Jump to content

Patna

Coordinates: 25°35′39″N 85°08′15″E / 25.5940343°N 85.1375530°E / 25.5940343; 85.1375530
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Patna, Bihar)
This article is about the capital of Bihar. For other uses, see Patna district and Patna (disambiguation).

Patna
Paṭanā
Pāṭaliputra
Metropolis
From top, left to right: Sabhyata Dwar, Patna High Court, Takht Sri Patna Sahib, Buddha Smriti Park, Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library, Mahavir Mandir, Bihar Museum, Patna College, Digha–Sonpur Bridge, IIT, Bailey Road, AIIMS, Bihar Legislature
Patna is located in Patna
Patna
Patna
Location in Patna
Patna is located in Bihar
Patna
Patna
Location in Bihar
Patna is located in India
Patna
Patna
Location in India
Coordinates: 25°35′39″N 85°08′15″E / 25.5940343°N 85.1375530°E / 25.5940343; 85.1375530
Country India
State Bihar
DivisionPatna
DistrictPatna
Established490 BCE
Founded byUdayin
Government
 • TypeMunicipal corporation
 • BodyPatna Municipal Corporation
Nagar Parishad Danapur Nizamat
 • Parliament of IndiaRavi Shankar Prasad (BJP)
Misa Bharti(RJD)
 • MayorSita Sahu[2]
 • Municipal CommissionerAnimesh Kumar Parashar, IAS[3]
Area
[4]
 • City
250 km2 (100 sq mi)
 • Metro
600 km2 (200 sq mi)
 • Rank18
Elevation
[5]
53 m (174 ft)
Population
 (2011)[6]
 • City
1,684,222 (IN: 19th)[1]
 • Density6,800/km2 (18,000/sq mi)
 • Urban
2,046,652 (IN: 18th)
 • Metro
3,874,000 (IN: 12th)
Demonym(s)Pataniya (local), Patnawasi (Hindi), Patnaite
Language
 • OfficialHindi[7]
 • Additional officialUrdu[7]
 • RegionalMagahi
Bhojpuri
Maithili[8][9]
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
Pincode(s)
8000xx (Patna)[10]
Area Code(s)+91-(0)612
ISO 3166 codeIN-BR-PA
IN PAT
Vehicle registrationBR-01
Literacy (2011)82.73%[11]
Sex ratio (2011)897 ♀/1000 ♂[6]
AirportJay Prakash Narayan Airport
Rapid TransitPatna Metro
GDP(2020)US$17.085 (equivalent to $20.11 in 2023)Billion[12]
Websitepatna.nic.in

Patna (/ˈpʌtnə, ˈpæt-/;[13][14] Hindi: [ˈpəʈnaː] ⓘ, ISO: Paṭanā), historically known as Pāṭaliputra,[15] is the capital and largest city of the state of Bihar in India.[1] According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Patna had a population of 2.35 million,[16] making it the 19th largest city in India.[1] Covering 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi) and over 2.5 million people, its urban agglomeration is the 15th largest in India. Patna also serves as the seat of Patna High Court. The Buddhist, Hindu and Jain pilgrimage centres of Vaishali, Rajgir, Nalanda, Bodh Gaya and Pawapuri are nearby and Patna City is a sacred city for Sikhs as the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh was born here.[17] The modern city of Patna is mainly on the southern bank of the river Ganges. The city also straddles the rivers Son, Gandak and Punpun. The city is approximately 35 kilometres (22 mi) in length and 16 to 18 kilometres (9.9 to 11.2 mi) wide.

One of the oldest continuously inhabited places in the world,[18] Patna was founded in 490 BCE by the king of Magadha. Ancient Patna, known as Pataliputra, was the capital of the Magadha Empire throughout the Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta, and Pala dynasties. Pataliputra was a seat of learning and fine arts. It was home to many astronomers and scholars including Aryabhata, Vātsyāyana and Chanakya.[19][20] During the Maurya period (around 300 BCE) its population was about 400,000.[21] Patna served as the seat of power, and political and cultural centre of the Indian subcontinent during the Maurya and Gupta empires.[22] With the fall of the Gupta Empire, Patna lost its glory. The British revived it again in the 17th century as a centre of international trade. Following the partition of Bengal presidency in 1912, Patna became the capital of Bihar and Orissa Province.[23]

Until the 19th century, it was a major trading and commercial hub in India.[24] After independence there were a few downturns but its economy was still stable.[25] After the separation of Jharkhand from Bihar, it lost its glory.[26] As per the Directorate of Economics and Statistics (Government of Bihar), Nominal GDP of Patna District was estimated at INR 63,176.55 crores in 2011-12.[27][28] As of 2011-12, Patna already recorded per capita gross domestic product of ₹1,08,657, way ahead of many other Indian cities and state capitals.[27][29] Using figures for assumed average annual growth, Patna is the 21st fastest growing city in the world and 5th fastest growing city in India according to a study by the City Mayors Foundation. Patna registered an average annual growth of 3.72% during 2006–2010.[30] As of 2011-12, the GDP per capita of Patna is ₹1,08,657, and its GDP growth rate is 7.29 per cent. In June 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna second in India (after Delhi) for ease of starting a business.[31]

Etymology

[edit]
Main article: Names of Patna

The name of this city has changed with time. One of the oldest cities of India, there are several theories regarding the origin of the modern name Patna (Bengali: পাটনা; Devanagari: पटना; Kaithi: 𑂣𑂗𑂢𑂰; Gurmukhi: ਪਟਨਾ; Urdu: پٹنہ). It is etymologically derived from Patan (Devanagari: पटन), the name of the Hindu goddess, Patan Devi.[32] Patan Devi Mandir is still in old Patna near Gulzarbagh mandi along with another, Patan Devi Mandir, near Takht Sri Patna Sahib. Many believe Patna derived its name from Patli, a tree variety that was found in abundance in the historic city.[33] It is also seen on the state tourism's logo.[34] The place is mentioned in Chinese traveller Fa Hien's records as Pa-lin-fou.[32] The city has been known by various names through more than 2,000 years of existence – Pataligrama, Pataliputra, Kusumapura, Kusumdhwaja Pushpapuram, Padmavathi, Azimabad and the present-day Patna.[35][36] Legend ascribes the origin of Patna to the mythological King Putraka who created Patna by magic for his queen Patali, literally "trumpet flower", which gives it its ancient name Pataligrama. It is said that in honour of the queen's firstborn, the city was named Pataliputra. Gram is Sanskrit for village and Putra means son.[37] Legend also says that the Emerald Buddha was created in Patna (then Pataliputra) by Nagasena in 43 BCE.[38]

History

[edit]
Main article: History of Patna
See also: Pataliputra, History of Bihar, and Timeline for Bihar

Ancient Era

[edit]

Traditional Buddhist literature attributes foundation of Patna 490 BCE[39][40] as Ajatashatru, the king of Magadha, wanted to shift his capital from the hilly Rajagrha (today Rajgir) to a strategically chosen place to better combat the Licchavis of Vaishali.[41] He chose the site on the bank of the Ganges and fortified the area. Gautama Buddha travelled through this place in the last year of his life. He prophesied a great future for this place even as he predicted its ruin due to flood, fire, and feud.[42] According to Dieter Schlingloff, the Buddhist accounts may have presented the grandeur of Patna as a prophecy and that its wooden fortifications, unlike other early historic Indian cities, indicate that it might be much older than thought but only archaeological excavation and C14 dates of its wooden palisades which is presently lacking may establish this.[43]

Mauryan Empire

[edit]
Statue of Matrikas found near Agam Kuan, built by Ashoka.

Megasthenes, the Indo-Greek historian and ambassador to the court of Chandragupta Maurya, gave one of the earliest accounts of the city. He wrote that the city was on the confluence of the rivers Ganga and Arennovoas (Sonabhadra – Hiranyawah) and was 14 kilometres (9 mi) long and 2.82 kilometres (1.75 mi) wide.[44][45] Megasthenes, the Greek ambassador to India, described the city as the greatest city on earth during its heyday.[46] The Shungas ultimately retained control of Pataliputra and ruled for almost 100 years. The Shungas were followed by the Kanvas and eventually by the Guptas.[47] Some Chinese travellers came to India in pursuit of knowledge and recorded their observations about Pataliputra in their travelogues. One such famous account was recorded by a Chinese Buddhist traveller Fa Hien, who visited India between 399 and 414 CE, and stayed here for many months translating Buddhist texts.[48] When the Chinese Buddhist Monk Faxian visited the city in 400 A.D, he found the people to be rich and prosperous; they practised virtue and justice. He found that the nobles and householders of the city had constructed several hospitals in which the poor of all countries, the needy, the crippled, and the diseased, could get treatment. They could receive every kind of help gratuitously. Physicians would inspect the diseases and order them food, drink, and medicines.[49][page needed]

Gupta and Pala empire

[edit]
Main street of Patna, showing one side of the Chowk, 1814–15.
City of Patna, on the River Ganges, 19th-century painting.

In the years that followed, many dynasties ruled the Indian subcontinent from the city, including the Gupta dynasty and the Pala kings. With the disintegration of the Gupta empire, Patna passed through uncertain times. Bakhtiar Khilji captured Bihar in the 12th century and destroyed everything, and Patna lost its prestige as the political and cultural centre of India.[50]

Mughal Empire

[edit]
Guru Tegh Bahadur (in Dhaka) being told about the birth of Gobind Rai (in Patna), 19th century painting

The Mughal Empire was a period of unremarkable provincial administration from Delhi.[51] The most remarkable period during the Middle Ages was under the Afghan emperor Sher Shah Suri, who revived Patna in the middle of the 16th century. He built a fort and founded a town on the banks of the Ganges. Sher Shah's fort in Patna does not survive, although the Sher Shah Suri mosque, built in Afghan architectural style, does. Mughal emperor Akbar reached Patna in 1574 to crush the rebellious Afghan Chief Daud Khan. One of the navratnas from Akbar's court, his official historian and author of "Ain-i-Akbari" Abul Fazl refers to Patna as a flourishing centre for paper, stone and glass industries. He also refers to the high quality of numerous strains of rice grown in Patna, famous as Patna rice in Europe.[52] By 1620, the city of Patna was being described as the "chiefest mart towne of all Bengala" (i.e. largest town in Bengal)[41][53] in northern India, "the largest town in Bengal and the most famous for trade".[54] This was before the founding of the city of Calcutta. Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb acceded to the request of his favourite grandson, Prince Muhammad Azim, to rename Patna as Azimabad, in 1704 while Azim was in Patna as the subedar. Patna or Azimabad did see some violent activities, according to Phillip Mason, writing in the book "The Men Who Ruled India". "Aurangzeb had restored the poll tax (Jazia) on unbelievers, which had to be compounded for. In Patna, Peacock, the factory's chief, was not sufficiently obedient. He was seized, forced to walk through the town bare-headed and bare-footed, and subjected to many other indignities before he paid up and was released." Little changed during this period other than the name. With the decline of the Mughal empire, Patna moved into the hands of the Nawabs of Bengal, who levied a heavy tax on the populace but allowed it to flourish as a commercial centre. The mansions of the Maharaja of Tekari Raj dominated the Patna riverfront in 1811–12.[55] In 1750, the future Nawab of Bengal, Siraj ud-Daulah revolted against his grandfather, Alivardi Khan, and seized Patna, but quickly surrendered and was forgiven.[56] Guru Gobind Singh (22 December 1666 – 7 October 1708), the tenth Guru of the Sikhs, was born as Gobind Rai in Patna to Guru Teg Bahadur, the ninth Guru of the Sikhs, and his wife Mata Gujri. His birthplace, Patna Sahib, is one of the most sacred sites of pilgrimage for Sikhs.[57]

Portuguese Empire

[edit]

As trade grew, settlements of the Portuguese empire expanded to the Bengal Gulf. Since at least 1515, the Portuguese were in Bengal as traders, and later in 1521, an embassy was sent to Gaur to create factories in the region. The Bengal Sultan after 1534 allowed the Portuguese to develop several settlements as Chitagoong e Satgaon.[58] In 1535 the Portuguese were allied with the Bengal sultan and held the Teliagarhi pass[59] 280 km from Patna helping to avoid the invasion by the Mughals. By then, several of the products came from Patna, and the Portuguese sent in traders, establishing a factory there in 1580 at least.[60] The products were shipped out down the river until other Portuguese ports as Chittagoon e Satgaoon, and from there to the rest of the empire.

