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Paleobiota of the Green River Formation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Green River Formation is a geological formation located in the Intermountain West of the United States, in the states of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming. It comprises sediments deposited during the Early Eocene in a series of large freshwater lakes: Lake Gosiute, Lake Uinta, and Fossil Lake (the last containing Fossil Butte National Monument). It preserves a high diversity of freshwater fish, birds, reptiles, and mammals, with some sections of the formation (including Fossil Lake and the Parachute Creek member of Lake Uinta) qualifying as Konservat-Lagerstätten due to their extremely well-preserved fossils.

Cartilaginous fish

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Asterotrygonidae

Asterotrygon

A. maloneyi Carvalho, Maisey & Grande, 2004

Fossil Lake

An Asterotrygonidae stingray of uncertain higher affinities.[1][2]

Heliobatidae

Heliobatis

H. radians Marsh, 1877

Fossil Lake

A Heliobatid stingray of uncertain higher affinities.
H. radians synonymy
  • Dasyatis species Haseman, 1912
  • Palaeodasybatis discus Fowler, 1947
  • Xiphotrygon acutidens Cope, 1879
  • Xyphotrygus species Romer, 1971

Bony fish

[edit]

Primarily based on Grande (2001), with changes where necessary:[3]

Acipenseriformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Polyodontidae

Crossopholis

C. magnicaudatus Cope, 1883

Fossil Lake

A paddlefish.

Lepisosteiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Lepisosteidae Atractosteus

A. atrox (Leidy, 1873)

Fossil Lake

An alligator gar relative.
A. atrox is the largest Green River gar.

A. simplex (Leidy 1873)

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute?

An alligator gar relative.

Cuneatus

C. cuneatus (Cope, 1884)

Fossil Lake?
Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

A Cuneatini tribe gar.

C. wileyi Grande, 2010

Lake Uinta

A Cuneatini tribe gar.

Lepisosteus

L. bemisi Grande, 2010

Fossil Lake

A Lepisosteini tribe gar.[4]

Masillosteus

M. janeae Grande, 2010

Fossil Lake

A Cuneatini tribe gar.

Amiiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Amiidae

Amia

A. pattersoni Grande & Bemis, 1998

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute

An amiid bowfin.

Cyclurus

C. gurleyi (Romer & Fryxell, 1928)

Fossil Lake

Only 8 specimens known

An amiid related to modern bowfins.

Hiodontiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Hiodontidae

Hiodon

H. falcatus (Grande, 1979)

Fossil Lake

A hiodontid.
First described as Eohiodon falcatus (1979).

Osteoglossiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Osteoglossidae Phareodus

P. encaustus (Cope, 1871)

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute

A phareodontine bonytongue.

P. testis (Leidy, 1873)

Fossil Lake

Ellimmichthyiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Armigatidae

Diplomystus

D. dentatus Cope, 1877

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

An armigatid ellimmichthyiform.

Clupeiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Clupeidae

Gosiutichthys

G. parvus Grande, 1982

Lake Gosiute

A clupeine clupeid herring relative.[5]

Knightia

K. alta (Leidy, 1873)

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

A pellonuline clupeid herring relative.[6]

K. eocaena Jordan, 1907

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

The most common articulated vertebrate fossil worldwide.[7]

A pellonuline clupeid herring relative.

Gonorynchiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Gonorynchidae

Notogoneus

N. osculus Cope, 1885

Fossil Lake

A beaked sandfish.
Last gonorynchid known from North America.[2]
Bottom feeding trace fossils are attributed to N. osculus.[8]

Cypriniformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Catostomidae

Amyzon

A. gosiutensis Grande, Eastman, & Cavender, 1982

Lake Gosiute

An ictiobine sucker.

A. aggregatum, a related species

Siluriformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Hypsidoridae

Hypsidoris

H. farsonensis Lundberg & Case, 1970

Lake Gosiute

A hypsidorid catfish.

Ictaluridae

Astephus

A. antiquus (Leidy, 1873)

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

An ictalurid catfish.

Salmoniformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Esocidae

Esox

E. kronneri Grande, 1999

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

A pike or muskellunge species.
Likely native to surrounding streams or rivers and not the lakes.[2]

Percopsiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Percopsidae

Amphiplaga

A. brachyptera Cope, 1877

Fossil Lake

A trout-perch relative.
Includes the jr synonym Erismatopterus endlichi (1877)[9]

Erismatopterus

E. levatus (Cope, 1870)

Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

A trout-perch relative.
First described as Cyprinodon levatus (1870)
includes the jr synonym Erismatopterus rickseckeri (1871)[9]

Carangiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Latidae

Mioplosus

M. labracoides Cope, 1877

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

A lates perches relative.[7][2]

Acanthuriformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Moronidae

Cockerellites

C. liops (Cope, 1877)

Fossil Lake

common

A planktivorous/insectivorous temperate bass.[7][2]
First described as Priscacara liops (1877)
First moved to Cockerellites liops in 1923.[2]

Hypsiprisca

H. hypsacantha (Cope, 1886)

Fossil Lake

rare

A temperate bass.[7]
First named Priscacara hypsacantha 1886)[2]

H. sp.

Fossil Lake

rare

An undescribed species of Hypsiprisca.
A slenderer species with a more rounded tail fin outline.[2]

Priscacara

P. serrata Cope, 1877

Fossil Lake
Lake Uinta

A temperate bass.[7]

P. sp. a

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

An undescribed Priscacara
Specimens have a rounder body and weak dorsal spines.[2]

P. sp. b.

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

An undescribed Priscacara
Possibly a new species or a variant specimen with 4 anal spines.[2]

Incertae sedis

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Asineopidae Asineops

A. squamifrons Cope, 1870

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

An acanthomorph of uncertain affinities
Possibly a percopsiform, polymixiiform, or perciform.[3]

A. sp.

Fossil Lake

An undescribed Asineops species
Restricted to Fossil Lake.[3]

Amphibians

[edit]

Frogs

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Pelodytidae

Aerugoamnis

A. paulus Henrici et al., 2013

Fossil Lake

2 specimens

A stem-relative of parsley frogs.[10]

Salamanders

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Amphiumidae

Paleoamphiuma

P. tetradactylum Rieppel & Grande, 1998

Fossil Lake

A sirenid salamander.[11]

Reptiles

[edit]

Squamates

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Boidae

Boavus

B. idelmani Gilmore, 1938

Fossil Lake

A boa.

Dactyloidae

Afairiguana

A. avius Conrad et al., 2007

Fossil Lake

A stem-anole.[12]

Shinisauridae

Bahndwivici

B. ammoskius Conrad, 2006

Fossil Lake

A relative of the Chinese crocodile lizard.

Tropidophiidae?

Dunnophis

D. sp.

Fossil Lake

An undescribed possible dwarf boa.[13]

Varanidae

Saniwa

S. ensidens Leidy, 1870

Fossil Lake

A stem-monitor lizard.

Incertae sedis

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek)

1 specimen

A possible gecko or iguanid
Preserved with soft tissue and skin, but bones dissolved.[14]

Incertae sedis

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek)

1 specimen

A relative of Shinisaurids
Preserved with soft tissue and skin, but bones dissolved.[15]

Crocodilians

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Alligatoridae

Tsoabichi

T. greenriverensis

Fossil Lake

A caiman.[16]

Incertae sedis

Borealosuchus

B. wilsoni

Fossil Lake

A eusuchian of uncertain affinities.

"Crocodylus"

"Crocodylus" acer Cope, 1882

Lake Uinta (Manti beds)

1 specimen

A Crocodyloidea of unplaced affinity.
Not a Crocodylus species, but not given a new genus as of 2024.[17]

Turtles

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Baenidae

Chisternon

C. undatum

fossil Lake

A baenid.

Dermatemydidae

Baptemys

B. wyomingensis

Fossil Lake

A dermatemydid.

Geoemydidae Echmatemys

E. haydeni (Cope, 1873)

1 specimen

A geoemydid tortoise.[18]

E. naomi (Leidy, 1871)

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

A geoemydid tortoise.[18]

E. wyomingensis

Fossil Lake

A geoemydid tortoise.[19]

Testudinidae

Hadrianus

Cf.H. corsoni (Leidy, 1871)

Fossil Lake

A tortoise species.
A single complete hatchling[18]

Trionychidae

Axestemys

A. sp.

Fossil Lake

A softshell turtle.

Oliveremys

O. uintaensis

Fossil Lake

A softshell turtle.

Plastomenus

P. thomasii

Fossil Lake

A softshell turtle.

Birds

[edit]

Lithornithiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Lithornithidae

Calciavis

C. grandei

Fossil Lake

A lithornithid.[20]

Pseudocrypturus

P. cercanaxius

Fossil Lake

A lithornithid.

Anseriformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Presbyornithidae

Presbyornis

P. pervetus

Fossil Lake

A presbyornithid anseriform.

