers | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2019-01-17. Archived from the original on 2023-03-29. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  278. ^ Higgins, Andrew; Mcintire, Mike; Dance, Gabriel J.x. (2016-11-25). "Inside a Fake News Sausage Factory: 'This Is All About Income'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2019-04-07. Retrieved 2016-11-26.
  279. ^ Ackerman, Spencer; Resnick, Gideon; Collins, Ben (2018-03-02). "Leaked: Secret Documents From Russia's Election Trolls". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on 2023-12-16. Retrieved 2023-12-25.
  280. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Silverman, Craig; Spary, Sara (2017-05-29). "Create-Your-Own-Fake-News Sites Are Booming On Facebook And Victims Feel Powerless To Stop Them". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2022-12-08. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  281. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "Fake News: Gérard Jugnot Did NOT Die This Morning". Lead Stories. 2019-02-04. Archived from the original on 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
  282. ^ a b Kim, Sunny (2018-09-20). "This fake news generator is a head-turning troll machine". The Daily Dot. Archived from the original on 2020-09-29. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  283. ^ a b "Reign of "New Fake News King" Already At An End? The Fake News Generator Blocked By Facebook". Lead Stories. 2018-09-23. Archived from the original on 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  284. ^ a b c "Is The Fake News Generator Back In Business? -- It Took a Single Dash and $12 To Evade Filters | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2018-10-05. Archived from the original on 2023-06-07. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  285. ^ "Fake New York Times Article Claims Elizabeth Warren Endorsed Bernie Sanders". The New York Times. 2016-03-01. Archived from the original on 2023-07-12. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  286. ^ Evans, Claire L. (2015-04-23). "'Clone Zone' Is an Easy Tool for Building Fake Websites". Vice. Archived from the original on 2020-10-30. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  287. ^ Reynolds, Emily (2016-03-02). "'Clone Zone' website tricks gullible Facebook users". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  288. ^ "The True Story Behind Those Mysterious Fake Web Pages You've Been Seeing". The Fader. 2015-04-24. Archived from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  289. ^ Thompson, Matt (2016-04-01). "Clone Zone: Democratizing April Foolery". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  290. ^ "This is what happens when someone decides an Internet hoax is 'art'". The Washington Post. 2016-03-02. Archived from the original on 2017-10-15. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  291. ^ "Don't fall for this fake website trick". Good Housekeeping. 2016-03-03. Archived from the original on 2024-03-06. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  292. ^ "Faking celeb deaths a big business for some websites, expert says". CBS News. 2014-03-18. Archived from the original on 2022-09-28. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  293. ^ a b Evon, Dan (2015-08-04). "Is Pepsico Discontinuing Mountain Dew?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  294. ^ Dewey, Caitlin (2014-06-16). "Beware fakeShare, the tricky new hoax site sowing lies in your Facebook feed". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2022-12-06. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  295. ^ a b LaCapria, Kim (2015-09-09). "Doe Rations". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2022-12-26. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  296. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2016-05-11). "Big Lots Closing?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-11-30. Retrieved 2024-07-07.
  297. ^ Brodeur, Michael Andor (2014-08-30). "The Internet's fake news problem - The Boston Globe". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2014-09-05. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  298. ^ "Estado Islámico NO ha emitido amenaza contra Puerto Rico". Univision. 2015-11-16. Archived from the original on 2016-01-23. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
  299. ^ Evon, Dan (2015-09-14). "No Dough?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2022-12-25. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  300. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2016-03-31). "Kohl's Bankrupt, Closing 818 Stores?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-02-08. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  301. ^ "SHRTURL, The Hoax News Generator, Has Shut Down". WNYC Studios. 2014-06-17. Archived from the original on 2022-10-03. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  302. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa "Entire Network Of Fake News Websites Vanishes In Wake Of Mandalay Bay Hoax". Lead Stories. 2017-11-10. Archived from the original on 2022-02-06. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  303. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak Silverman, Craig (2017-03-30). "More Than 30 Websites Are Churning Out Viral Hoaxes About Crazy Crimes And Hip-Hop Beefs". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  304. ^ a b c Alba, Davey; Nicas, Jack (2020-10-20). "Here Are the Hundreds of Sites in a Pay-to-Play Local News Network". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-03-03. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  305. ^ "VERA FILES FACT CHECK YEARENDER: Ads reveal links between websites producing fake news". Vera Files. December 30, 2018. Archived from the original on February 12, 2019. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
  306. ^ a b c d e "Now8News.com Network" (PDF). NewsGuard. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-21. Retrieved 2024-04-02.
  307. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Fake News: Zika Virus NOT Found In Recent Shipment Of Bananas; CDC NOT Warning Of Safety Concerns | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2019-06-05. Archived from the original on 2023-09-23. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  308. ^ O'Rourke, Ciara. "PolitiFact - No, NASA didn't confirm Earth will go dark for six days". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2023-09-26. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  309. ^ Mikkelson, David (2012-08-12). "6 Days of Darkness in December 2020?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-09-29. Retrieved 2024-01-24.