British Empire

[edit]

During the 17th century, Patna became a centre of international trade.[53] In 1620, the English East India Company established a factory in Patna for trading in calico and silk. Soon it became a trading centre for saltpetre. Francois Bernier, in Travels in the Mogul Empire (1656–1668), says, ". It was carried down the Ganges with great facility, and the Dutch and English sent large cargoes to many parts of the Indies, and Europe". This trade encouraged other Europeans, principally the French, Danes, Dutch, and Portuguese, to compete in the lucrative business. Peter Mundy, writing in 1632, described Patna as "the greatest mart of the eastern region".[51] After the decisive Battle of Buxar of 1764, as per the treaty of Allahabad East India Company was given the right to collect a tax of this former Mughal province by the Mughal emperor. Patna was annexed by the company in 1793 to its territory when Nizamat (Mughal suzerainty) was abolished, and the British East India Company took control of the province of Bengal-Bihar. Patna, however, continued as a trading centre. In 1912, when the Bengal Presidency was partitioned, Patna became the capital of the British province of Bihar and Orissa. However, in 1936 Orissa became a separate entity with its capital. To date, a major population of Bengalis lives in Patna particularly.[23][61]

  • Street in Patna, 1825 (British, active in India)
    Street in Patna, 1825 (British, active in India)
  • Golghar at Bankipore, near Patna, 1814–15
    Golghar at Bankipore, near Patna, 1814–15

Indian Independence Movement

[edit]

People from Patna were greatly involved in the Indian independence movement.[62][63] Most notable movements were the Champaran movement against the Indigo plantation and the 1942 Quit India Movement.[64][65] National leaders who came from the city include Swami Sahajanand Saraswati; the first President of the Constituent Assembly of India, Dr. Rajendra Prasad; Bihar Vibhuti (Anugrah Narayan Sinha); Basawon Singh (Sinha); and Loknayak (Jayaprakash Narayan).

Post-Independence

[edit]

Patna remained the capital of Bihar after India gained independence in 1947, even as Bihar was partitioned again in 2000 when Jharkhand became a separate state of the Indian union.[61] On 27 October 2013, six people were killed and 85 others were injured in a series of co-ordinated bombings at an election rally for BJP candidate Narendra Modi.[66] On 3 October 2014, 33 people were killed and 26 injured in a stampede at Gandhi Maidan during Vijaya Dashmi celebrations.[67]

Geography

[edit]
See also: Geography of Bihar

Topography

[edit]
Map of Patna district
Patna's Urban agglomeration
Jurisdiction Population
Town Type Estimate
(2011)
Patna Municipal Corporation 1,684,222
Danapur Nagar Parishad 182,429
Badalpura Out Growth 75
Danapur Cantonment Cantonment Board 28,723
Khagaul Nagar Parishad 44,364
Nohsa Census Town 16,680
Pataliputra Housing Colony Census Town 3,531
Phulwari Sharif Nagar Parishad 81,740
Saidpura Census Town 7,392
Patna UA 2,049,156
Patna district 5,838,465
Source:[68][69]

Patna is on the southern bank of the river Ganges.[70] The total area of Patna is 250 km2 (97 sq mi). The municipal area constitutes 109.218 km2 (42.169 sq mi). The suburban area covers 140.782 km2 (54.356 sq mi). It has an average elevation of 53 m (174 ft). A characteristic feature of the geography of Patna is its confluence of major rivers.[71]

During the British Raj, Patna was part of the Bengal Presidency. After Nalanda district was carved out of Patna district in 1976,[72] Patna was purged of all hilly regions. It is an alluvial, flat expanse of land. The land in the district is too fertile and is almost entirely cultivated with no forest cover. Alluvial soil is ideal for cultivating rice, sugarcane, and other food grains. The area under cultivation is studded with mango orchards and bamboo groves. In the fields along the banks of river Ganges, weeds such as ammannia, citriculari, hygrophile and sesbania grow. But palmyra, date palm, and mango orchards are found near habitations. Dry stretches of shrubbery are sometimes seen in the villages far from the rivers. Trees commonly found are bel, siris, jack fruit, and the red cotton tree.[73] Patna is unique in having four large rivers in its vicinity.[74] It is the largest riverine city in the world.[75] The topography of Patna city is saucer shaped as per Patna City Development Plan prepared in 2006.[76][77] The bridge over the river Ganges named Mahatma Gandhi Setu is 5575m long. It is the longest river bridge in the India.[78]

Patna comes under India's seismic zone-IV, indicating its vulnerability to major earthquakes, but earthquakes have not been common in recent history.[79] Patna also falls in the risk zone for floods and cyclones.[80][81]

Climate

[edit]
Monsoon clouds over Priyadarshi Nagar, a part of Kankarbagh- residential area in Eastern Patna.

Patna has a humid subtropical climate under the Köppen climate classification: (Cwa) with sweltering summers from late March to June, the monsoon season from late June to late September and chilly winter nights and foggy or sunny days from November to February.[82] Highest temperature ever recorded was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) in the year 1966,[83] the lowest ever was 1.1 °C (34 °F) on 9 January 2013,[84] and highest rainfall was 204.5 mm (8.05 in) in the year 1997.[83]

The table below details historical monthly averages for climate variables.

Climate data for Patna Airport (1991–2020, extremes 1951–2013)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 33.1
(91.6) 		35.1
(95.2) 		41.4
(106.5) 		44.6
(112.3) 		45.6
(114.1) 		46.6
(115.9) 		41.6
(106.9) 		39.7
(103.5) 		37.6
(99.7) 		38.2
(100.8) 		34.6
(94.3) 		30.5
(86.9) 		46.6
(115.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 22.1
(71.8) 		26.1
(79.0) 		32.2
(90.0) 		37.1
(98.8) 		37.5
(99.5) 		36.4
(97.5) 		33.4
(92.1) 		33.1
(91.6) 		32.6
(90.7) 		32.1
(89.8) 		29.1
(84.4) 		24.3
(75.7) 		31.3
(88.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 9.2
(48.6) 		12.5
(54.5) 		17.0
(62.6) 		22.2
(72.0) 		25.2
(77.4) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.5
(79.7) 		26.5
(79.7) 		25.7
(78.3) 		22.0
(71.6) 		15.4
(59.7) 		10.7
(51.3) 		20.0
(68.0)
Record low °C (°F) 1.1
(34.0) 		3.4
(38.1) 		8.2
(46.8) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.7
(63.9) 		19.3
(66.7) 		21.1
(70.0) 		20.2
(68.4) 		19.0
(66.2) 		12.0
(53.6) 		7.7
(45.9) 		2.2
(36.0) 		1.1
(34.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 10.2
(0.40) 		12.6
(0.50) 		8.9
(0.35) 		11.9
(0.47) 		48.4
(1.91) 		162.2
(6.39) 		289.1
(11.38) 		266.6
(10.50) 		209.7
(8.26) 		49.7
(1.96) 		5.3
(0.21) 		4.7
(0.19) 		1,077.6
(42.43)
Average rainy days 1.1 1.2 0.6 1.0 3.0 6.9 12.6 12.4 9.2 2.7 0.4 0.4 51.6
Average relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST) 67 53 38 33 43 59 74 76 76 69 67 72 61
Mean monthly sunshine hours 207.7 228.8 260.4 264.0 272.8 192.0 130.2 151.9 162.0 238.7 240.0 201.5 2,550
Mean daily sunshine hours 6.7 8.1 8.4 8.8 8.8 6.4 4.2 4.9 5.4 7.7 8.0 6.5 7.0
Average ultraviolet index 6 7 9 11 12 12 12 12 11 8 6 5 9
Source 1: India Meteorological Department (sun 1971–2000)[85][86][87][88]
Source 2: Weather Atlas[89]

Air pollution

[edit]

Pollution is a major concern in Patna. According to the CAG report, tabled in the Bihar Legislative Assembly in April 2015, respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM) level (PM-10) in Patna was 355, three-and-a-half times higher than the prescribed limit of 100 micro-gram per cubic metre,[90] primarily due to high vehicular[91] and industrial emissions[92] and construction activities in the city.[93] In May 2014, a World Health Organization survey declared Patna the second most air polluted city in India, only after Delhi, with the survey calculating the airborne particulate matter in the state capital's ambient air (PM-2.5) to be 149 micro-grams, six times more than the safe limit, which is 25 micro-grams.[94][95] Severe air pollution in the city has caused a rise in pollution-related respiratory ailments, such as lung cancer, asthma, dysentery and diarrhoea.[96][97] The dense smog in Patna during winter season results in major air and rail traffic disruptions every year.[98]

Patna has been ranked 10th best “National Clean Air City” (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results' [99]

Economy

[edit]
Main article: Economy of Patna
Maurya Lok is a major shopping area of the city, and one of the oldest

Since the 17th century, Patna has been a centre of international trade and an agricultural and textile hub, including a major silk and calico market.[citation needed] After gaining independence in 1947, the economy remained relatively stable, including growth in produce and manufacturing of vegetable oil. From the 1980s onwards, the economy experienced fluctuations. When liberalisation came to India in the 1990s, Patna did not attract significant global funds or foreign investment which proved a setback for the economy. Although the city had several fertiliser plants and sugar mills, due to a weakened ecosystem, many companies incurred losses and were eventually forced to close or leave the state.[citation needed]

The economy of Patna has seen sustained growth since 2005, in particular from the fast-moving consumer goods industry, the service sector, and Green Revolution businesses.[100] In 2009, the World Bank ranked Patna as the second best city in India to start a business.[101] In 2010, Patna was ranked 21st fastest-growing city in the world and fifth fastest-growing city in India, and was forecast to grow at an average annual rate of 3.72% through 2020.[30]

Its largest exports are grain, sugarcane, sesame, and Patna rice, a local medium-grained variety. There are several sugar mills in and around Patna.[102] Patna has been described as an important business and luxury brand centre of eastern India.[100]

The major business districts of the city are Bander Bagicha, Exhibition Road, Gandhi Maidan Marg, Frazer Road, Indrapuri and Maurya Lok.

