Jump to content

Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories

Page semi-protected
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting occurred on December 14, 2012, in Newtown, Connecticut. The perpetrator, Adam Lanza, fatally shot his mother before murdering 20 students and six staff members at Sandy Hook Elementary School, and later committed suicide.[1] A number of fringe figures have promoted conspiracy theories that doubt or dispute what occurred at Sandy Hook. Various conspiracy theorists have claimed, for example, that the massacre was actually orchestrated by the U.S. government as part of an elaborate plot to promote stricter gun control laws.[2]

The more common conspiracy theory, adopted initially by James Fetzer, James Tracy, and others, and further popularized by Alex Jones, denied that the massacre actually occurred, asserting that it was faked. The massacre was described by Fetzer and Tracy as a classified training exercise involving members of federal and local law enforcement, the news media, and crisis actors, which they claim was modeled on Operation Closed Campus, an Iowa school-shooting drill that was canceled in 2011 amid threats and public outcry. Jones described the shooting incident as "synthetic, completely fake with actors; in my view, manufactured [...] it just shows how bold they are that they clearly used actors."[3][4]

No evidence supports the conspiracy theories, which make a number of implausible claims.[5][6][7] Moreover, many Sandy Hook conspiracy theories contradict one another.[6] A number of sources have published articles debunking various claims put forward by conspiracy theorists.[6][8][9][10] In 2018, the parents of several children killed in the Sandy Hook shooting launched a lawsuit against Jones and other authors of conspiracy videos for defamation, accusing them of engaging in a campaign of "false, cruel, and dangerous assertions".[11] In 2019, Jones reversed his stance and stated that the massacre was real.[12]

Conspiracy claims

United States government involvement

Some conspiracy theorists claim that the shooting was a hoax[13] and a false flag operation staged by the United States government.[14] Others say the attack is being used by politicians to push through new gun control legislation,[15][16][17] or to otherwise persecute gun owners.[6]

Lawyer and dentist Orly Taitz—best known for her promotion of Barack Obama citizenship ("birther") conspiracy theories—was quoted as asking "Was Adam Lanza drugged and hypnotized by his handlers to make him into a killing machine as an excuse as the regime is itching to take all means of self defense from the populace before the economic collapse?"[18]

Talk show host Clyde Lewis wrote: "Don't you find it at all interesting that Adam Lanza, the alleged shooter at Sandy Hook, woke up one day and decided to shoot up a school and kill children at about the same time that Barack Obama told the U.N. that he would sign the small arms treaty?"[19]

According to Live Science, "No one, regardless of what side of the gun control issue they are on, can deny that guns played a key role in the Sandy Hook killings. So the conspiracy theorists must instead challenge the claim that the attack even occurred. They believe it's all a hoax to scare people into supporting more gun control and a step toward an outright repeal of the Second Amendment." They also found that the vast majority of evidence used by conspiracy theorists to support the concept that Sandy Hook was a hoax is contradictory.[20] Snopes.com also debunked several claims of alleged United States government involvement in the shootings.[8]

Operation Closed Campus

Fetzer, Tracy, and others have claimed the shooting was a classified training-exercise modeled on Operation Closed Campus, a "full-spectrum" school-shooting drill involving the Department of Homeland Security, Iowa emergency-management agencies, state and local police, prosecuting attorneys, emergency radio operators, emergency medical personnel, moulage, local doctors and hospitals, the Red Cross, medical examiners, news media reporters, and crisis actors that was canceled in 2011 amid threats and public outcry.[21][22][23][24]