  310. ^ a b c "Fake News: Comedian Bill Cosby NOT Dead Of Apparent Suicide At Age 80 | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2018-04-29. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  311. ^ a b Gillin, Joshua. "PolitiFact - Fake headline muddles real story of man cooked to death in tuna oven". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2022-08-16. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  312. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2016-06-23). "Las Vegas Parents Facing Charges for Modifying 8-Month-Old Baby's Ears". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-02-07. Retrieved 2024-01-27.
  313. ^ a b Gillin, Joshua (2017-03-06). "PolitiFact - Rats! Rumors of tons of rodent meat passed off as chicken wings in U.S. are fake news". Politifact. Archived from the original on 2022-08-14. Retrieved 2024-02-04.
  314. ^ Dewey, Caitlin (2015-12-04). "What was fake on the Internet this week: bear rapes, 'false flags' and gold testicles". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2017-10-12. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  315. ^ Joshua Gillin, Fake news story says United flight attendant slapped baby during flight from Chicago Archived 2017-04-22 at the Wayback Machine, PolitiFact (April 18, 2017).
  316. ^ LaCapria, Kim (2016-05-10). "Pro-Lifers Declare Every Sperm Is Sacred". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-01-12. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  317. ^ a b c d e f g h Silverman, Craig; Pham, Scott (2018-12-28). "In Spite Of Its Efforts, Facebook Is Still The Home Of Hugely Viral Fake News". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-10-16. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  318. ^ a b c "NewsGuard's Misinformation SWAT Team Issues Red Ratings to Two Networks Publishing Dozens of Hoax Websites". NewsGuard. Archived from the original on 2023-11-13. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  319. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Fake News: Woman NOT Charged After Slowly Eating Husband Alive Over Three Years". Lead Stories. 2019-01-01. Archived from the original on 2023-03-22. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  320. ^ Horgan, Richard (2016-04-18). "This Fake News Site Really Is Batty". Adweek. Archived from the original on 2021-02-25. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  321. ^ Silverman, Craig (2017-04-17). "How A False Story About A Husband And Wife Being Twins Ended Up On Major News Websites". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2018-09-27. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  322. ^ a b Emery, David (2017-04-20). "Florida Man, High on Meth, Cuts Off Genitals and Feeds Them to Alligator?". Snopes. Archived from the original on 2023-02-03. Retrieved 2023-12-08.
  323. ^ a b c d "abc14news.com" (PDF). NewsGuard. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-04-25. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  324. ^ a b c d e f g "Fake News: Boy NOT Hailed As Hero, Did NOT Shoot Pedophile Home Intruder Dead". Lead Stories. 2018-10-02. Archived from the original on 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2024-01-07.
  325. ^ a b c "Fake News: Lexington Man NOT Arrested After He Was Caught Masturbating $35 Million Stud Horse Trying To Steal Its Semen | Lead Stories". Lead Stories. 2017-08-01. Archived from the original on 2023-03-31. Retrieved 2023-12-14.
  326. ^ Gamp, Joseph (2016-06-18). "It's official: Kim Jong-un has NOT been killed by suicide bombers". International Business Times. Archived from the original on 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  327. ^ "Fake News: Woman High On Meth Did NOT Die After Pumping Gasoline Into Her Anus". Lead Stories. 2018-10-19. Archived from the original on 2023-09-28. Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  328. ^ a b Dewey, Caitlin (2015-08-28). "What was fake on the Internet this week: Selfie lice, Joey Fatone and James Earl Jones RIPs". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  329. ^ Dewey, Caitlin (2015-11-06). "What was fake on the Internet this week: amazing cows, the KKK and a 'Secret Sister' gift exchange". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2015-11-15. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  330. ^ Dewey, Caitlin (2015-09-25). "What was fake on the Internet this week: Casey Anthony's death and Chipotle's 9/11 ad". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on 2016-11-12. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  331. ^ Silverman, Craig (2017-06-05). "An Ad Network That Works With Fake News Sites Just Launched An Anti—Fake News Initiative". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-08-03. Retrieved 2024-08-01.
  332. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Fake News: Melania Trump Did NOT Announce Divorce". Lead Stories. 2018-03-18. Archived from the original on 2023-09-27. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
  333. ^ Silverman, Craig (2018-03-01). "Publishers Are Switching Domain Names To Try To Stay Ahead Of Facebook's Algorithm Changes". BuzzFeed News. Archived from the original on 2023-04-30. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
  334. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "No Logan Act Charges Against John Kerry". FactCheck.org. 2018-02-02. Archived from the original on 2023-06-09. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
  335. ^ "John Kerry not facing Logan Act charges". Associated Press. 2018-02-15. Archived from the original on 2024-01-28. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_fake_news_websites&oldid=1256383718"