Many manufacturing companies, including Hero Cycles, Britannia Industries, PepsiCo, Sonalika Tractors and UltraTech Cement, have established their manufacturing plants in the Patna metropolitan area. One of the world's largest leather clusters is in Fatuha, in Patna. Patna is also emerging as an information technology hub, including Tata Consultancy Services, which started operations in 2019 at a new Patna facility.[103] There is also a growing number of home grown IT companies offering Software Development and AI/ ML solutions like Technix Technology[104] and others.

Demographics

[edit]
See also: Demographics of Bihar and List of cities in Bihar

With an estimated population of 1.68 million in 2011, Patna is the 19th most populous city in India and with over 2 million people, its urban agglomeration is the 18th largest in India. Residents of Patna are referred to by the demonym Patnaite.[108][109]

According to 2011 census data, Patna city had a population of 1,684,222 (before the expansion of the city limits) within the corporation limits, with 893,399 men and 790,823 women. This was an increase of 22.3 per cent compared to the 2001 figures. 11.32 per cent of the population was under six years of age, with 102,208 boys and 88,288 girls. The overall literacy rate is 83.37%, with the male literacy rate being 87.35% and the female literacy rate being 79.89%. The sex ratio of Patna is 885 females per 1,000 males. The child sex ratio of girls is 877 per 1000 boys.[110] The urban agglomeration had a population of 2,049,156 of which 1,087,285 are males and 961,871 are females with 82.73% literacy.[111] Patna is the second largest city (in terms of population) in eastern India.[112]

Roughly 0.25% of Patna's population lives in slums which makes Patna, the city with the lowest percentage of people living in slums in India.[113] Like other fast-growing cities in the developing world, Patna suffers from major urbanisation problems including unemployment, poor public health, and poor civic and educational standards for a large section of the population.[114] In 2015, the National Sample Survey Organisation revealed that, for females, Patna had the highest unemployment rate 34.6%, and for males, it was the second highest with a rate of 8% in 2011–12.[115]

Religion and language

[edit]
Religion in Patna city (2011)[116]
Religion Percent
Hinduism
 
 86.39%
Islam
 
 12.27%
Christianity
 
 0.51%
Other or not stated
 
 0.83%

According to the 2011 census of India, Patna's major religion is Hinduism with 86.39% followers. Islam is the second most popular religion in Patna with approximately 12.27% following it. Christianity, Jainism, Sikhism, and Buddhism, with smaller followings, are also practised in Patna. During the last census report, around 0.01% stated other religions and approximately 0.49% stated no particular religion.[116]

Languages of Patna city (2011)[117]

  Hindi (65.94%)
  Magahi (18.04%)
  Urdu (9.67%)
  Bhojpuri (3.19%)
  Maithili (1.79%)
  Others (1.37%)

Hindi is the official language of the state of Bihar and Urdu is the additional official language, but many other languages are spoken too. The native language is Magadhi or Magahi, named after Magadha, the ancient name of South Bihar and is most widely spoken. Hindi is spoken by 65.94% of the population, 18.04% Magahi, 9.67% Urdu, 3.19% Bhojpuri and 1.79% Maithili as their first language.[117]

Administration

[edit]

The Patna sub-division (Tehsil) is one of the 6 Tehsils of the Patna district. It is headed by an IAS or state Civil service officer of the rank of Sub Divisional Magistrate (SDM). The SDM of Patna Tehsil reports to the District Magistrate (DM) of Patna District.

Blocks

[edit]

The Patna Tehsil is divided into 3 Blocks, each headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO). The list of Blocks is as follows:

  1. Patna
  2. Sampatchak
  3. Phulwari Sharif

Government

[edit]

Civic administration

[edit]

The civic administration of Patna is run by several government agencies and has overlapping structural divisions. At least five administrative definitions of the city are available; listed in ascending order of area, those are: Patna division, Patna district (also the Patna Police area), the Patna Metropolitan Region[118] (also known as Patna Planning area),[119] "Greater Patna" or PRDA area, which adds to the PMC area a few areas just adjacent to it[120] and Patna Municipal Corporation area.

City officials 
Assumed office Office Source
Corporation Mayor Sita Sahu, BJP June 2017 Maurya Lok [121]
Corporation Commissioner Animesh Kumar Parashar, IAS November 2021 Maurya Lok [122]
Divisional Commissioner Sanjay Kumar Agarwal, IAS October 2019 Near Golghar, Gandhi Maidan [123]
District Magistrate Dr.Chandrashekhar Singh, IAS January 2021 Patna Collectorate [124]
Senior Superintendent of Police Manavjit Singh Dhillon, IPS January 2022 South Gandhi Maidan Marg [125]

The Patna Municipal Corporation, or PMC, oversees and manages the civic infrastructure of the city's 75 wards,[121] which accommodates a population of 1.7 million as per 2011 Census. The municipal corporation consists of democratically elected members, each ward elects a Councillor to the PMC.[126] The PMC is in charge of the civic and infrastructure needs of the metropolis.

As Patna's apex body, the corporation discharges its functions through the mayor-in-council, which comprises a mayor, a deputy mayor, and other elected members of the PMC. The Mayor is usually chosen through indirect election by the councillors from among themselves. The functions of the PMC include water supply, drainage and sewerage, sanitation, solid waste management, street lighting, and building regulation. The Municipal Commissioner is the chief Executive Officer and head of the executive arm of the Municipal Corporation. All executive powers are vested in the Municipal Commissioner who is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer appointed by the state government.[127] Although the Municipal Corporation is the legislative body that lays down policies for the governance of the city, it is the Commissioner who is responsible for the execution of the policies. The Commissioner is appointed for a fixed term as defined by state statute. The powers of the Commissioner are those provided by statute and those delegated by the Corporation or the Standing Committee. As of June 2017, the BJP won PMC Mayor seat; the mayor is Sita Sahu, while the deputy mayor is Vinay Kumar Pappu.[121] The Patna Municipal Corporation was ranked 4th out of 21 Cities for best governance & administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.6 on 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[128] The revenue district of Patna comes under the jurisdiction of a District Collector (District Magistrate).[129] The Collectors are in charge of the general administration, property records and revenue collection for the Central Government, and oversee the national elections held in the city.[130] The Bihar Urban Infrastructure Development Corporation Limited (BUIDCO) and the Patna Metropolitan Area Authority, are responsible for the statutory planning and development of the Patna Metropolitan Region.[131] Patna Metropolitan Area Authority was established in 2016.[132] It is the superseding agency for the former Patna Regional Development Authority (PRDA), which was dissolved in 2006.[133] In addition to the city government, numerous commissions and state authorities—including the Ministry of Tourism, the Bihar Health Department, the Bihar Water Resources Department, National Ganga River Basin Authority, Bihar State Pollution Control Board and the Bihar Public Service Commission—play a role in the life of Patnaites. As the capital of Bihar, Patna plays a major role not only in state politics but in central politics as well.[134]

In October 2016, the Bihar cabinet approved the Patna master plan 2031 which envisages the development of a new airport at Bihta.[135][136] As of August 2015, the area of Patna city (along with its urban agglomeration) is 250 square kilometres (97 sq mi).[4] Patna master 2031 is the second master plan of the city that has been passed ever, after the last plan was approved for 1961-1981.[137] Patna master plan covers six urban local bodies - Patna Municipal Corporation, Danapur Nagar Parishad, Phulwarisharif Nagar Parishad, Khagaul Nagar Parishad, Maner Nagar Panchayat and Fatuha Nagar Parishad.[138] The new master plan proposed to increase the area of Patna city to 1,167 square kilometres (451 sq mi) to transform it as a metropolitan city.[139] 5 satellite towns have also been proposed in the master plan at Bihta, Naubatpur, Punpun, Fatuha and Khusrupur.

Patna has been selected as one of the hundred Indian cities to be developed as a smart city under Government of India's flagship Smart Cities Mission.[140] With the grade of a Smart City, Patna will have highly up-to-date and radical provisions like uninterrupted electric supply, first-rate traffic and transport system, superior health care and many other prime utilities. Under this scheme, the city will use digital technology that will act as the integral mechanism of the aforesaid facilities and thereby further elevate the lifestyle of the citizens. A special purpose vehicle company named the Patna Smart City Limited has been formed to implement the smart city projects. On 22 November 2017, Eptisa Servicios de Ingenieria SL of Spain was chosen as the project management consultant.[141]

Politics

[edit]

As the seat of the Government of Bihar, The city has several federal facilities, including the Raj Bhavan: Governor's house, the Bihar Legislative Assembly; the state secretariat, which is housed in the Patna Secretariat; and the Patna High Court. The Patna High Court is one of the oldest High Court in India. The Patna High Court has jurisdiction over the state of Bihar.[142] Patna also has lower courts; the Small Causes Court for civil matters, and the Sessions Court for criminal cases.[143][144] The Patna Police, commanded by Senior Superintendent of Police, is overseen by the Bihar Government's Home Department. The Patna district elects two representatives to India's lower house, the Lok Sabha,[145] and 14 representatives to the state legislative assembly. The capital city of Patna has 8 State Legislative Assembly constituencies,[146] which form two constituencies of the Lok Sabha (the lower house of the Parliament of India).