Claims broadcast by Iranian television

Press TV, the official state media outlet of Iran, has promoted various antisemitic conspiracy theories blaming "Israeli death squads" for the shooting.[6][5] Press TV interviewed Veterans Today website writer Gordon Duff, who quoted Michael Harris, a former Republican candidate for governor of Arizona, who made the "Israeli death squads" claim.[7] Harris has publicly associated with neo-Nazi groups in the past and has previously claimed that Israel was responsible for the 2011 Norway attacks.[7] Duff asserted that the attacks were an act of "revenge" for the perceived cooling of Israel–United States relations under President Obama, especially as a response to Obama's decision to nominate former senator Chuck Hagel, a perceived critic of Israel, for the position of United States Secretary of Defense.[7] In another broadcast by Press TV, Holocaust denier James H. Fetzer claimed that the massacre "appears to have been a psy op intended to strike fear in the hearts of Americans" that was conducted by "agents of Israel."[5]

The Washington Post reported that claims broadcast on Press TV contain a large number of "obvious logical fallacies" typical of Iranian propaganda, which "has a well-earned reputation for incendiary anti-Israel stories and for wild conspiracy theories."[7] The Atlantic wrote that the story "obviously plays on the worst fears of those who believe in secret Jewish cabals that run the world, but it's a pretty pathetic attempt at slander, even for Iran."[6]

Additional conspirators

Ben Swann, a Cincinnati news anchor for Fox affiliate WXIX-TV, has suggested on his personal YouTube channel that Adam Lanza was accompanied by another shooter; he has made similar claims about the Aurora shooting and the Wisconsin Sikh temple shooting from earlier in 2012.[25][26] Other conspiracy theorists have claimed that as many as four shooters were present.[6]

There is no credible evidence that any additional shooters were present at the event.[8] Some such reports may have been influenced by confused early news reports of the events.[6]

Relationship to LIBOR scandal

Other conspiracy theories have focused on the claim that Adam Lanza's father was an executive with GE Energy Financial Services.[6][27] According to these theories, Lanza's father was supposed to testify before the Senate Banking Committee with information about the Libor scandal. However, no such hearings were scheduled. Similar claims had been made about the father of James Holmes, the convicted perpetrator of the 2012 Aurora, Colorado shooting.[6][28]

Timestamps of memorial sites

Conspiracy theories have claimed that various timestamps for creation dates, whois records, and Google caches of various memorial websites, fundraising sites, and Facebook were created before or immediately after the date and time of the shooting and are therefore "evidence" of a conspiracy or cover up. However, timestamps are frequently incorrect, particularly on search engines. Some timestamps are initially created and assigned to URLs that are then repurposed, meaning that a URL linked to a current event can have a much older date.[9][10]

Alex Jones claims

In September 2014, conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, who runs the website InfoWars, which had previously claimed that the murders were a "false flag" attack perpetrated by the government, made a new conspiracy claim that "no one died" at Sandy Hook Elementary School because the Uniform Crime Reports showed no murders in Newtown for 2012, and that the victims were "child actors."[29][30] This claim is false and misrepresents the FBI report. In reality, because the Connecticut State Police was the lead investigator after the attack, the Sandy Hook victims were included in Connecticut's statewide records (under "State Police Misc.") rather than under the Newtown statistics.[30][31]

In November 2016, Erica L. Lafferty, daughter of Dawn Lafferty Hochsprung, the school principal who was shot and killed at Sandy Hook School, wrote open letters to then-President-elect Donald Trump (published in Medium and USA Today), calling upon him to denounce Jones,[32] after Trump had appeared on InfoWars during his presidential campaign and lavished praise on its presenter, saying that the conspiracy theorist had an "amazing" reputation and pledging not to let him down.[32] On February 20, 2017, the Newtown School Board wrote to President Trump and urged him to recognize the murders of 26 people at Sandy Hook and to "remove your support from anyone who continues to insist that the tragedy was staged or not real."[33][34][35] Trump did not respond to the letter.[33][34]

On April 16, 2018, parents of two victims of the shooting sued Jones in Travis County, Texas (where Jones' media company is based), for $1 million each.[36][37][38] The trial was expected to be scheduled by the end of 2020.[39]

On May 23, 2018, six families of victims of the shooting, as well as an FBI agent who responded to the attack, filed a defamation lawsuit in Bridgeport Superior Court in Connecticut[40] against Jones for his role in spreading conspiracy theories about the shooting.[41][42][43][44]

