Arrah
Arrah
Ara | |
|---|---|
| Ara | |
  .jpeg)  Prominent places of Ara | |
  Arrah Location in Bihar, India | |
| Coordinates: 25°33′05″N 84°39′37″E / 25.55139°N 84.66028°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State |  Bihar |
| Division | Patna |
| District | Bhojpur |
| Named for | Aranya Devi |
| Government | |
| • Type | Municipal Corporation |
| • Body | Arrah Municipal Corporation |
| • Mayor | Indu Devi[2] |
| • MP | Sudama Prasad |
| • MLA | Amrendra Pratap Singh |
| Area | |
| • Metro | 49 km2 (18.919 sq mi) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • City | 261,430[1] |
| Demonym | Bhojpuriya |
| Language | |
| • Official | Hindi[3] |
| • Additional official | Urdu[3] |
| • Regional | Bhojpuri |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN Code | 802301, 802302 & 802312 |
| Telephone code | +91-6182 |
| Vehicle registration | BR-03 |
| Railway Station | Ara Junction |
Arrah (also transliterated as Ara)[4] is a city and a municipal corporation in Bhojpur district (formerly known as Shahabad district) in the Indian state of Bihar. It is the headquarters of Bhojpur district, located near the confluence of the Ganges and Sone rivers, some 24 miles (39 km) from Danapur and 36 miles (58 km) from Patna.[5]
Typonym
[edit]According to a Jain inscription found at Masarh village near the town, Arrah is mentioned there as Aramnagar (transl. City of Aramas). That "Aramnagar" later become "Arrah".[6][7][8]
According to mythologies, the word "Arrah" or "Ara" is derived from the Sanskrit word Aranya, which means forest. It suggests that the entire area around modern Ara was heavily forested in the old days.[9][10]
Arrah has also historically been known as Shahabad, a name given to it by Babur in 1529, when he camped here after his victory against the Afghans of Bihar. The name "Shahabad" means "city of the king" and was used in the former Shahabad district.[11]
In mythologies
[edit]According to the Hindu epic Ramayana, sage Vishwamitra, the Guru of Rama, had his Ashram in the region of Arrah. It is also the area where Rama killed the demonness Taraka.[9][10] In Mahabharata it was the home of the powerful demon called Bakra, whose daily food was human being supplied either by villages of Bakri or Chakrapur (or Ekchakra), as Arrah was then called. Pandava came to Ekchakra during their wandering and they were entertained by a Brahmin whose turn it was to supply a human for the demon. On hearing this, Bhima decided to go himself to the demon as he has eaten a Brahmin's salt, and killed the demon.[12]
History
[edit]Ancient
[edit]
This place is also described by Xuanzang as the place, where the Demons of the Desert abused their strength and power and feasted on blood and flesh of man.[13]
In ancient India, it was the part of Magadha. In 684BC Arrah was the part of the region ruled by Haryanka dynasty. During Chandragupta Maurya Arrah was the part of the great Magadh empire. The Pillars of Ashoka are found at the Masarh village in Arrah town.[1] During 200 CE it was part of Gupta dynasty. Bhojpuri Folktales of Vikramaditya like Singhashan Battishi, Baital pachisi are still famous in the town and other Bhojpuri speaking area. It was also the part of Pala Empire and Chero empire. Bihiya and Tirawan were the capitals of Chief Ghughulia and Raja Sitaram Rai respectively.
Medieval
[edit]
In 14th century Chero lost Western Bihar along with Arrah to Ujjainiya Rajputs under the leadership of Hunkar Shahi.[15] They named the territory "Bhojpur" on the name of their ancestor Raja Bhoja. In 1607, a number of Chero chiefs combined to launch a spirited attack against Ujjaniniyas. One of the descendants of Sitaram Rai, Kumkum Chand Jharap drove out Ujjainiyas from the Bhojpur region and captured major parts of the territory.[16] In 1611, Ujjainiyas defeated Cheros and recaptured the lost region again. Sher Shah Suri also defeated Chero during the early 16 century and made Sasaram its capital after defeating the Mughals. In 1604 Chieftain Narayan Mal got a land grant from Jahangir. After that Raja Horil Singh shifted the capital to Dumrao and established Dumraon Raj. Babur pitches his camp in Arrah in 1529 A.D and took control over it.[17]
Modern
[edit]
After the Battle of Buxar the British took control over Arrah. Arrah was one of the centres of revolt in 1857.