8 State Legislative Assembly constituencies in capital city of Patna
City representatives (Legislators) 
Member Party Constituency Source
Ravi Shankar Prasad, MP BJP Patna Sahib [147]
Misa Bharti, MP RJD Pataliputra [148]
Sanjiv Chaurasiya, MLA BJP Digha [149]
Nitin Naveen, MLA BJP Bankipur [149]
Nand Kishore Yadav, MLA BJP Patna Sahib [149]
Arun Kumar Sinha, MLA BJP Kumhrar [149]
Rama Nand Yadav, MLA RJD Fatuha [150]
Ritlal Yadav, MLA RJD Danapur [149]
Gopal Ravidas, MLA CPI-ML(L) Phulwari [151]
Bhai Virendra, MLA RJD Maner [152]

Utility services

[edit]
Bhootnath Road TV Tower broadcasts programming to Patna

Groundwater fulfills the basic needs of the people,[153] administered by Patna Jal Parishad under Patna Municipal Corporation.[154] The public water supply system comprises 98 tube wells[155] that pump water directly to the distribution mains. Around 23 overhead reservoirs[153] of which only the ones at Agam Kuan, Gulzarbagh Press, Guru Gobind Singh Hospital and High Court serve the city. The sewerage system in Patna was set up in 1936. At present, there are four sewage treatment plants[156] at Saidpur, Beur, Pahari and Karmali Chak.[157] In 2019, the central government has started the process Nirmal Ganga, which is to build new sewerage infrastructure at Patna's Karmalichak as well as in Barh, Naugachia and Sultanganj. The new infrastructure will be capable of preventing the flow of 67 million litre of sewage into Ganga.[158]

As of 2011, the city's electricity consumption is about 601 kWh per capita, even though the actual demand is much higher.[159] Electricity supply to the city is regulated and distributed by the South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited[160] managed by Bihar State Power Holding Company Limited (the holding company and a successor company of erstwhile Bihar State Electricity Board).[161] The city forms the Patna Electric Supply Undertaking (PESU)[162] Circle, which is further divided into two wings namely Patna East (consists Kankarbagh, Patna City, Gulzarbagh, Bankipore, Rajendra Nagar Divisions) and Patna West (Consists Danapur, New Capital, Pataliputra, Gardanibagh, Dak Bungalow divisions).[163][164]

Direct–to–home (DTH) is available via DD Free Dish, Airtel digital TV, Dish TV, Tata Sky, Videocon d2h, Sun Direct and Reliance Digital TV.[165] Cable companies include Darsh Digital Network Pvt. Ltd.,[166] SITI Maurya Cablenet Pvt. Ltd[167] etc. The Conditional Access System for cable television was implemented in March 2013.[168]

Patna comes under the Patna Telecom District of the Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL),[169] India's state-owned telecom and internet services provider. Both Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Code division multiple access (CDMA) mobile services are available.[170] Apart from telecom, BSNL also provides broadband internet service.[171] Among private enterprises, Bharti Airtel, Reliance Jio, Reliance GSM/CDMA, Idea Cellular, Aircel, Tata Teleservices (Tata DoCoMo, Virgin Mobile and Tata Indicom), Telenor (Formerly Uninor & Now Acquired by Bharti Airtel), Vodafone and Videocon Telecom[172] are the leading telephone and cell phone service providers in the city.[173][174]

Patna was the second Indian city, after Bangalore,[175] which offered free WiFi connectivity to its citizens in February 2014. By surpassing the previous record-holder, Beijing in China,[176] Patna's WiFi zone is the world's longest free WiFi zone, which covers a 20-km stretch from NIT Patna on Ashok Rajpath to Danapur.[177][178]

Transport

[edit]

Roads

[edit]
Bihar's longest flyover from Jagdeo Path Mor to Sheikhpura Mor in Bailey Road, Patna
Chiriyatand Flyover at Patna, one of the many new ones that have come up in the city recently.
Radio Taxis
Digha–Sonpur Bridge connecting Patna with North Bihar.

Patna is about 100 km south of national East – West Highway corridor. The NH 30, NH 31 and NH 2 passes through the city. The Ashok Rajpath, Patna-Danapur Road, Bailey Road, Harding Road and Kankarbagh old bypass Road are the major corridors. Patna was one of the first places in India to use horse-drawn trams for public transport.[179] Public transportation is provided for by buses, auto rickshaws and local trains. Auto rickshaws are said to be the lifeline of the city.[180] BSRTC has started City bus service on all major routes of Patna.[181][182] App based cab service is available within city.[183][184] Patna is about 70.02KM away from Chhapra

Air transport

[edit]
Jay Prakash Narayan Airport, Patna

Patna Airport known as Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Narayan International Airport is classified as a restricted international airport.[185] The arrival of several low-cost carriers and a number of new destinations have caused a growth in air traffic in recent years, as has an improvement in the situation with regard to law and order.[186] For the period April to December 2009 the airport ranked first in a survey of 46 airports in the country in terms of percentage growth of domestic passengers as well as domestic aircraft movement.[187] The Airport Authority of India (AAI) has proposed to develop a civil enclave at Bihta Air Force Station to serve as the new airport for Patna. The military airfield lies 40 kilometres (25 mi) southwest of Patna, in Bihta.[188]

Railways

[edit]
Patna Junction Railway Station, Patna

Patna is served by several railway stations within. The Patna Junction railway station is the main railway station of the city, and one of the busiest railway stations in India.[189] Patna lies in between New Delhi and Kolkata on Howrah–Delhi main line, which is one of the busiest rail routes in India.[190] Patna Junction is directly connected to most of the major cities in India.[191] The city has four additional major railway stations: Rajendra Nagar Terminal (adjacent to Kankarbagh), Patliputra Junction (near Bailey road), Danapur (near western outskirts) and Patna Sahib (in Patna City area). Danapur is the divisional headquarters of East Central Railway zone's Danapur railway division. Patna is well connected with neighbouring Gaya, Jehanabad, Bihar Sharif, Rajgir, Islampur through daily passenger and express train services. And also connected with Jamalpur Junction and Munger. India's longest road-cum-rail bridge, Digha–Sonpur bridge has been constructed across river Ganges, connecting Digha, Patna to Pahleja Ghat in Sonpur.[192] The bridge was completed in 2015,[193][194] It is 4.55 kilometres (2.83 miles) long and therefore the second longest rail-cum-road bridge in India, after Bogibeel Bridge in Assam.[195]

The city is served by several major road highways and state highways, including National Highways 19,[196] 30,[197] 31,[198] and 83.[199] Pataliputra Bus Terminal is an upcoming ISBT. Asia's longest river bridge, the Mahatma Gandhi Setu (built 1982), is in Patna and connects the city to Hajipur across the Ganga. In recent times, the bridge has been witnessing major traffic chaos and accidents due to exceeding number of vehicles passing over it and regularly overloading the structure.[200] A new six lane road bridge across the Ganges parallel to Mahatma Gandhi Setu is proposed which would connect Kacchi Dargah in Patna City to Bidupur in Vaishali district,[201] which will be the longest bridge in India after completion.[202] Patna is well connected with roads to various major cities of Bihar like Hajipur, Munger, Jamalpur, Bhagalpur, Gaya Motihari, and Purnia.

Patna is 1,015 kilometres (631 miles) East from Delhi, 1,802 kilometres (1,120 miles) North East from Mumbai,1,527 kilometres (949 miles) North from Hyderabad and 556 kilometres (345 miles) North West from Kolkata.[203] Luxury bus service between Patna and several neighbouring cities is provided by the Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation and the Bihar State Road Transport Corporation.[204] Auto rickshaws are a popular mode of transportation.[205] Prepaid auto services operated by an all-women crew was started in 2013 in Patna, which is the first of its kind in India.[206] Radio Taxi services are also available within city limit as well as outskirts. There are private options such as Ola Cabs.[184][183]

Metro

[edit]

Patna Metro is an under-construction rapid transit system for the city. It would be owned and operated by state run Patna Metro Rail Corporation.[207] It will be constructed on Public Private Partnership (PPP) mode, estimated to cost ₹140 billion (US$2 billion).[208] It will have 5 lines with a total planned length of 60 kilometres (37 mi) km, which will be built in 3 phases.[209] Patna Monorail Project covering the municipal area is also underway. Recently the central government approved Patna metro rail project comprising two corridors (Danapur - Khemnichak and Patna Junction - Pataliputra Bus Terminal). According to government, the project will be completed until 2025 with an estimated cost of Rs. 133657.7 million.[210]

River Port on National Waterway 1 at Gai Ghat, Patna

The Ganges – navigable throughout the year – was the principal river highway across the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period; it served as a major trade route, as goods were transported from Pataliputra to the Bay of Bengal and further, to ports in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links – it embraces all the major rivers and streams in both north and south Bihar.[211] In recent times, Inland Waterways Authority of India has declared the stretch of river Ganges between Allahabad and Haldia National Inland Waterway and has taken steps to restore and maintain its navigability. The National Waterway-1, the longest Waterway in India, stretches 1620 km in the River Ganga from Allahabad to Haldia via Varanasi, Munger, Bhagalpur passes through Patna.[212] This National Waterways has fixed terminal at Patna.[213]

Culture

[edit]
Magahi folk singers
Gandhi Maidan (shown above) lies in the heart of Patna and is the site for most political and social functions in the city.
The Mahavir Mandir is a famous temple in Patna.

Patna's native language is Magahi or Magadhi a language derived from the ancient Magadhi Prakrit,[214] which was created in the ancient kingdom of Magadha, the core of which was the area of Patna south of the Ganges. It is believed to be the language spoken by Gautama Buddha. Patna has a vibrant Bengali culture too with many Bengali stalwarts including the first Chief Minister of post-independence West Bengal, Bidhan Chandra Ray, being born here. The numerous Bengali speaking Patnaites have contributed massively into fine arts, culture, education and history of Bihar in general and Patna in particular.[215] However, Magahi was the official language of the Mauryan court, in which the edicts of Ashoka were composed.[216]

The name Magahi is directly derived from the name Magadhi Prakrit, and educated speakers of Magahi prefer to call it "Magadhi" rather than "Magahi".[217]

Patna has many buildings adorned with Indo-Islamic[218] and Indo-Saracenic architectural motifs. Several well-maintained major buildings from the colonial period have been declared "heritage structures";[219][220] others are in various stages of decay.[221] Established in 1917 as the Bihar's first museum, the Patna Museum (पटना संग्रहालय) houses large collections that showcase Indian natural history and Indian art.[222] The Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library and Sinha Library are historic public libraries of Patna.[223][224]

Several theatres are in or near the central part of the city, including the Bhartiya Nritya Kala Mandir, the Rabindra Parishad, Premchand Rangshala and the Kalidas Rangalaya, which is home to the Bihar art theatre. Kalidas Rangalaya also hosts the Patliputra Natya Mahotsav, a dance festival.[225] But in the last two decades, the popularity of commercial theatres in the city has declined.[226]

The Patna School of Painting or Patna Qalaam, some times also called Company style, is an offshoot of the well-known Mughal Miniature school of painting, which flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to the mid-20th centuries.[227] The practitioners of this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting who facing persecution under the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and who found refuge, via Murshidabad, in Patna during the late 18th century. The Patna painters differed from the Mughal painters, whose subjects included only royalty and court scenes, in that they included as subjects bazaar scenes, scenes of Indian daily life, local dignitaries, festivals and ceremonies, and nature scenes.[228] The paintings were executed in watercolours on paper and on mica, but the style was generally of a hybrid and undistinguished quality. It is this school of painting that inspired the formation of the College of Arts and Crafts, Patna, under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan, which is an important centre of fine arts in Bihar.[228]

Bihar Government is promoting its art and culture through Madhubani arts to educate people about Bihar's rich cultural diversity.[229]

Some well known dishes of Bihari cuisine include sattu paratha (parathas stuffed with roasted gram flour), "sattu ka sharbat" (a spiced drink with roasted gram flour as main ingredient), chokha (spicy mashed potatoes), fish curry, Bihari kebab, postaa-dana kaa halwaa, malpua, dal pitha (Similar to momos), kheer makhana (fox nut) and thekua/khajuria (a type of snack).[230]

Street foods such as samosa,[231] chaat, jalebi, litti chokha, phuchka (a deep-fried crêpe with tamarind sauce), South Indian and Chinese cuisine are favourite among Patnaites.[232] Taj Hotel Patna is under construction at Budh Marg Lodipur.[233]

Bihari Women have traditionally worn cotton sari but shalwar kameez and other western attire are gaining acceptance among younger women.[234] Western attire has gained wide acceptance among the urban men, although the traditional dhoti and kurta[235] are seen during festivals. Chhath, also called Dala Chhath, is a major ancient festival in Bihar.[236] It is celebrated twice a year: once in the summer, called the Chaiti Chhath, and once about a week after Deepawali, called the Kartik Chhath. Durga Puja, held in September–October, is Patna's another important festival; it is an occasion for glamorous celebrations.[237][238] Among the city's other festivals, are Saraswati Puja, Eid, Holi, Christmas, Vishwakarma Puja, Makar Sankranti, Raksha Bandhan and Rath Yatra. Cultural events include the Patna Book Fair, Patna Sahib Mahotsav, the Patna Film Festival, Bihar Diwas, Rajgir Mahotsav, Vaishali Mahotsav and the Sonepur Cattle Fair in neighbouring towns.