In a deposition in the last week of March 2019, Jones acknowledged the deaths were real, stating he had "almost like a form of psychosis", where he "basically thought everything was staged."[45]

By 2021, Jones did not provide information to support his claims, defaulting in favor of the plaintiffs.[46][47][48]

James Tracy

James Tracy, a former professor at Florida Atlantic University (FAU) who taught a course on conspiracy theories, has suggested the shooting either did not actually occur or occurred very differently than accounted in mainstream reports, claiming political motives for the coverup.[49][50] FAU president Mary Jane Saunders issued a statement that Tracy's views were "not shared by" the university.[51] In response to his comments, the university opened an investigation of Tracy, who had tenure.[52]

In December 2015, after the family of Noah Pozner—one of the children murdered at Sandy Hook—claimed that Tracy had harassed them, FAU moved to fire Tracy.[53] Chan Lowe of the Sun-Sentinel speculated that the comments were a publicity stunt by Tracy.[54] Tracy later declined an appearance on CNN with Anderson Cooper, suggesting that Cooper wanted to bring him and his family members harm by identifying him in a prior broadcast.[55][56] The university fired Tracy on January 5, 2016, citing his refusal to file required paperwork related to outside employment for several years.[57]

James Fetzer

In 2016, James Fetzer and Mike Palacek published the book Nobody Died at Sandy Hook, which claimed that the event was a classified Federal Emergency Management Agency drill involving federal and local law enforcement and the media, and that the government had created false death certificates to claim there were victims. Fetzer stated that the parents displayed old photos of their real children and made up new names for the photo subjects, thereby creating non-existent younger siblings. Fetzer also claimed that several of these older-age real children, who were unnamed and billed as "Newtown's Children," sang "America the Beautiful" at the 2013 Super Bowl with Jennifer Hudson, arguing there were strong facial similarities with the victims.[58][59] Lenny Pozner, father of victim Noah Pozner, filed a defamation lawsuit against Fetzer and Palacek. Pozner won a summary judgement from the court in June 2019. The book's publisher, Moon Rock Books, apologized to the Pozner family and agreed to take the book out of circulation at the end of June.[60][61] On October 16, 2019, a jury awarded Leonard Pozner $450,000 for defamation by James Fetzer. Fetzer announced his intention to appeal against the decision.[62][63] A video similarly questioning official accounts of the shooting received several million views on YouTube within a week of its posting,[64] although the video has since been modified to display a disclaimer explaining that its creators "in no way claim this shooting never took place, or that people did not lose their lives."[65]

Other conspiracy theorists and claims

Other sources have continued to claim that the entire event was a hoax. On September 12, 2014, during a political debate, Colorado Republican Party candidate Tom Ready (who was running for Pueblo County Commission) was accused by his opponent, Sal Pace, of posting an article on his Facebook page claiming the Sandy Hook shootings "never happened". Ready responded: "Well, there is some question of whether it happened, Sal." This was followed by more statements of the same tenor, prompting outraged yells from the audience. After allegedly receiving a death threat the next day, Ready reportedly apologized for his remarks.[66][67]

Other conspiracy theorists have tried to connect the shooting to references in popular culture. Prison Planet, a website owned by British conspiracy theorist Paul Joseph Watson, mentioned that Newtown-based author Suzanne Collins wrote The Hunger Games books, in which 23 children are "ritualistically" killed, while 20 children were killed in the shooting.[68] Some conspiracy theorists have referred to this as "predictive programming".[68] Others pointed out that "Sandy Hook" can be seen on a map of Gotham City in the 2012 Batman film The Dark Knight Rises—the New Jersey peninsula just south of New York Harbor is named Sandy Hook.[68]

Several conspiracy theorists have also claimed a six-year-old victim of the shooting subsequently appeared in a photograph with President Barack Obama. In fact, the child in the photograph is actually the victim's sister, wearing her deceased sister's dress.[69][70]