Incertae sedis

Paakniwatavis

P. grandei

Fossil Lake

An anseriform of uncertain affinities.

Galliformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Gallinuloididae

Gallinuloides

G. wyomingensis

Fossil Lake

A gallinuloid galliform.

Coliiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Sandcoleidae

Anneavis

A. annae

Fossil Lake

A sandcoleid mousebird.

Leptosomiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
incertae sedis Plesiocathartes

P. major

Fossil Lake

A stem-cuckoo roller.[21]

P. wyomingensis

Fossil Lake

A stem-cuckoo roller

Coraciiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Primobucconidae

Primobucco

P. mcgrewi

Fossil Lake

A primobucconid coraciiform.

Incertae sedis

Paracoracias

P. occidentalis

A coraciiform.[22]

Piciformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Incertae sedis

Neanis

N. schucherti

Fossil Lake

A possible piciform of uncertain affinities.

Pristineanis

P. kistneri

A possible piciform of uncertain affinities.[23]

Strisores

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Eocypselidae

Eocypselus

E. rowei

Fossil Lake

A eocypselid apodiform.[24]

Incertae sedis

Fluvioviridavis

F. platyrhamphus

Fossil Lake

A basal strisore, possibly a stem-frogmouth.[25][26]

Prefica

P. nivea

Fossil Lake

A stem-oilbird.[27]

Musophagiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Musophagidae?

Foro

F. panarium

Fossil Lake

A possible stem-turaco.[28]

Mirandornithes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Incertae sedis

Juncitarsus

J. merkeli

Fossil Lake

A mirandornithalean, possibly an early phoenicopteriform.

Suliformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Fregatidae Limnofregata

L. azygosternon

Fossil Lake

An early frigatebird.

L. hasegawai

Fossil Lake

An early frigatebird

Pelecaniformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Threskiornithidae

Rhynchaeites

R. sp.

1 specimen

An undescribed ibis, known from a largely complete specimen.[29]

R. messelensis, a related species

Vadaravis

V. brownae

Fossil Lake

Potentially a stem-ibis, but may be an indeterminate aequornithine.[29][30]

Charadriiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Lake Uinta

1 trace specimen

A shorebird
Potentially the earliest record of recurvirostrids
Known from a 3 footprint trackway.[31]

Gruiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Messelornithidae

Messelornis

M. nearctica

Fossil Lake

A messelornithid.

Specimen of a related species

Eufalconimorphae

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Halcyornithidae Cyrilavis

C. colburnorum

Fossil Lake

A halcyornithid.

C. olsoni

Fossil Lake

Messelasturidae

Tynskya

T. eocaena

Fossil Lake

A messelasturid.

Psittacopedidae

Eofringillirostrum

E. boudreauxi

Fossil Lake

A psittacopedid.[32]

Quercypsittidae

Avolatavis

A. tenens

Fossil Lake

A quercypsittid.

Zygodactylidae

Eozygodactylus

E. americanus

Fossil Lake

A zygodactylid.[33]

Zygodactylus

Z. grandei

Fossil Lake

A zygodactylid.[34]

Neoaves incertae sedis

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Incertae sedis

Nahmavis

N. grandei

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

Either a stem-gruiform or a stem-charadriiform.[35]

Two other genera, "Eoeurypyga" (a stem-sunbittern) and "Wyomingcypselus" (an early apodiform) are mentioned only in a 2002 dissertation,[36] and are presently nomina nuda.

Mammals

[edit]

Partially based on Grande (1984). Aside from the few well-preserved mammals found in Fossil Lake, a majority of Green River mammals are based on isolated bones and teeth:[9]

Metatheria

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Herpetotheriidae Herpetotherium

H. innominatum

Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

An opossum-like basal metatherian
Originally described as Peratherium innominatum.

H. huntii, a related species

H. knighti

Lake Gosiute

An opossum-like basal metatherian.

Cimolesta

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Pantolestidae

Palaeosinopa

P. didelphoides

Fossil Lake

A semi-aquatic pantolestid.

Chiroptera

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Icaronycteridae Icaronycteris

I. gunnelli

Fossil Lake

2 specimens

An icaronycterid bat.[37]

I. index

Fossil Lake

2 specimens

An icaronycterid bat.[37]

Onychonycteridae

Onychonycteris

O. finneyi

Fossil Lake

2 specimens

An onychonycterid bat.[37]

Eulipotyphla

[edit]
family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Nyctitheriidae Nyctitherium

N. nitidum

Lake Gosiute

A nyctitheriid.
Originally described as Talpavus nitidus.[clarification needed]

N. sp.

Lake Uinta

Pan-Carnivora

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Miacidae

Vulpavus

V. profectus

Lake Gosiute

A miacid.