  • A murti, or representation, of the goddess Durga shown during the Durga Puja festival
    A murti, or representation, of the goddess Durga shown during the Durga Puja festival
  • People Celebrating Chhath Festival the 2nd Day at Morning a tribute to the rising holy God Sun
    People Celebrating Chhath Festival the 2nd Day at Morning a tribute to the rising holy God Sun

Tourism

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Patna
Golghar was originally built to serve as a granary for the British East India Company army during the famine of 1786. It now features an observation deck overlooking the Ganges and the city.
Sabhyata Dwar in Patna

Patna is home to many tourist attractions and it saw about 2.4 million tourists (including day visitors) in 2005. Tourists visiting the city accounted for 41% of the total number of tourists visiting Bihar although Bodh Gaya was the most popular destination for foreign visitors.[239] The cultural heritage of Bihar is reflected in its many ancient monuments. Kumhrar and Agam Kuan are the sites of the ruins of the Ashokan Pataliputra. Didarganj Yakshi remains as an example of Mauryan art.[240]

Takht Sri Patna Sahib is one of the Five Takhts of Sikhism and consecrates the birthplace of the tenth Guru of the Sikhs, Gobind Singh.[241] There are five other Gurdwaras in Patna that are related to different Sikh Gurus; these are Gurdwara Pahila Bara,[242] Gurdwara Gobind Ghat,[243] Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh,[244] Gurdwara Bal Leela,[245] Gurdwara Handi Sahib,[246] and Prakash Punj.[247] Padri Ki Haveli, High Court, Golghar, Sultan Palace, and Secretariat Building are examples of British architecture. Gandhi Maidan is a historic ground in Patna where several freedom movement rallies took place. Newly built Buddha Smriti Park near Patna Junction is also becoming a major tourist attraction.

The Patna Planetarium (Indira Gandhi Planetarium) is in Patna's Indira Gandhi Science Complex. It claims to be one of the largest planetariums in Asia and to attract a large number of tourists.[248][better source needed] The Sanjay Gandhi Jaivik Udyan (Patna Zoo) is at Bailey Road, Raj Bhawan, Rajbanshi Nagar, and includes over 300 mammals, 300 birds, and 450 species of reptiles as of January 2019.[249]

In 2015, the Bihar government has built a state-of-the-art art landmark museum in Patna at a cost of approximately ₹530 crores[250] on a site of 13.9 acres at Bailey Road.[251] 5 firms were shortlisted for the architectural design,[252] of which the Japanese firm Maki and Associates was chosen. It is now completed and opened for all.[253] Completed in May 2018, the Sabhyata Dwar was built with Mauryan-style architecture. It was opened to the general public in December 2018.[254]

In 2014, the Bihar government laid the foundation of Samrat Ashok International Convention Centre. It is expected to use more steel than used in raising Eiffel Tower and Indira Gandhi International Airport. Construction of Dr. A.P.J Abdul Kalam Science City began in February 2019.[255] The Eco Park is in Jawaharlal Nehru Marg. It has more than 3,000 varieties of plants and includes several theme parks, a restaurant, and a boat trip zone.

Education

[edit]
See also: List of schools in Patna, List of educational institutions in Patna, and Education in India
Indian Institute of Technology Patna at Bihta, one of the premier institutes of engineering and research in India.
Patna College, established 1863, is considered to be the oldest institution of higher education in Bihar.

Schools in Patna are either government-run schools or private schools. The schools are affiliated to Bihar School Examination Board (BSEB), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS), or the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) boards. A number of Bengali medium schools also thrive in Patna.[256] Hindi and English are the primary languages of instruction.[257] A 2012 survey found 1,574 schools: of these, 78% were private unaided schools (most of them at an affordable cost), 21% were government schools and 1% were private aided.[258]

Under the 10+2+3/4 plan, students complete ten years of schooling and then enroll in schools that have a higher secondary facility and are affiliated to the Bihar State Intermediate Board, the All-India Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (CISCE), the NIOS[259] or the CBSE, where they select one of three streams: arts, commerce, or science.[256] This is followed by either a general degree course in a chosen field of study or a professional degree course, such as law, engineering, and medicine.[260]

Patna has important government educational institutions like Patna University, Anugrah Narayan College, Chanakya National Law University, Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Indian Institute of Technology Patna, Bakhtiyarpur College of Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna, Patna Science College, Patna Women's College, Patna Law College, Bihar Veterinary College, J.D. Women's College, Birla Institute of Technology, Patna,[261] Patna Medical College Hospital, Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Nalanda Medical College Hospital, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Mahavir Cancer Sansthan, All India Institute of Medical Sciences Patna, National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna, Chandragupta Institute of Management, Development Management Institute, National Institute of Electronics & Information Technology, Patliputra University.[262]

Patna University was established in 1917 and is the seventh oldest modern university in the Indian Sub-continent.[263] Patna also has a variety of other universities, as well as many primary and secondary schools.

Nalanda University (also known as Nalanda International University) is a newly established university in Rajgir, around 100 kilometres (62 mi) from Patna. The University, created as a revival of an ancient centre of learning at Nalanda, began its first academic session on 1 September 2014.[264] It will attract students from across the globe.[265]

Sports

[edit]
Moin-Ul-Haque Stadium near Rajendra Nagar, used for cricket and association football.

As in the rest of India, cricket is popular in Patna and is played on grounds and in streets throughout the city.[266] There are several sports grounds across the city. The Bihar Cricket Association, which regulates cricket in Bihar,[267] is based in the city. Tournaments, especially those involving cricket, basketball, football, badminton, and table tennis, are regularly organised on an inter-locality or inter-club basis.

Moin-ul-Haq Stadium, which has a capacity of 25,000, has served as the venue for two one-day international cricket matches and several national sports events.[268] It was home to the Bihar cricket team. Due to negligence and lack of maintenance, the stadium is in a dilapidated state and no international match has been played here since 1996.[269] In 2013, it was announced by the Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar that an international cricket stadium will be constructed at Rajgir.[270]

The Patna Golf Club was established on 21 March 1916, and is one of the oldest golf courses in India. It has 18 holes in a historic setting in and around Bailey Road, a 165-acre (67 ha) course.[271][272]

Patna hosted the first ever woman's Kabaddi world cup.[273] It was held at the Patliputra Sports Complex, Kankarbagh from 1 to 4 March 2012.[274] Hosts India won the World Cup defeating Iran in the finals.[275] Patna also hosts the seven league matches of Pro Kabaddi League with its home team as Patna Pirates at the Patliputra Sports Complex.[276]

Other famous sports complexes of Patna are Bihar Military Police's Mithilesh Stadium,[277] East Central Railway zone's indoor stadium at Digha[278] etc.

Media

[edit]

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named Bharat Ratna was started in Patna in 1901. It was followed by Ksahtriya Hitaishi, Aryavarta from Dinapure, Patna, Udyoga and Chaitanya Chandrika.[279] Udyog was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time and Chaitanya Chandrika by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to Patna alone but to many districts of Bihar.[280][281]

Magahi Parishad, established in Patna in 1952, pioneered Magadhi journalism in Bihar. It started the monthly journal, Magadhi, which was later renamed Bihan.[282]

Many national media agencies, including the Press Trust of India and Doordarshan's regional offices, are based in the city.[283] The Hindu, The Times of India, Hindustan Times, The Economic Times and The Telegraph are the five principal English-language daily newspapers which have Patna editions. The Pioneer and The Indian Express,[284] though not printed in the city, are other English-language daily newspapers available in the city. The city's Hindi newspapers include Hindustan Dainik, Dainik Jagran, Dainik Bhaskar,[285] Prabhat Khabar, Aaj and Rashtriya Sahara,[284] all of which have editions from Patna. There are also daily Urdu newspapers like Qaumi Tanzeem and Farooqi Tanzeem published in Patna.[284] There is also the Hindi and English mixed newspaper tabloid Inext.[286]

Patna has several AM and FM radio stations, including many state-owned channels. The city hosts several radio stations, including the state-owned All India Radio's Vividh Bharati, and FM 105. The All India Radio, Patna (officially Akashvani Patna Kendra) was established in 1948.[287]

Patna is served by several private channels.

Private FM stations

[edit]
No. Name Frequency Language
01 Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM Hindi
02 Radio City 91.1 FM Hindi
03 Big FM 95.0 FM Hindi & Bhojpuri
04 Red FM 93.5 FM Hindi