Analysis

Writing about the Sandy Hook conspiracy theories, Benjamin Radford argued that most conspiracy theorists who allege contradictions in official accounts ignore contradictions in their own accounts, citing research from the University of Kent that conspiracy theorists selectively focus on or ignore particular details in order to fit their preferred narrative.[71][69] The conspiracy theories have also been called evidence of "the need for a national debate on mental illness."[70]

The debunking website Snopes ran an editorial debunking the "Sandy Hook Exposed" video, explaining how many of the theories make little sense, and answered many questions conspiracy theorists wanted answers to.[72]

Harassment by conspiracy theorists

Gene Rosen, a Newtown resident who was reported to have sheltered six Sandy Hook students and a bus driver in his home during the shooting, has been subject to harassment online alleging he was complicit in a government coverup,[73] among other things.[74] Some journalists have cited such incidents as part of a "Sandy Hook Truther Movement" analogous to the 9/11 Truth movement.[58][75][64] A writer for the Calgary Herald reported that the movement self-identifies as "Operation Terror."[70]

In May 2014, Andrew David Truelove stole a memorial sign from playgrounds dedicated to victims Grace McDonnell and Chase Kowalski.[76] He then went on to call the parents of Grace McDonnell, proclaiming that he stole the sign and that he believed their deaths were a "hoax".[77] He was arrested on May 30, and the signs were found in his home.[78] Truelove was convicted of the theft and sentenced to one year in prison.[79]

After doing a CNN interview on the day after the shooting, Robbie Parker, the father of victim Emilie Parker, became the target of conspiracy theorists, who claimed the interview was staged.[80] Parker has been attacked by theorists who believe he is a "crisis actor" and was "getting into character" before going on CNN to grieve over the loss of his child.[80]

In April 2016, Matthew Mills, a man from Brooklyn, accepted a plea agreement with prosecutors on one count of interfering with police arising from an incident in November 2015, when Mills angrily approached the sister of murdered teacher Victoria Soto—who is regarded as a heroine for her attempt to protect her students from the shooter in the Sandy Hook attack—shoved a photograph in her face, "and began angrily charging that not only did the Sandy Hook tragedy not take place, but that Victoria Soto never existed."[81][82] Mills entered an Alford plea and was thus found guilty; he was given a suspended sentence of one year in jail and two years' probation.[81]

In December 2016, Lucy Richards, a woman from Tampa, was charged with four counts of transmitting threats in interstate commerce for sending death threats to Lenny Pozner, whose son Noah was the youngest of 20 children murdered.[83][84] Pozner has been particularly targeted by Internet trolls and conspiracy theorists because he has vocally fought back against them.[85] Richards had been expected to plead guilty to one count of transmitting threats, with both the prosecution and defense to recommend a sentence of probation and house arrest. However, in March 2017, Richards—who was free on bond—failed to show up to court for a change-of-plea hearing and sentencing. An arrest warrant was issued, Richards' bond was revoked, and she was soon apprehended.[86] On June 7, 2017, Richards was sentenced to five months' imprisonment.[87]

Lenny Pozner, the father of Sandy Hook victim Noah Pozner, founded an organization called the HONR Network, which takes legal action against harassers of Sandy Hook survivors and families.[88]