During the Indian rebellion of 1857, a group of 18 British civilians and 50 Indian soldiers was besieged in the Little House at Arrah, by a band of 2500–3000 armed soldiers and around 8000 others under the command of 80-year-old Veer Kunwar Singh, the Zamindar of adjacent Jagdishpur. A British regiment, dispatched to their assistance from Danapur, was repulsed,[18] but the group withstood the siege for eight days until they were relieved by other East India Company troops.[19]
In 1911 the king of England George V visited Arrah and prayed at the Holy Saviour Church.[20][21] Between 1901 and 1911 the town suffered severely due to Plague. As a result, the population in 1911 became 38,549 which was 46,170 in 1901.[22]
Geography
[edit]Arrah is located at the elevation of 192 m from the sea level at the bank of Son river, Ganga River and Gangi River.[23] Arrah lies at the confluence of the Ganga and the Son River, other small rivers that flow in the town are Gangi River, Badki Nadi and Chhotki Nadi.
The Ganga river acts as northern boundary of the town and due to alluvial deposit the area is very fertile and considered as best wheat growing area of Bihar. The eastern boundary of the town is the Son river which separates and Bhojpuri and Magahi speaking regions of Bihar.[24]
During the British Raj Arrah was the part of Bengal presidency. The land of the city is fertile and most used for cultivation with very low forest cover. The main crops that are grown here are rice, mango and mahuaa.
Climate
[edit]The climate is characterised by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification sub-type for this climate is "Cwa" (Humid Subtropical Climate).[25]
| Climate data for Arrah | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 23 (73) |
26 (78) |
32 (90) |
37 (99) |
38 (100) |
36 (96) |
33 (91) |
32 (89) |
32 (90) |
32 (89) |
28 (82) |
24 (75) |
31 (88) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 11 (51) |
13 (55) |
18 (64) |
23 (74) |
26 (78) |
27 (80) |
27 (80) |
27 (80) |
26 (79) |
23 (73) |
16 (61) |
11 (52) |
21 (69) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 15 (0.6) |
18 (0.7) |
10 (0.4) |
7.6 (0.3) |
36 (1.4) |
180 (7.1) |
290 (11.6) |
330 (13.1) |
220 (8.6) |
58 (2.3) |
7.6 (0.3) |
5.1 (0.2) |
1,190 (46.7) |
| Average precipitation days | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1 | 0.7 | 3 | 10.1 | 14 | 15.1 | 8.1 | 4 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 60.5 |
| Source: Weatherbase[26] | |||||||||||||
Demographics
[edit]As per the 2011 census, Arrah Municipal Corporation had a total population of 261,099, out of which 139,319 were males and 121,780 were females. It had a sex ratio of 874. The population below 5 years was 34,419. The effective literacy rate of the 7+ population was 83.41 per cent.[27]
Languages
[edit]Hindi is the official language with Urdu being the additional official.[3] Bhojpuri is the most commonly spoken language, followed by Hindi and Urdu.[28]
Government and politics
[edit]Administration
[edit]The Arrah sub-division (Tehsil) is headed by an IAS or state Civil service officer of the rank of Sub Divisional Magistrate (SDM).
Blocks
[edit]The Arrah Tehsil is divided into 8 Blocks, each headed by a Block Development Officer (BDO). List of Blocks is as follows:
Civic administration
[edit]Arrah is the headquarters of the Bhojpur district. On 1 June 1865, the town constituted into a municipality which later became municipal corporation, which currently divides the city in 45 wards.[29] Each ward elects its ward commissioner and, the Mayor is chosen through indirect election in which ward commissioners from respective wards cast their votes.