Notable people

[edit]
Main article: List of people from Patna

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  2. ^ "NDA-backed Sita Sahu is first woman mayor of Patna". 19 June 2017. Archived from the original on 22 June 2017.
  3. ^ "District magistrates of Patna Division" (PDF). Divisional commissioner of Patna division. Retrieved 3 June 2023.
  4. ^ a b "Master plan for Patna to be unveiled soon". The Economic Times. 12 August 2015. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  5. ^ "CPRS Patna About Us". CRPS. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  6. ^ a b "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lac and above" (PDF). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2012.
  7. ^ a b "52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2019.
  8. ^ "Demography". patna.nic.in. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  9. ^ "Magahi". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 6 February 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  10. ^ "PATNA CITY Pin Code - 800008, Sampatchak All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search PATNA Post Office Address". ABP Live. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  11. ^ "Patna Urban Region". census2011.co.in. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 3 June 2021.
  12. ^ https://metroverse.cid.harvard.edu/city/8914/overview
  13. ^ "Definition of PATNA". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
  14. ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2
  15. ^ "Unravelling Pataliputra". The Times of India. 23 April 2023.
  16. ^ "The World's Cities in 2018" (PDF). United Nations. October 2018. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  17. ^ Verma, Kumod (30 December 2001). "Gurdwara gears up for Guru's jayanti". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  18. ^ "Populations of Largest Cities in PMNs from 2000BC to 1988AD". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
  19. ^ "Patna Tour". cultureholidays.com. Archived from the original on 4 April 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  20. ^ "Ancient Patliputra". go4patna.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2016. Retrieved 28 August 2016.
  21. ^ O'Malley, L. S. S. (2005). James, J. F. W. (ed.). History of Magadha. Delhi: Veena Publication. p. 23. ISBN 978-81-89224-01-1. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  22. ^ "The largest city in the world and other fabulous Mauryan facts". Indian Express. 17 January 2019. Archived from the original on 17 January 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2019.
  23. ^ a b O'Malley, L. S. S. (1924). Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna – L.S.S. O'malley – Google Books. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788172681210. Archived from the original on 17 November 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  24. ^ Shrivastava, Nripendra Kumar (2010). "Contribution Of Trade And Commerce In The Trend And Pattern Of Urban Growth Of Patna(1657-1765)". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 71: 327–334. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44147500. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  25. ^ "The Patna Collectorate: A link to city's past as a Dutch trading post". The Indian Express. 26 October 2020. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  26. ^ Singh, Rajeshwar Prasad (1975). "The Decline Of Pātaliputra With Special Reference To Geograhical Factors". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 36: 51–62. ISSN 2249-1937. JSTOR 44138834. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  27. ^ a b "District Domestic Product 2004–05 to 2011–12". Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Planning and Development, Government of Bihar. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  28. ^ Vaibhav, Vikash; Das, Varun Kumar (30 March 2021). "The old Bimaru states have new boom towns. But only in pockets". ThePrint. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
  29. ^ "Property Prices in Patna". Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  30. ^ a b "World's fastest growing urban areas (1)". City Mayors. Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  31. ^ "New Delhi, Patna best cities to start a business: World Bank". The Times of India. PTI. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 16 May 2010. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  32. ^ a b Choudhoury, P. C. Roy. "Patan Devi". Hindubooks.org. Dharma Universe. Archived from the original on 15 February 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  33. ^ "Patna losing floral wealth to concrete jungle". The Times of India. 15 October 2014. Archived from the original on 19 October 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  34. ^ "Take a walk down heritage lane – Govt initiative to create awareness about rich history next Sunday". The Telegraph. 18 January 2015. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  35. ^ "History of Patna". National Informatics Centre. Government of Bihar. 10 January 2002. Archived from the original on 13 April 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.
  36. ^ "STORY OF PATNA". fossendeliv.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  37. ^ PIYUSH KUMAR TRIPATHI (21 January 2013). "Time travel in light & sound show – Patna Museum plans programme on the lines of Red Fort in Delhi". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  38. ^ Fyfe, Ryan. "The Emerald Buddha". Eslteachersboard.com. Archived from the original on 1 July 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  39. ^ "History in mint condition". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015.
  40. ^ "Foreign diplomats line up for Bihar elections". 27 August 2015. Archived from the original on 21 February 2016.
  41. ^ a b "Attractions, history of Patna". Ganges Cruises. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  42. ^ George W Barclay JR (27 October 2010). The Son of Man: Saoshyant — George Barclay, Jr. – Google Books. iUniverse. ISBN 9781450266901. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  43. ^ Schlingloff, Dieter (1 December 2014). Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study. Anthem Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN 978-1-78308-349-7. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  44. ^ Megasthenes. "Of the city Pataliputra Indika, Book II, Frag. XXV, Strab. XV. i. 35–36,--p. 702. Frag XXVI.Arr. Ind. 10. Of Pataliputra". Indika. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 24 February 2011. ...  the greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra, in the dominions of the Prasians, where the streams of the Erannoboas and the Ganga unite,—the Ganga being the greatest of all rivers. The Erannoboas are perhaps the third largest of Indian rivers, though greater than the greatest rivers elsewhere. Still, it is smaller than the Ganga, where it falls into it. Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteen stadia, and that a ditch encompassed it all round, which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth, and that the wall was crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates....
  45. ^ Smith, Sir William, ed. (1870). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 3. Boston: Little, Brown. p. 704. Archived from the original on 18 October 2007. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  46. ^ "History – Ancient History in depth: The Story of India: South India". BBC. 5 November 2009. Archived from the original on 13 January 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  47. ^ Wojtilla, Gyula (2000). "Did the Indo-Greeks occupy Pataliputra?". Acta Antiqua. 40 (1–4). Akadémiai Kiadó: 495–504. doi:10.1556/AAnt.40.2000.1-4.46. ISSN 0044-5975.
  48. ^ Pataliputra Archived 4 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms by Fa Hein, tr. by James Legge, Chapter XXVII, Pataliputtra or Patna, in Magadha. King Ashoka's spirit-built palace and halls. The Buddhist Brahman, Radha-Sami. Dispensaries and hospitals...... n.1 Pataliputra, The Sanskrit name, means "The city of flowers." It is the Indian Florence.
  49. ^ Beal, Samuel (1884). Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World. London: Trubener & Co.
  50. ^ BAGHAKOLE – NCAP Archived 9 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine ncap.res.in. Retrieved 5 December 2013
  51. ^ a b "History of Patna City Bihar Origin-Background-Significance". Hoparoundindia.com. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  52. ^ McCulloch, John Ramsay (1839). A Dictionary, Practical, Theoretical, and Historical, of Commerce and ... – John Ramsay McCulloch – Google Books. Archived from the original on 28 August 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  53. ^ a b Chatterjee, Kumkum (1996). Merchants, Politics, and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar, 1733–1820 – Kumkum Chatterjee — Google Books. BRILL. ISBN 9004103031. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  54. ^ O'Malley, L. S. S. (2005). James, J. F. W. (ed.). History of Magadha. Delhi: Veena Publication. p. 36. ISBN 978-81-89224-01-1. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011.
  55. ^ Chatterjee, Kumkum (1996). Merchants, Politics and Society in Early Modern India: Bihar: 1730 – 1820. BRILL. pp. 273 (at page 36). ISBN 978-90-04-10303-0.
  56. ^ Dalrymple, W. (2019), The Anarchy p. 87, London: Bloomsbury
  57. ^ "Gurdwara gears up for Guru's Jayanti". The Times of India. 30 December 2001. Archived from the original on 10 July 2012.
  58. ^ Gupta, Taniya; Navarro-Tejero, Antonia (8 January 2014). India in Canada: Canada in India editado por Taniya Gupta, Antonia Navarro-Tejero. Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 9781443855716. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  59. ^ "Ghiyasuddin Mahmud Shah". Banglapedia. Archived from the original on 23 June 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2020.
  60. ^ Thakur, Baleshwar (1980). Urban Settlements in Eastern India: Entropy Changes and Pattern Analysis. Concept Publishing Company. p. 117. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  61. ^ a b "History of Bihar". Gov.bih.nic.in. 26 June 1975. Archived from the original on 31 March 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  62. ^ "In Nation's service". Go4patna.com. Archived from the original on 13 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  63. ^ "Braj Kishore Prasad – the Forgotten Hero of Bihar". PatnaDaily.Com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  64. ^ "Feature". Pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  65. ^ Sharma, Kaushal Kishore (1989). Agrarian Movements and Congress Politics in Bihar – Kaushal Kishore Sharma – Google Books. Anamika Prakashan. ISBN 9788185150109. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  66. ^ "Patna bombings: outlawed Islamist group blamed for fatal blasts". The Guardian. 28 October 2013. Archived from the original on 19 September 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  67. ^ "33 killed as bomb blast rumour sparks stampede during Dussehra celebrations in Patna". The Times of India. 4 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  68. ^ "Patna Urban Region". Census2011.co.in. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  69. ^ "Patna District : Census 2011 data". Census2011.co.in. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  70. ^ Ray, Chittaranjan; Shamrukh, Mohamed (14 December 2010). Riverbank Filtration for Water Security in Desert Countries. Springer. ISBN 9789400700260. Archived from the original on 14 February 2018.
  71. ^ "CDP Patna" (PDF). Infrastructure Professionals Enterprise (P) Ltd, C – 2, Green Park Extension, New Delhi – 110016, INDIA. PATNA – Urban Development Department. July 2006. pp. 20, 21 (area) 52 (metropolis), 31 (geography). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.
  72. ^ Law, Gwillim (25 September 2011). "Districts of India". Statoids. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
  73. ^ "About District". Patna.bih.nic.in. 1 January 2004. Archived from the original on 9 May 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  74. ^ "Patna Maps, Bihar". Mapsofindia.com. 29 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
  75. ^ "Summary Report of Patna" (PDF). future of power. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  76. ^ "Smart city? That sinkin' feeling Drainage hits tall claims of rain prep". Archived from the original on 9 September 2016.
  77. ^ "Patna is a saucer-shaped receptacle bounded by four interlinked rivers that can be trusted to turn turbulent". Archived from the original on 9 October 2016.
  78. ^ "Longest River Bridge in India – Mahatma Gandhi Setu – Longest River Bridge in World". Thecolorsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 29 February 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  79. ^ "Hazard profiles of Indian districts" (PDF). National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management. UNDP. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 May 2006. Retrieved 23 August 2006.
  80. ^ "Flood fear, after 38 years". The Telegraph. 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  81. ^ "अभी दो बार और आएगा आंधी-तूफान". inextlive.jagran. 16 March 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  82. ^ "climate of patna". Archived from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  83. ^ a b "Extreme Weather Events in the Month Of September". Imd.gov.in. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  84. ^ "At 1.1 °C, Patna chilliest since 1868". The Times of India. 10 January 2013. Archived from the original on 3 May 2013.
  85. ^ "Station: Patna Climatological Table 1981–2010" (PDF). Climatological Normals 1981–2010. India Meteorological Department. January 2015. pp. 601–602. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  86. ^ "Extremes of Temperature & Rainfall for Indian Stations (Up to 2012)" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M36. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  87. ^ "Table 3 Monthly mean duration of Sun Shine (hours) at different locations in India" (PDF). Daily Normals of Global & Diffuse Radiation (1971–2000). India Meteorological Department. December 2016. p. M-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  88. ^ "Climatological Tables 1991-2020" (PDF). India Meteorological Department. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 January 2023. Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  89. ^ "Climate and monthly weather forecast Patna, India". Weather Atlas. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  90. ^ "Unhealthy air alarm". The Telegraph. 25 April 2015. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  91. ^ "Drive to check car pollution papers". The Telegraph. 24 November 2014. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  92. ^ "Air Quality Trends and Action Plan for Control of Air Pollution from Seventeen Cities" (PDF). CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS. September 2006. p. 152. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