Wolfgang Halbig, a past contributor to InfoWars, was arrested in January 2020 for unauthorized possession of personal information of Lenny Pozner. Halbig had illegally obtained Pozner's private information and attempted to dox Pozner by sending those to a long list of recipients. Under Florida law, unauthorized possession of such information carries a maximum prison term of one year.[89]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Connecticut State Police Final Report on Sandy Hook shooting incident December 14, 2012". Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting Reports. Department of Emergency Services and Public Protection. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved December 28, 2013.
  2. ^ "Conspiracy theorists claim Sandy Hook tragedy is elaborate government hoax". Vancouver Sun. January 16, 2013. Archived from the original on January 12, 2019. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  3. ^ Williamson, Elizabeth (March 29, 2019). "How Alex Jones and Infowars Helped a Florida Man Torment Sandy Hook Families". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  4. ^ Sommerfeldt, Chris (November 18, 2016). "SEE IT: Right-wing conspiracy theorist Alex Jones doubles down on 'completely fake' Sandy Hook massacre claims". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on March 3, 2017. Retrieved June 7, 2021.
  5. ^ a b c Moynihan, Michael C. (December 27, 2012). "Newtown Conspiracy Theories: Obama, Iran, and Other Culprits". The Daily Beast. Archived from the original on January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2013.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Bennett, Dashiell (December 18, 2012). "Newtown Conspiracy Theories, Debunked". The Atlantic. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  7. ^ a b c d e Fisher, Max (December 18, 2012). "Iran's state-run news network blames 'Israeli death squads' for Sandy Hook shooting". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on May 11, 2015. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  8. ^ a b c "Sandy Hook Exposed". Snopes.com. December 15, 2012. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  9. ^ a b Stuart, Hunter (February 11, 2013). "Sandy Hook Hoax Theories Explained: Why Newtown 'Truther' Arguments Don't Hold Up". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on April 2, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  10. ^ a b Sieczkowski, Cavan (January 16, 2013). "Sandy Hook Conspiracy Theory Video Debunked By Experts". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on February 18, 2013. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  11. ^ Cooper, Aaron (May 24, 2018). "Six more Sandy Hook families sue broadcaster Alex Jones". CNN. Retrieved June 19, 2023.
  12. ^ Sakuma, Amanda (March 31, 2019). "Alex Jones blames "psychosis" for his Sandy Hook conspiracies". Vox. Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
  13. ^ Vancouver Sun (January 11, 2013). "Conspiracy theorists claim Sandy Hook tragedy is elaborate government hoax". The Vancouver Sun. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  14. ^ McCarson, Matt (December 14, 2012). "Newtown Connecticut Elementary Shooting Is a Staged False Flag Against Gun Owners and Preppers". InfoSalvo.com. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  15. ^ Dean, Marion. "Sandy Hook conspiracy cult: Shootings a hoax staged to pass gun control laws". Globalnewsdesk.co.uk. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  16. ^ Luke Hammill (January 16, 2013). "Sandy Hook conspiracy theories spread in wake of Newtown tragedy". Newyork.newsday.com. Archived from the original on March 2, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  17. ^ Ferguson, Christopher J. (December 15, 2012). "Sandy Hook Shooting: Why Did Lanza Target a School?". Ideas.time.com. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  18. ^ Celock, John (December 18, 2012). "Birther Queen Blames Obama For Sandy Hook Massacre". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on September 12, 2014. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  19. ^ Patton, Ron (April 12, 2013). "Ground Zero » Mental Hopscotch". Groundzeromedia.org. Archived from the original on March 5, 2014. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  20. ^ Radford, Benjamin (January 16, 2013). "Why Sandy Hook Massacre Spawned Conspiracy Theories". Live Science. Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  21. ^ Fetzer, Jim; Palececk, Mike, eds. (2015). Nobody Died at Sandy Hook: It was a FEMA Drill to Promote Gun Control (PDF). Moon Rock Books. ISBN 978-1518650840. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2023. Retrieved July 1, 2021 – via avalonlibrary.net.