Police in Arrah is headed by a Superintendent of Police, who is an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer.
Economy
[edit]The city has industry area located near Koilwar. The mineral which is abundant here is sand of Son river. The alluvial deposits of Ganga river is considered suitable for brick making, the city mainly produces the revenue through building materials like sand and bricks. In last three year, 300 million tonnes of sand has been mined which has produced a royalty of ₹2800 crores.[30][failed verification]
Culture/Cityscape
[edit]
Arrah's native language is Bhojpuri, a language derived from Magadhi Prakrit. Bhojpuri festivals and cuisine is followed here. Food of Bhojpuri cuisine includes Litti-Chokha, Makuni (Paratha stuffed with roasted gram flour), Dal Pitthi, Pittha, Aaloo Dum, Jaaur (Kheer) and main snack and sweets are Khurma (sweets made of Chhena), Thekua, Pudukiya, Patal ke Mithai, Anarsa, Gargatta and Laktho. Some of the drinks are Satuā, Amjhor, Taadi and Māthā. Khurma and Belgrami are the native sweets of this place.[31]
The festivals celebrated here are Holi, Durgapuja, Chhath, Diwali, Teej, Jitiya, Gai Dadh (Govardhan Puja), Jamdutiya, Eid, Christmas, etc.
Tourism
[edit]
Arrah is a holy place for Jains and there are 44 Jain temples in the city.[32] There is a centuries-old Jain temple of Parashanatha in the Masarh village. Some notable places of Arrah are:
Aranya Devi Temple
[edit]This is a temple of Aranya Devi (Forest Goddess). She is said to be the deity goddess of Ara town. Here one statue is of Adi Shakti and the second is established by the Pandavas. The temple is very old and draws many devotees every day. It is situated at the top of stone boulders.[33][34]
Maulabagh Mosque
[edit]This Masjid was built in the 18th century by John Deane, the collector of Shahabad. He had a Mohammedan wife with whom he lived 20 years with 6 children.[35] After his death in 1817, he was buried in the outer garden of Maulabagh Mosque (called as Bibi Jaan ke Hata or Handa) where his tomb can still be seen.[36] This mosques is also mentioned by British officers in their writings.[37][33]
Koilwar Bridge
[edit]Koilwar Bridge, also known as Abdul Bari Bridge, is a 1.44 km long, 2-lane wide rail-cum-road bridge built in 1862 over Son River connecting the city of Arrah to Patna.
Ramna Maidan
[edit]Ramna Maidan, located in Arrah, Bhojpur District, Bihar, with 60 acres of land one of the largest urban parks in Arrah.
Arrah–Chhapra Bridge
[edit]Arrah–Chhapra Bridge is also called Veer Kunwar singh Setu which connects Arrah and Chhapra is the world's longest multi span extradosed bridge in the world with a length of 1920m.[38]
Maharaja College, Ara
[edit]The present Maharaja college premises is an important historical site.
Masarh
[edit]Masarh is a village 10 km from Arrah, the Lion capitals of Mauryan period have been found here. Masarh has been identified by Cunningham with Mo-ho-so-lo of the Chinese pilgrim Huen Tsang.
Arrah House
[edit]Arrah House is a small British building in the premises of Maharaja College.
Holy Saviour Church
[edit]Holy Saviour Church is a church in Arrah, built by the British in 1911, when King of United Kingdom George V visited the city.
Education
[edit]Schools in Arrah are either government-run or private schools. Schools are affiliated by Central Board of Secondary Education and Bihar School Examination Board. Veer Kunwar Singh University is located here. Harprasad Das Jain College, Maharaja Collage, and Jagjiwan College are some of the premier institutions for higher education. Jain Siddhant Bhawan is a Jain Library in Arrah which is illustrious for collecting centuries older manuscripts in various languages.[39]
In 2018, Bihar government has opened Government Engineering Colleges in each district of Bihar under the Department of Science and Technology. Government Engineering College, Bhojpur located south of Ramna Road, beside Maharaja College.[40]
Sports
[edit]Cricket is the most popular sport, however other sports such as volleyball, basketball, and athletics are also played.