Sinopidae

Sinopa

S. minor

Lake Uinta

A sinopid hyaenodont.

S. rapax, a related species

Viverravidae

Viverravus

V. minutus

Lake Uinta

A viverravid.

Incertae sedis

"Miacis"

"M." gracilis

Lake Uinta

A carnivoraform of uncertain affinities.

Pan-Perissodactyla

[edit]
family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Hyopsodontidae Hyopsodus

H. minusculus

Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

A hyopsodontid.

H. paulus (=H. vicarius)

Lake Uinta

A hyopsodontid.
includes H. vicarius specimens.[citation needed]

H. wortmani

Fossil Lake

A hyopsodontid.

Brontotheriidae

Lambdotherium

L. popoagicum

Fossil Lake

A small-sized basal brontothere.

Equidae

Protorohippus

Aff. P. venticolus

Fossil Lake

2 specimens

An equid closely affiliated with P. venticolus.[38]

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

A juvenile tapiromorph, the largest mammal known from the formation.
Initially described as Heptodon calciculus.[39]

Apatotheria

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Apatemyidae

Apatemys

A. chardini Jepsen, 1930

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

An apatemyid.[40]

Rodentia

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Ischyromyidae

Paramys

P. sp. [citation needed]

Lake Uinta

A ischyromyid rodent.

P. delicatus

Thisbemys

T. sp. [citation needed]

Lake Gosiute

An undescribed ischyromyid rodent.[citation needed]

T. plicatus
Sciuravidae Sciuravus

S. eucristadens (Burke, 1937)

Lake Uinta (Douglas Creek Member)

A sciuravid rodent.
Originally described as Viverravus eucristadens (1937).

S. sp.[citation needed]

Lake Uinta

An undescribed sciuravid.

Primatomorpha

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Microsyopidae

Microsyops

M. elegans

Lake Gosiute

A microsyopid stem-primate.

M. cardiorestes, a related species

Uintasorex

U. parvulus

Lake Gosiute

A microsyopid stem-primate.

Notharctidae

Notharctus

N. sp.

Lake Gosiute

A notharctid adapiform.

N. tenebrosus

Smilodectes

S. gracilis

Lake Uinta

A notharctid adapiform.
Formerly included in Notharctus matthewi.

Omomyidae

Omomys

O. carteri

Lake Uinta

An omomyid primate.
Includes O. pucillus[41]

Tetonius

T. sp.

Lake Uinta

An omomyid primate.

T. homunculus

Washakius

W. insignis

Lake Gosiute

An omomyid primate.

Arthropoda

[edit]

Arachnida

[edit]

Acariformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Cheyletidae

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A Chelytidae mite.
Found in thin sectioning of rock samples.[42]

Araneae

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Araneidae

Araneus

A. sp

6 specimens

Possible orbweb-spiders, known from partial fossils
First placed as Epeira sp.[43]

Hersiliidae

Hersiliola (sensu lato)

H. sp.

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 male

A tree trunk spider.[44]

Selenopidae

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 specimen

A female or juvenile selenopid spider.[44]

Thomisidae

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

2 males, 1 juv female

Crab spiders.[44]

Uloboridae

Miagrammopes

M. sp.

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 female, 2 males

A uloborid spider.[44]

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

A uloborid spider.[44]

Unidentified

Araneaovoius (Scudder, 1878)

A. columbiae[45]

1 specimen

An orb-web spider egg sack.
First described as "Aranea" columbiae (1878)[46]

Parasitiformes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Ixodidae

Ixodes

"I." tertiarius Scudder, 1885

Lake Uinta (Laney Member)

1 specimen

A punitive ixodid hard tick.[43]
Type specimen declared lost
species considered nomen dubium by Dunlop (2011)[47]

Scorpiones

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Buthidae

Uintascorpio

U. halandrasi Perry, 1995

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 specimen

A buthid scorpion.[48]

Crustacea

[edit]

Branchiopoda

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Cyclestheriidae

Cyclestherioides

C. wyomingensis

Lake Gosiute (Laney)

A cyclestheriid clam shrimp.[49]

Lynceidae

Prolynceus

P. laneyensis

Lake Gosiute (Laney)

A clam shrimp.[49]

Decapods

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Palaemonidae

Bechleja

B. rostrata

Fossil Lake

A palaemonid shrimp.[50]

Cambaridae

Procambarus

P. primaevus

Fossil Lake

A cambarid crayfish.