  22. ^ Operation Closed Campus Exercise Planning Team (March 21, 2011). "Operation Closed Campus: Exercise Plan (EXPLAN)" (PDF). Council Bluffs, Iowa: Pottawattamie County Emergency Management Agency. Retrieved July 1, 2021. School Shooting: March 26, 2011
  23. ^ Johnson, Tim (March 24, 2011). "Pottawattamie County to conduct school crisis exercise". The Daily Nonpareil. Council Bluffs, Iowa. Retrieved July 1, 2021.
  24. ^ Macedo, Diane (March 25, 2011). "Iowa Safety Drill Portraying Shooter as 'Anti-Immigration' Pro-Gun Student Canceled". Fox News. Retrieved July 1, 2021. Updated 22 November 2015
  25. ^ Seitz-Wald, Alex (January 14, 2013). "Sandy Hook truther-reporter?". Salon. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  26. ^ "Conspiracy theorists claim Sandy Hook tragedy is elaborate government hoax". The Vancouver Sun. January 15, 2013. Archived from the original on December 15, 2018. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  27. ^ Pearce, Matt (December 31, 2012). "Body of Connecticut shooter Adam Lanza quietly claimed by his father". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on January 23, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  28. ^ Sarlin, Benjy (December 17, 2012). "Newtown Conspiracy Hoax Spreads Fast Across Fringe". Talking Points Memo. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  29. ^ Dylan Baddour & W. Gardner Selby, Hillary Clinton correct that Austin's Alex Jones said no one died at Sandy Hook Elementary Archived March 3, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, PolitiFact (September 1, 2016).
  30. ^ a b David Mikkelson, FBI Admits Sandy Hook Hoax?: Rumor: The FBI revealed that no murders occurred in Newtown, Connecticut, in 2012, proving the Sandy Hook massacre was an elaborate hoax, Snopes (February 7, 2015).
  31. ^ "Sandy Hook Hoaxers Misrepresent FBI Crime Stats". Newtown Post-Examiner. September 26, 2014. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2015.
  32. ^ a b *Erica L. Lafferty, Denounce Sandy Hook Denier Alex Jones: My Open Letter to President-Elect Trump Archived February 19, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Medium (November 16, 2017).
  33. ^ a b Russell Blair, Trump Silent After Newtown Asks Him To Denounce Sandy Hook Deniers Archived April 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Hartford Courant (April 4, 2017).
  34. ^ a b Christopher Hoffman, Newtown tries—and so far, fails—to get Trump to acknowledge Sandy Hook massacre Archived April 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, Columbia Journalism Review (March 31, 2017).
  35. ^ Parents Of Children Who Were Killed In Sandy Hook Are Suing Alex Jones Over His Conspiracy Theories Archived April 17, 2018, at the Wayback Machine BuzzFeed News, April 17, 2018
  36. ^ Collins, Dave (May 23, 2018). "More families of Sandy Hook victims, FBI agent sue Infowars' Alex Jones". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  37. ^ "The Parents of Kids Killed at Sandy Hook Are Suing Alex Jones for Defamation". Time. April 17, 2018. Archived from the original on March 8, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  38. ^ Vigdor, Neil (December 31, 2019). "Judge Orders Alex Jones and Infowars to Pay $100,000 in Sandy Hook Legal Fees". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on January 1, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  39. ^ Collins, Dave (May 23, 2018). "More families of Sandy Hook victims, FBI agent sue Infowars' Alex Jones". chicagotribune.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2020. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  40. ^ Aaron Cooper (May 24, 2018). "Alex Jones, 'InfoWars' host, sued by 6 more Sandy Hook families". CNN. Archived from the original on June 21, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  41. ^ Emily Shugerman (May 25, 2018). "US shock jock Alex Jones sued by six more families of Sandy Hook victims". The Independent. Archived from the original on September 22, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  42. ^ Josh Hafner (May 23, 2018). "Sandy Hook families suing Alex Jones aren't the only ones to threaten conspiracy theorist". USA Today. Archived from the original on September 29, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  43. ^ Dave Collins (May 23, 2018). "More families of Sandy Hook victims, FBI agent sue Infowars' Alex Jones". Associated Press Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on November 1, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  44. ^ Maxouris, Christina; Joseph, Elizabeth. "Alex Jones says 'form of psychosis' made him believe events like Sandy Hook massacre were staged". CNN. Archived from the original on March 30, 2019. Retrieved March 30, 2019.