Veer Kunwar Singh Stadium is the stadium situated in the Ramna Maidan which hosts various cricket, football, and hockey tournaments. Other grounds in the town are Ramna Maidan, Maharaja college ground, Airport Ground, and Jain College Ground.
From 5–7 December 2019, East Zone Inter University Kabaddi championship took place in the premises of Maharaja College in which 47 universities of 12 different states participated.[41]
Popular culture
[edit]
In folk tradition
[edit]- There is a very famous Bhojpuri saying about this place, Ara jilā Ghar Ba ta, kawana bāt kē dar bā" (trans. If you belong to Arrah, there is nothing to fear).[42][43]
- Arrah also has mentions in many Bhojpuri Folk songs like Arrah Hile Chhapra Hile Baliya Hilela.
Films and songs
[edit]- Some shots of the feature film Gandhi were shot in Arrah near the Koilwar bridge.[44]
- Shots of the first Bhojpuri film Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo were shot at Arrah railway station.[citation needed]
- The story of the Bollywood film Anaarkali of Aarah was based on a dancer of Arrah and her confrontation with the Vice chancellor of Bir Kuber University (originally Veer Kunwar Singh University).[45]
Books
[edit]
- English book Two Months In Arrah, written in 1857, by a surgeon in British army named J.J. Halls, is an account of the Siege of Arrah.[46]
Notable people
[edit]Villages
[edit]Arrah block contains the following 115 villages:[47]
| Village name | Total land area (hectares) | Population (in 2011) |
|---|---|---|
| Mahadewa(Unsurveyed) | ||
| Gongsar | 200 | 1700 |
| Sundarpur Barja | 202 | 4,951 |
| Rampur | 142 | 0 |
| Pipra | 118 | 1,814 |
| Ijri | 59 | 5,455 |
| Baghakol | 126 | 1,324 |
| Teksemar | 76 | 523 |
| Salempur | 360 | 0 |
| Tetaria | 93 | 1,304 |
| Behra | 234 | 2,087 |
| Parkhotampur | 129 | 1,103 |
| Bakharia | 31 | 0 |
| Sakatpura | 36 | 0 |
| Mainpura | 52 | 1,355 |
| Sukulpur | 54 | 2,120 |
| Dariapur | 208 | 2,268 |
| Sarsiwan | 82 | 1,705 |
| Basantpur | 310 | 3,323 |
| Basantpur | 105 | 0 |
| Bela | 166 | 2,519 |
| Rampur Mathia | 85 | 769 |
| Gheghta | 40 | 1,386 |
| Makhampur Bara | 258 | 3,023 |
| Rokaiya Chak | 36 | 0 |
| Bhakura | 335 | 4,835 |
| Alipur | 306 | 2,888 |
| Jamira | 849 | 13,891 |
| Santpur | 87 | 0 |
| Piprahiya | 70 | 2,465 |
| Hasanpura | 133 | 2,863 |
| Bhusahula | 82 | 1,387 |
| Gothahula | 295 | 5,548 |
| Karwa | 106 | 2,841 |
| Sonadia | 185 | 5,262 |
| Nayagaon | 61 | 361 |
| Sonadia | 91 | 2,767 |
| Chatarsainpur | 126 | 3,049 |
| Alimullah Chak | 29 | 0 |
| Ramsara Chandar Chur | 42 | 0 |
| Daulatpur | 87 | 4,416 |
| Lachhmanpur | 215 | 1,859 |
| Mirza Beg | 25 | 483 |
| Mathaulia | 85 | 1,521 |
| Basantpur | 116 | 2,815 |
| Dhauandhua | 51 | 3,601 |
| Balua | 0 | 2,457 |