  93. ^ "Patna 2nd most polluted city after Delhi?". The Times of India. 18 April 2015. Archived from the original on 2 May 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  94. ^ "Pollution report comes as a breath of fresh air". The Telegraph. 21 May 2015. Archived from the original on 14 June 2015. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  95. ^ Real-time Air Quality Index for Patna is available at
  96. ^ "City's air quality "dangerous"". The Times of India. 28 May 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  97. ^ "High air pollution in Patna, cardiac ailments' risk up". The Times of India. 31 March 2013. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  98. ^ "Fog impacts air, train traffic: 13 flights, 74 trains cancelled". The Times of India. 30 December 2014. Archived from the original on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 13 June 2015.
  99. ^ "Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024" (PDF). Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024. 7 September 2024.
  100. ^ a b "Patna emerging luxe centre in eastern India". IBN Live. 13 September 2011. Archived from the original on 5 June 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  101. ^ "New Delhi, Patna best cities to start business: World Bank". The Times of India. 30 June 2009. Archived from the original on 4 January 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2011.
  102. ^ "Deadline extended for sugar mills auction". The Times of India. 25 October 2011. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
  103. ^ "Ravi Shankar Prasad opens new TCS centre in Patna". The Times of India. 14 July 2019. Archived from the original on 28 November 2019. Retrieved 4 January 2020.
  104. ^ "Technix Technology is a provider of software solutions for energy sector". Craft.
  105. ^ Kumari, Preeti (1 January 2006). Television and Development of Women. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788183241618. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  106. ^ "India-historical demographical data of the urban centers". populstat. Archived from the original on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  107. ^ "Census of India 2001 (Provisional) Slum Population in Million Plus Cities (Municipal Corporations): Part A". Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi. Archived from the original on 9 December 2015. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
  108. ^ "Patnaite makes it to records book twice with collection of editorials". The Times of India. 17 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2018.
  109. ^ Dual entry for Patnaite in Limca book Archived 18 August 2013 at the Wayback Machine Hindustan Times (Patna). Retrieved 28 April 2013
  110. ^ "Patna City Census 2011 data". census2011.co.in. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  111. ^ "Patna Urban Region". census2011.co.in. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  112. ^ "Government announces India's 10 dirtiest cities: Things you need to know". India Today. 16 February 2016. Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  113. ^ "City Mayors: Largest Indian cities". Archived from the original on 19 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  114. ^ "Liveability Index 2011, The Best Cities in India" (PDF). Institute of Competitiveness. 12 December 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 April 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  115. ^ "Unemployment rate: Lucknow tops list for men, Patna for women". The Indian Express. 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 11 December 2015. Retrieved 9 December 2015.
  116. ^ a b "Table C-01 Population by Religion: Bihar". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  117. ^ a b "Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Bihar (Town)". censusindia.gov.in. Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. 2011.
  118. ^ "Growth goes west, south & green Master plan to add more areas". The Telegraph. 13 February 2014. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  119. ^ "Notification No. 337, dated 13th August, 2014" (PDF). UD&HD, Government of Bihar. 13 August 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  120. ^ Dipak Mishra (4 September 2006). "Patna 2021: Master Plan for mega expansion". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  121. ^ a b c "Sita Sahu first woman mayor of Patna". The Times of India. 20 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.
  122. ^ "New civic boss takes charge". The Telegraph. 13 June 2018. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2018.
  123. ^ "Major shuffle with eye on elections – 43 IPS, 46 IAS officers face shift orders". The Telegraph. 2 August 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  124. ^ "पटना के डीएम संजय अग्रवाल हटे, गया के डीएम कुमार रवि पटना के नए डीएम". livehindustan.com (in Hindi). 1 January 2018. Archived from the original on 2 January 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2018.DM
  125. ^ "मानवजीत सिंह ढिल्लो बने पटना के नए एसएसपी". Jagran. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  126. ^ PIYUSH KUMAR TRIPATHI (17 June 2014). "Mayor faces no-trust motion heat". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  127. ^ "Patna Municipal Corporation Commissioner suspended; BJP attacks Janta Dal (United)". Economic Times. 13 December 2014. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  128. ^ Nair, Ajesh. "Annual Survey of India's City-Systems" (PDF). Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship and Democracy. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 6 March 2015.
  129. ^ "Revenue – Government of Bihar" (PDF). gov.bih.nic.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  130. ^ L.S.S. O'malley (1924). Bihar And Orissa District Gazetteers Patna. Concept Publishing Company, 1924 – Patna (India : District). p. 142. ISBN 9788172681210. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.
  131. ^ "SHORT NOTICE INVITING QUOTATION" (PDF). Urban Development Department, Bihar. 27 April 2017. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  132. ^ "Patna master plan gets committee push". Archived from the original on 24 July 2016.
  133. ^ Pranav Chaudhary (31 August 2014). "Patna population likely to be over 60 lakh by 2031". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 25 November 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  134. ^ "Why the youth connect with Narendra Modi". rediff.com. 12 March 2014. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  135. ^ "Cabinet OKs Patna master plan, paves way for big bulidings [sic], new airport". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  136. ^ "पटना मास्टर प्लान 2031 मेट्रोपोलिटन कमेटी नक्शा पास करेगी". November 2016. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016.
  137. ^ "Patna zonal plan will be part of the master plan". Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  138. ^ "Patna master plan work gathers pace". The Times of India. 26 November 2017. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017.
  139. ^ "Masterplan to Develop Patna as a Metropolitan Soon". NDTV.com. 12 August 2015. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 30 August 2020.
  140. ^ "Smart City: Patna to get a grand makeover". The Times of India. 24 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017.
  141. ^ "Spanish firm for smart city". Archived from the original on 22 November 2017.
  142. ^ "ABOUT PATNA HIGH COURT". The High Court of Judicature at Patna. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  143. ^ "History". ecourts.gov.in. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  144. ^ RAHI GAIKWAD (9 October 2013). "Patna High Court acquits all 26 in Dalit massacre case". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 February 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  145. ^ PIYUSH KUMAR TRIPATHI (20 April 2014). "Rural Patna defeats urban in EVM hits". telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  146. ^ "Mired in civic mess, voters vent ire on netas in Patna". The Times of India. 19 October 2020. Retrieved 10 July 2023.
  147. ^ "Bihar dumps Lalu and Nitish for BJP". The Hindu Business Line. The Hindu. 17 May 2014. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  148. ^ "General Election to Parliamentary Constituencies: Trends & Results June-2024 Parliamentary Constituency 31 - Patliputra (Bihar)". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  149. ^ a b c d e "Sanjiv Chaurasia of BJP wins". News18. 10 November 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
  150. ^ "Only 3 of 10 varsity teachers emerge winners". The Times of India. 10 November 2015. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  151. ^ "Gopal Ravidas of CPIMLL Wins". News18. 10 November 2020.
  152. ^ "Bihar poll results: Complete list of winners". IBNLive. 8 November 2015. Archived from the original on 18 December 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2015.
  153. ^ a b PIYUSH KUMAR TRIPATHI (13 December 2011). "24x7 water in pipeline". The Telegraph (Calcutta), Patna. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  154. ^ "14 PATNA.cdr – cpheeo" (PDF). cpheeo.nic.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  155. ^ "Patna: Historic Past, Urban Future". urbannewsdigest. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  156. ^ "PMC go-ahead for sewerage network". The Telegraph (Calcutta), Patna. 2 February 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  157. ^ "Funds to clean Ganga litter". The Telegraph (Calcutta), Patna. 15 February 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  158. ^ "Bihar gets Nirmal Ganga push, Patna riverfront! PM Narendra Modi unveils important infrastructure projects". The Financial Express. 18 February 2019. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 10 September 2019.
  159. ^ Kohli, Gayrajan (30 December 2014). "Patna: the City That Can Turn On Solar Energy in Bihar". Abcofsolar.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  160. ^ "Energy-bills:Patna: The South Bihar Power Distribution Company Limited (S". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  161. ^ "Bihar State Electricity Board unbundled into five companies – Times of India". The Times of India. 2 November 2012. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 15 January 2016.
  162. ^ "Patna Electric Supply Undertaking "maintains" power cuts, denizens suffer – The Times of India". The Times of India. 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  163. ^ "Patna Electricity Supply Unit (PESU)". Go4patna.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  164. ^ "Pesu seeks new supply division". The Telegraph. 11 October 2014. Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2016.
  165. ^ Piyush Kumar Tripathi (12 March 2013). "Get set or go blank". Telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  166. ^ "Darsh Digital Selects NDS to Launch Digital Cable TV Platform in India". Business Wire. 17 October 2011. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  167. ^ "Cable TV digitization: Bihar govt to seek deadline extension — The Times of India". The Times of India. 4 April 2013. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  168. ^ "Patnaites rush to get Set Top Box installed before Mar 31 – The Times of India". The Times of India. 8 March 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  169. ^ "Sub: Decisions taken in General Body Meeting of SNEA (I) Patna Telephone District on issues related to working culture in Patna Telephone" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  170. ^ "RCom launches 3G services in Bihar – The Times of India". The Times of India. 12 March 2011. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  171. ^ BSNL Bihar homepage Archived 10 April 2009 at the Library of Congress Web Archives 12 April 2014
  172. ^ "Videocon to Launch 4G Mobile Services in Bihar, Uttar Pradesh by December". Press Trust of India. ndtv.com. 19 February 2015. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 5 March 2015.
  173. ^ Piyush Kumar Tripathi (4 February 2012). "Bihar mobile users queue up for clarity". Telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  174. ^ "Recommendations on national broadband plan" (PDF). Telecom Regulatory Authority of India. 8 December 2010. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  175. ^ "After Bangalore, Patna Launches Free Public WiFi Stretch. It's 20 Km Long!". Nextbigwhat.com. 21 February 2014. Archived from the original on 5 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  176. ^ "Bihar beats Beijing: Nitish Kumar unveils world's longest Wi-Fi zone". News18.com. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  177. ^ "World's longest free Wi-Fi zone in Patna – The Times of India". The Times of India. 20 February 2014. Archived from the original on 12 April 2014. Retrieved 12 April 2014.
  178. ^ "Wi-Fi checks in, partially". PIYUSH KUMAR TRIPATHI. The Telegraph (Calcutta), Patna. 9 April 2014. Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  179. ^ Chaudhary, Pranava K (23 September 2008). "Trams in Patna". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2011.
  180. ^ "Autos lifeline of city". The Times of India. 2 August 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  181. ^ "Colourful buses start plying in Patna". The Times of India. 15 May 2011. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  182. ^ "AC city buses to ply from early August". The Times of India. 28 July 2011. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  183. ^ a b Piyush Kumar Tripathi, "Ola! City taps app & go habit" Archived 8 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, The Telegraph (Calcutta), 18 May 2016
  184. ^ a b "All we hear is Radio Taxi". thehindubusinessline.com. The Hindu (18 August 2014). Archived from the original on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
  185. ^ "Patna airport deadline extended to Oct 31". Hindustan Times. 19 September 2012. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  186. ^ "Patna airport notches No. 1 spot in air traffic, passenger growth". The Times of India. 9 June 2010. Archived from the original on 10 May 2018. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  187. ^ Verma, Sanjeev Kumar (9 June 2010). "Traffic, flyers' flow grow at Patna airport". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  188. ^ "AAI to develop Bihta airport for international operations". The Times of India. 10 March 2015. Archived from the original on 27 August 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  189. ^ "Easy climb at railway station in new year". The Telegraph. 10 December 2013. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  190. ^ "90 trains delayed or diverted after coal wagons derail in Bihar". The Telegraph. 13 July 2013. Archived from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  191. ^ Kory Goldberg; Michelle Dcary (9 November 2009). Along the Path – The Meditator's Companion to the Buddha's Land. Pariyatti. pp. 200–. ISBN 978-1-928706-56-4. Archived from the original on 28 May 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  192. ^ "Ganga bridge bonanza New projects to ease travel hassle". Archived from the original on 2 June 2016.