  45. ^ Hauser, Christine (October 1, 2021). "Alex Jones Loses by Default in Sandy Hook Defamation Lawsuits". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  46. ^ Mistich, Dave (November 15, 2021). "Conspiracy theorist Alex Jones ruled liable in Sandy Hook defamation case". NPR. Retrieved March 24, 2022.
  47. ^ "Alex Jones Loses Lawsuit Over Sandy Hook 'Hoax' Conspiracy | Connecticut News | US News". USAnews. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  48. ^ Stanislava Gaydazhieva (January 16, 2013). "Sandy hook Samaritan faces internet harassment". New Europe Online. Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 17, 2013.
  49. ^ Tracy, James (December 24, 2012). "The Sandy Hook Massacre: Unanswered Questions and Missing Information". Memory Hole. Archived from the original on January 13, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  50. ^ Miller, Joshua Rhett (January 9, 2013). "Sandy Hook community leader rips Florida professor who doubted massacre". Fox News. Archived from the original on January 17, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  51. ^ Cortes, Ryan (January 16, 2013). "James Tracy: FAU opens investigation, leaving him unsure of job status". University Press (Florida Atlantic University). Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  52. ^ Svrluga, Susan (December 17, 2015). "University moves to fire professor who says Sandy Hook massacre is a hoax — and allegedly harassed parents of victims". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 17, 2015. Retrieved December 17, 2015.
  53. ^ Lowe, Chan (January 11, 2013). "FAU prof's Sandy Hook conspiracy theory". Sun-Sentinel. Archived from the original on April 29, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  54. ^ Tracy, James (January 12, 2012). "Anderson Cooper's Anti-Conspiracy Tirade". Memory Hole. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  55. ^ Poladian, Charles (January 12, 2013). "Newtown Conspiracy Professor Thinks Anderson Cooper Is Out To Harm Him". International Business Times. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  56. ^ Alvarez, Lizette (January 6, 2016). "Florida Professor Who Cast Doubt on Mass Shootings Is Fired". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 10, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2016.
  57. ^ a b Aravosis, John (January 15, 2013). "Sandy Hook truthers claim the Newtown massacre never happened". Americablog. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  58. ^ Fetzer, Jim (October 22, 2015). NOBODY DIED AT SANDY HOOK: It was a FEMA Drill to Promote Gun Control. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781518650840. Archived from the original on December 26, 2015. Retrieved October 25, 2015.
  59. ^ Woods, Amanda (June 18, 2019). "Dad of Sandy Hook victim wins suit against conspiracy theorists". The New York Post. Archived from the original on June 18, 2019. Retrieved June 18, 2019.
  60. ^ Sharon Otterman (June 18, 2019). "Sandy Hook Conspiracy Theorist Loses to Father of 6-Year-Old Victim Over Hoax". The New York Times. Archived from the original on June 19, 2019. Retrieved June 19, 2019.
  61. ^ "Sandy Hook shooting: Parent awarded $450,000 for defamation". BBC News. October 16, 2019. Archived from the original on October 16, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  62. ^ Chuck, Elizabeth (October 17, 2019). "Sandy Hook father to receive $450,000 from conspiracy theorist, jury says". NBC News. Archived from the original on October 17, 2019. Retrieved October 17, 2019.
  63. ^ a b Read, Max (January 15, 2013). "Behind the 'Sandy Hook Truther' Conspiracy Video That Five Eight Million People Have Watched in One Week". Gawker. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  64. ^ "The Sandy Hook Shooting - Fully Exposed". YouTube. January 7, 2013. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  65. ^ John Tomasic (September 11, 2014). "GOP Pueblo candidate Tom Ready not sure Sandy Hook shootings happened". The Colorado Independent. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  66. ^ Christl Leong (September 15, 2014). "Republican Candidate Thomas Ready Gets Death Threat After Calling Sandy Hook Massacre A Hoax". Chinatopix. Archived from the original on September 16, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  67. ^ a b c Max Read (December 17, 2012). "The Insane Sandy Hook Conspiracy Theories That Are Already Flooding Facebook and Twitter". Gawker. Archived from the original on April 1, 2013. Retrieved May 31, 2014.