| Sobhi Dumra | 184 | 2,742 |
| Sarangpur | 285 | 2,805 |
| Nirmalpur | 63 | 1,089 |
| Saidpur | 63 | 1,479 |
| Bahira Chak | 57 | 0 |
| Bheldumra | 117 | 1,424 |
| Makhdumpur Dumra | 168 | 2,988 |
| Garaiyan | 147 | 2 |
| Jadopur | 91 | 590 |
| Piraunta | 184 | 3,887 |
| Pipra | 715 | 2,392 |
| Chamukha | 64 | 310 |
| Nagopur | 55 | 713 |
| Mathurapur | 115 | 0 |
| Babhnauli | 43 | 1,327 |
| Sonadia | 417 | 2,743 |
| Tulshipur | 72 | 0 |
| Ratanpur | 106 | 2,238 |
| Ratan Dularpur | 141 | 1,568 |
| Ganghar | 362 | 5,324 |
| Ramdih Chhapra | 69 | 789 |
| Bakhria | 191 | 1,139 |
| Khushhalpur | 82 | 1,155 |
| Balua | 122 | 2,031 |
| Mahuli | 532 | 4,166 |
| Kurwa | 14 | 0 |
| Karari | 329 | 4,679 |
| Mohanpur | 53 | 861 |
| Deorhi | 35 | 838 |
| Karra | 302 | 2,058 |
| Bakula | 52 | 0 |
| Bairampur | 45 | 0 |
| Bhadea | 153 | 1,821 |
| Gazipur | 98 | 0 |
| Duraundha | 143 | 1,458 |
| Dhobaha | 149 | 1,556 |
| Belghat | 94 | 1,073 |
| Jura | 104 | 1,066 |
| Amma | 63 | 467 |
| Ghoradei | 99 | 1,496 |
| Ganauli | 58 | 1,437 |
| Udaipur | 28 | 742 |
| Singhi Tola | 71 | 813 |
| Baghipakar | 188 | 3,070 |
| Agarsanda | 146 | 2,659 |
| Dharampura | 130 | 1,267 |
| Tenua | 105 | 712 |
| Paut | 266 | 2,122 |
| Pipra | 94 | 991 |
| Basmanpur | 66 | 727 |
| Semaria | 50 | 1,312 |
| Milki | 27 | 1,127 |
| Dhamar | 288 | 7,279 |
| Chanda | 346 | 2,154 |
| Amarpur Marwatia | 130 | 2,565 |
| Khajuria | 372 | 3,777 |
| Bara | 64 | 1,019 |
| Kunria | 100 | 1,135 |
| Pathanpur | 122 | 1,741 |
| Perhap | 1300 | 3500 |
| Misraulia | 41 | 0 |
| Kaushik Dularpur | 50 | 478 |
| Chit Kundi | 84 | 1,449 |
| Durg Tola | 50 | 500 |
| Mahazi Dokti (Unsurveyed) | 0 | 0 |
| Dokti (Unsurveyed) | 0 | 0 |
| Dharampura (Unsurveyed) | 0 | 0 |
| Horlahi (Unsurveyed) | 0 | 0 |
| Singhai (Unsurveyed) | 0 | 0 |
| Dalan Chhapra (Unsurveyed) | 0 | 0 |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Arrah City Population Census 2011–2019 | Bihar". www.census2011.co.in.
- ^ "e-Municipality Bihar". nagarseva.bihar.gov.in. Retrieved 4 March 2022.
- ^ a b c "52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India" (PDF). nclm.nic.in. Ministry of Minority Affairs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
- ^ "Bhojpur district full information". www.bihar.com.
- ^ "Maps, Weather, and Airports for Ara, India". www.fallingrain.com.
- ^ "Lion Motif in Mauryan Art: Indigenous or Foreign?" (PDF). heritageuniversityofkerala.com. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
- ^ Singh, Rana (September 2019). "Masarh : A Great Archaeo-Historic Site of Bihar". J. P. University, Chapra. 63.
- ^ Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862–1884, Volumes 3–23.
- ^ a b "History | Welcome To Bhojpur District | India". Bhojpur.nic.in. 18 October 2019.