  193. ^ Bhelari, Amit (8 March 2012). "New deadline for rail bridge". Calcutta, India: The Telegraph, 8 March 2012. Archived from the original on 7 March 2013. Retrieved 6 November 2012.
  194. ^ "India's longest rail-cum-road bridge to come up in Bihar". Hindustan Times. 12 October 2009. Archived from the original on 23 October 2010. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  195. ^ "Digha bridge cost likely to jump by Rs 1,000 cr". The Times of India. 3 July 2011. Archived from the original on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
  196. ^ "National Highway 19". Mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  197. ^ "National Highway 30". Mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 13 February 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  198. ^ "National Highway 31". Mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  199. ^ "National Highway 83". Mapsofindia.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  200. ^ "Broken railings, vibrations make Patna's Gandhi Setu commuters' nightmare". The Times of India. 16 May 2015. Archived from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  201. ^ "Nitish blasts Centre over roads". The Telegraph. 5 April 2015. Archived from the original on 28 July 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  202. ^ "Cabinet OKs new bridge on Ganga". The Times of India. 17 July 2015. Archived from the original on 9 September 2016. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  203. ^ "Road distance chart for Patna". Mapsofindia.com. 4 May 2007. Archived from the original on 6 February 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  204. ^ "Luxury bus service between Bihar and Jharkhand from Monday". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 11 December 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
  205. ^ "Patna: 23,000 auto-rickshaws on strike". NDTV. 1 September 2009. Archived from the original on 29 October 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  206. ^ "An all-woman bank to open in Patna". Anisha Anand, TNN. The Times of India (Patna). 14 July 2013. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  207. ^ "Bihar fast-tracks Patna Metro rail project". Zee News. 14 November 2014. Archived from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
  208. ^ "Long awaited proposal of Patna Metro Rail project gets CM's nod". Daily News & Analysis.
  209. ^ "Patna Metro will run in 3 phase". Dainik Jagran. 23 October 2013. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  210. ^ "'Signature buildings to change Patna's skyline in 2 years'". The Times of India. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 22 November 2014. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  211. ^ Yang, Anand A (1998). Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21100-1. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
  212. ^ "National Waterways-1". Water Resources Information System (Govt. of India). 15 March 2012. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  213. ^ "Inland Water Transport Sector" (PDF). Inland Waterways Authority of India. 21 April 2008. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 July 2015.
  214. ^ South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203
  215. ^ Norm Phelps (2004). The Great Compassion: Buddhism and Animal Rights. Lantern Books, 2004. p. 57. ISBN 9781590560693. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.
  216. ^ Basham A.L., The Wonder that was India, Picador, 2004, pp.394
  217. ^ Jain Dhanesh, Cardona George, The Indo-Aryan Languages, pp449
  218. ^ "Hidden treasures". India Today. 19 November 2009. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  219. ^ Banjot Kaur Bhatia, TNN (26 January 2015). "A walk through Patna heritage sites". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 August 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  220. ^ B K Mishra, TNN (24 April 2014). "Renovation of Patna University heritage buildings starts". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 27 April 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  221. ^ "Patna heritage bungalows dismantled for Rs 360cr museum". The Economic Times. 24 March 2013. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  222. ^ "Directorate of Museum". Youth, Arts and Culture Department, Government of Bihar. Archived from the original on 15 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  223. ^ "KHUDA BAKHSH ORIENTAL PUBLIC LIBRARY". Ministry of Culture, Government of India. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  224. ^ "Historic Sinha library struggling for survival". The Times of India. 22 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  225. ^ "Dual delights on first night of theatre festival – Patliputra Natya Mahotsav starts in capital; 34 dramas and 11 street plays lined up for six days". The Telegraph. 4 February 2012. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  226. ^ "Theatre back to centrestage in the state". India Today. 7 March 2011. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 8 March 2015.
  227. ^ Janaki Bhatt (24 February 2001). "Patna kalam Death of an art tradition". The Tribune. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  228. ^ a b AMIT SHEKHAR (14 June 2012). "Fade-out tale of art school – Artists remember style of indigenous painting, narrate days of its glory and decline". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  229. ^ "Patna just got a Madhubani makeover, and it's a new city altogether". The Times of India. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2023.
  230. ^ Priyanshi Lal (25 September 2014). "10 Bihari cuisines you must try at least once! (view pics)". indiatvnews. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  231. ^ "Any Samosa Chutney Left?". Outlook India. 5 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  232. ^ "Patna ke samose". DB Star, Dainik Bhaskar. 9 November 2014.
  233. ^ Capital Market (1 December 2020). "Indian Hotels gains on signing three new Taj Hotels". Business Standard India. Retrieved 29 June 2022.
  234. ^ "Dress diktat with safety pinch". The Telegraph. 13 August 2012. Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  235. ^ Diamond Social Science. Saraswati House Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9788173353918.[permanent dead link‍]
  236. ^ "Bihar govt. to provide free electricity for "Chhath Puja" in public places". The Hindu. 8 November 2013. Archived from the original on 30 August 2014. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  237. ^ "Durga Puja: Patna set to turn into city of temples". The Times of India. 9 October 2012. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  238. ^ "Durga Puja in Full Swing in Patna; Pandals Open". PatnaDaily.com. 2 October 2014. Archived from the original on 17 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  239. ^ Market Pulse. Bihar's annual tourist statistics report, January, 2005 to December, 2005 (PDF). Market Research Division, Government of India. pp. 15, 20, 51. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2010. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  240. ^ "Tourism". Patna.bih.nic.in. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  241. ^ "Holy Takhats". Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  242. ^ "Gurdwara Pahila Bara". Gurbaani.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2010. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  243. ^ "Gurdwara Gobind Ghat". Takhatpatnasahib.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  244. ^ "Gurdwara Guru ka Bagh". Takhatpatnasahib.com. Archived from the original on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  245. ^ "Gurdwara Bal Leela". Takhatpatnasahib.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  246. ^ "Gurdwara Handi Sahib". Takhatpatnasahib.com. Archived from the original on 27 May 2009. Retrieved 1 February 2010.
  247. ^ "Nitish emerges, launches Sikh centre". www.telegraphindia.com. 10 September 2018. Archived from the original on 31 August 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  248. ^ "Planetarium". Archived from the original on 16 April 2009.
  249. ^ "Patna Zoo | Home". Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2019.
  250. ^ Our Correspondent (10 July 2013). "First brick for heritage home". Telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  251. ^ "Nitish lays foundation of new museum in Patna". Bihartimes.in. Archived from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  252. ^ "Shortlist selected for museum in Patna". World Architecture News. Archived from the original on 19 January 2012. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  253. ^ "Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar Inaugurates 'Bihar Museum'". Archived from the original on 2 September 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  254. ^ "गेटवे ऑफ इंडिया से छह मीटर ऊंचे 'सभ्यता द्वार' का अब सभी कर सकेंगे दीदार". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). 2 December 2018. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019.
  255. ^ Rumi, Faryal (24 February 2019). "Work on APJ Abdul Kalam Science City to begin this month | Patna News". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 31 August 2019.
  256. ^ a b "Class XI admission process begins in many schools". The Times of India. 23 May 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  257. ^ Dixon, Pauline (2013). International Aid and Private Schools for the Poor: Smiles, Miracles and Markets. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013. p. 65. ISBN 9781781953457. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015.
  258. ^ Baladevan Rangaraju, Professor James Tooley, Dr Pauline Dixon. "The Private School Revolution in Bihar: Findings from a survey in Patna Urban" Archived 19 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  259. ^ "NIOS declares results, invites complaints". The Times of India. 12 June 2013. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  260. ^ "IIT success tips for parents". The Telegraph. 3 July 2011. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015.
  261. ^ "BIT Patna". Archived from the original on 19 May 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
  262. ^ "35 locals make it to NIFT-Patna's 6th batch". Vithika Salomi, TNN. The Times of India (Patna). 13 July 2013. Archived from the original on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  263. ^ "No appointment in Patna University since 2003". The Times of India. 4 August 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  264. ^ "Patna: Sushma Swaraj inaugurates Nalanda University". Mid-Day. 19 September 2014. Archived from the original on 19 June 2015. Retrieved 20 June 2015.
  265. ^ PTI (10 October 2013). "India signs MoUs with 7 countries for Nalanda University | Business Line". Thehindubusinessline.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  266. ^ "Ishan Kishan is a mixture of MS Dhoni and Adam Gilchrist". IBNLive. 23 December 2015. Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  267. ^ "BCCI to give money, Election of Bihar Cricket Association to be held within 60 days 12728696". Jagran.com. 12 August 2015. Archived from the original on 12 June 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  268. ^ "Profile of stadium in Yahoo Cricket website". Archived from the original on 7 July 2012.
  269. ^ "Bihar's "neglected" Moin-Ul-Haq Stadium waiting to host international cricket match since 19 years". Iamin.in. Archived from the original on 15 November 2015. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  270. ^ "Bihar government plans world-class stadium – Times of India". The Times of India. 2 June 2013. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  271. ^ "Golf gains ground among youngsters – Times of India". The Times of India. 11 April 2013. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  272. ^ "Patna Golf Club". Patna Golf Club. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  273. ^ Kumar, Roshan (1 March 1999). "Women's World Cup begins". Calcutta, India: Telegraphindia.com. Archived from the original on 18 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2012.
  274. ^ Stage set for first wc women's kabaddi championship ibnlive 2 March 2012
  275. ^ Hosts India won the World Cup defeating Iran in the finals. Archived 18 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine Tehran Times 5 March 2012
  276. ^ "Patna Pirates to play in pro-kabaddi league". Jai Narain Pandey, TNN. The Times of India. 8 June 2014. Archived from the original on 27 May 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  277. ^ "BMP stadium to have synthetic track – Times of India". The Times of India. 8 February 2013. Archived from the original on 5 May 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  278. ^ "ECR GM opens indoor stadium at Digha, Patna – Times of India". The Times of India. January 2015. Archived from the original on 8 October 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2016.
  279. ^ Bihar ki Sahityik Pragati, Bihar Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Patna 1956, p. 73
  280. ^ Ahmad Qeyamuddin, Patna Through the ages: Glimpses of History, Society and Economy, Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi, 1988
  281. ^ Jayanti Smarak Granth, pp. 583–585
  282. ^ Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George (26 July 2007). Indo-Aryan Languages – Google Books. Routledge. ISBN 9781135797119. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  283. ^ "Information and Public Relation Department-Bihar". Prdbihar.in. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  284. ^ a b c "Newspapers in Patna". Go4patna.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  285. ^ Saha, Ananya (23 January 2014). "Dainik Bhaskar enters Bihar with edition in under-penetrated Patna – News – Media – Campaign India". Campaignindia.in. Archived from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  286. ^ "inext bike athon bicycle marathon in patna on 1st December 2013 | Biharplus". Biharplus.in. Archived from the original on 20 March 2014. Retrieved 11 April 2014.
  287. ^ "50 not out, delight in Patna AIR". The Times of India. 29 December 2009. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 12 April 2014.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patna&oldid=1258152785"