  68. ^ a b Radford, Benjamin (January 16, 2013). "Why Sandy Hook Massacre Spawned Conspiracy Theories". LiveScience. Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  69. ^ a b c Goodman, Lee-Anne (January 15, 2013). "Conspiracy theorists claim Sandy Hook School mass shooting a 'government-sponsored' hoax". Calgary Herald. Archived from the original on February 8, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  70. ^ Parry, Wynne (January 27, 2012). "Contradictions Don't Deter Conspiracy Theorists". LiveScience. Archived from the original on January 3, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  71. ^ "Sandy Hook Exposed?". Snopes.com. December 15, 2012. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  72. ^ Seitz-Wald, Alex (January 15, 2013). "This man helped save six children, is now getting harassed for it". Salon. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 15, 2013.
  73. ^ Bennett-Smith, Meredith (January 15, 2013). "Gene Rosen, Sandy Hook Hero, Harassed By Conspiracy Theorists Who Claim He's An Actor". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  74. ^ "Sandy Hook Hero Harassed by Burgeoning Truther Movement". Time. January 16, 2013. Archived from the original on January 16, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  75. ^ "Sign Stolen from Playground Honoring Sandy Hook Victim". NBC Connecticut. May 9, 2014. Archived from the original on June 3, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  76. ^ Chez Pazienza (May 22, 2014). "EXCLUSIVE: Sandy Hook Truther Comes Forward, Provides Photos Of Stolen Memorial Signs In His Living Room". The Daily Banter. Archived from the original on July 3, 2014. Retrieved May 3, 2015.
  77. ^ Sasha Goldstein (May 30, 2014). "Sandy Hook 'truther' caught in Virginia with signs stolen from playgrounds built for Newtown victims: police". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on June 2, 2014. Retrieved June 17, 2014.
  78. ^ "Mystic playground sign thief gets jail time in Virginia". The Westerly Sun. August 20, 2014. Archived from the original on January 3, 2017. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  79. ^ a b "Sandy Hook Truthers Say Robbie Parker Video Is Evidence Of Hoax". The Inquisitr News. January 18, 2013. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013. Retrieved 2014-05-31.
  80. ^ a b Daniel Tepfer, Sandy Hook 'truther' gets suspended sentence Archived April 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Connecticut Post (April 18, 2016).
  81. ^ Stepansky, Joseph; Dillon, Nancy (November 11, 2015). "Brooklyn man harassed family of slain Newtown teacher". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved June 4, 2016.
  82. ^ Robles, Frances (December 7, 2016). "Florida Woman Is Charged With Threatening Sandy Hook Parent". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 8, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2017.
  83. ^ Cruz, Jennifer (December 8, 2016). "Sandy Hook truther charged for threatening victim's parent". guns.com. Archived from the original on April 3, 2017. Retrieved April 2, 2017.
  84. ^ Mike Wendling, Sandy Hook to Trump: 'Help us stop conspiracy theorists' Archived September 6, 2018, at the Wayback Machine, BBC News (April 2, 2017).
  85. ^ Paula McMahon, Woman accused of threatening Sandy Hook parent jailed after she was a no-show for court Archived April 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine, South Florida Sun-Sentinel (April 3, 2017).
  86. ^ "Florida woman sentenced for threatening parent of Sandy Hook victim". Reuters. June 8, 2017. Archived from the original on July 2, 2017. Retrieved July 2, 2017.
  87. ^ "About Us - HONR Network | Against the Abusers | Awareness". Honr.com. May 26, 2013. Archived from the original on March 15, 2016. Retrieved June 13, 2017.
  88. ^ Williamson, Elizabeth (January 27, 2020). "A Notorious Sandy Hook Tormentor Is Arrested in Florida". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 27, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories&oldid=1246063803"