- ^ a b Sinha, Nishi (1999). Tourism Perspective in Bihar. APH Publishing. p. 77. ISBN 9788170249757.
- ^ Ansari, Tahir Hussain (2019). Mughal Administration and the Zamindars of Bihar. Routledge. pp. 34–35. ISBN 9781000651522. Retrieved 15 August 2020.
- ^ Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad. pp. 151–152.
- ^ Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862–1884, Volumes 3–23.
- ^ "Baburnama". 1590s. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013.
- ^ Surendra Gopal (22 December 2017). Mapping Bihar: From Medieval to Modern Times. Taylor & Francis. pp. 289–295. ISBN 978-1-351-03416-6.
- ^ Surinder Singh; I. D. Gaur (2008). Popular Literature and Pre-modern Societies in South Asia. Pearson Education India. p. 77. ISBN 978-81-317-1358-7.
- ^ Bihar District Gazetteer: Shahabad. Secretarial Press. 1966.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 642.
- ^ Halls, John James (7 July 1860). Two months in Arrah in 1857 – via Internet Archive.
arrah.
- ^ "जार्ज पंचम की प्रार्थना को ले बना था होली सेवियर चर्च". Dainik Jagran (in Hindi). Retrieved 21 August 2020.
- ^ Bihar and Orissa District Gazetteer: Shahabad. 1924. p. 37.
- ^ O'Malley, L. S. S. Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad. p. 151. ISBN 8172681224.
- ^ "About District | Welcome To Bhojpur District | India". Bhojpur.nic.in. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 28 October 2019.
- ^ "Geographical Structure". Retrieved 20 August 2020.
- ^ "Arrah, India Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)". Weatherbase.
- ^ "Weatherbase.com". Weatherbase. 2013. Retrieved on 31 July 2013.
- ^ "Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
- ^ a b "C-16 City: Population by mother tongue (town level)". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
- ^ Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad. p. 151.
- ^ "District survey report of Bhojpur, Bihar". Department of Mines & Geology, Government of Bihar Vikas Bhawan New Secreteriat, Patna.
- ^ "Bihar's sweet cuisines gourmet's delight". Times of India. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ Bhāratīya saṃskr̥tike vikāsameṃ Jaina vāṅmayakā avadāna, Volume 2. Akhila Bhāratavarshīya Digambara Jaina Vidvatparishad. 1983.
- ^ a b "Tourism". Bhojpur.nic.in. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
- ^ Tilak, Sudha G. Temple Tales: Secrets and Stories from India's Sacred Places. Hachette UK.
- ^ Ghosh, Durga, Sex and the family in colonial India: The Making of Empire, Cambridge University Press, 2006, page 123
- ^ O'Malley, L. S. S. Bihar And Orissa Gazetteers Shahabad. p. 156. ISBN 8172681224.
- ^ Halls (1860). Two months in Arrah.
- ^ "Arrah-Chhapra Bridge". Structurae. Retrieved 1 November 2019.
- ^ Gottschalk, Peter (2013). Religion, Science, and Empire: Classifying Hinduism and Islam in British India. OUP USA. ISBN 978-0195393019.
- ^ "Official Website of Department of Science & Technology, Govt. Of Bihar : Home Page". Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ "Jagran Josh". Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ Desai, Akshayakumar Ramanlal (1986). Agrarian Struggles in India After Independence. Oxford University Press. p. 276. ISBN 9780195616811.
- ^ Guha, Ranjit (1983). Subaltern Studies: Writings on South Asian History and Society, Volume. Oxford University Press.
- ^ "The ancient heritage behind our railway bridges". Rediff.
- ^ Banerjee, Arnab (25 March 2017). "Anarkali of Arrah movie review: Bold, beautiful and endearing". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
- ^ Notes on Books: Being an Analysis of the Works Published During Each Quarter by Longmans, Green, and Company, Volume 2. Longmans, Green. 1865.
- ^ "Census of India 2011: Bihar District Census Handbook – Bhojpur, Part A (Village and Town Directory)". Census 2011 India. pp. 260–307. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
External links
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