Ostracoda

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Candonidae Candona

C. artesensis Swain, 1964

Fossil Lake
Lake Unita

A candonid ostracod.[51]

C. rangliensis Swain, 1964

Fossil Lake
Lake Unita

A candonid ostracod.[51]

C. whitei Scott & Smith, 1951

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Unita

A candonid ostracod.[51]

Tuberocypris

T. centronotus Swain, 1964

Lake Unita

A candonid ostracod.[51]

Cyprideidae

Cypridea

C. bisulcata Swain, 1949

Lake Unita

A cyprideid ostracod.[51]

Cyprididae

Advenocypris

A. umbonata Swain, 1964

Lake unita

A cypridid ostracod.[51]

Hemicyprinotus

H. watsonensis Swain, 1964

Lake unita

A cypridid ostracod.
One described subspecies H. watsonensis emaciata[51]

Heterocypris

H. riflensis Swain, 1964

Lake unita

A cypridid ostracod.[51]

H. whiteriverensis Swain, 1964

Lake unita

A cypridid ostracod.[51]

Potamocypris

P. williamsi Swain, 1964

Fossil Lake
Lake Unita

A cypridid ostracod.[51]

Procyprois

P. ravenridgensis]] Swain, 1964

Lake Unita

A cypridid ostracod.
Male and female specimens show shell sexual dimorphism[51]

Pseudoeucypris

P. pagei (Swain) Swain, 1956

Lake Unita

A cypridid ostracod.
First described as Candona pagei (1949)
Moved from Cypris pagei (1956)[51]

Scottia

S. subquadrata Swain, 1964

Lake Unita

A cypridid ostracod.[51]

Stenocypris

Cf. S. sinuata G.W. Müller, 1898

Lake Unita

A cypridid ostracod.[51]

Limnocytheridae

Limnocythere

L. sp.

Lake Unita

Indistinct limnocytherid fossils.[51]

Metacypris

M. paracordata Swain, 1964

Lake Unita

A limnocytherid ostracod.[51]

Notodromadidae

Cyprois

C. ephraimensis Swain, 1964

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Unita

A notodromadid ostracod.[51]

Myriapoda

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Parajulidae

Julus?

"J." telluster Scudder, 1878

1 specimen

A punitive parajulidae millapede[43]
Considered nomen dubium by Hoffman (1969).[52]

Insecta

[edit]

Coleoptera

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Anthribidae

Pseudochirotenon

P. eocaenicus Legalov, 2018

Lake Unita

1 specimen

An Ecelonerini tribe anthribine fungus weevil.[53]

Brentidae

Perapion

P. rasnitsyni Legalov, 2018

Lake Uinta

An Aplemonini tribe apionine primitive weevil.[53]

Chrysomelidae

Palaeatalasis

P. monrosi Legalov, 2021

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A Megamerini tribe sagrine leaf beetle.[54]

Pulchritudo

P. attenboroughi Krell & Vitali, 2021

Lake Uinta

1 specimen

A sagrine leaf beetle[55]

Curculionidae Archaeoheilus

A. deleticius (Scudder, 1893)

Lake Uinta

A Molytini tribe molytine weevil.
First named as Pachylobius deleticius (1893)
Moved from Hylobius deleticius (2015)[53]

A. ovalis Legalov, 2018

Lake Uinta

A Molytini tribe molytine weevil.[53]

A. packardii (Scudder, 1893)

Lake Gosiute

A Molytini tribe molytine weevil.
First named as Hylobius packardii (1893).[53]

A. provectus (Scudder, 1876)

Lake Gosiute

A Molytini tribe molytine weevil.
First named as Hylobius provectus (1876).[53]

A. scudderi Legalov, 2018

Lake Uinta

A Molytini tribe molytine weevil.[53]

Eudiagogus

E. vossi Legalov, 2018

Lake Uinta

A Eudiagogini tribe entimine weevil.[53]

Extinctocentrinus

E. brevirostris Legalov, 2018

Lake Uinta

An Apostasimerini tribe conoderine weevil.[56]

Geraeus

G. anvilis Legalov, 2018

Lake Uinta

An Apostasimerini tribe conoderine weevil.[56]

G. fossilis Legalov, 2018

Lake Uinta

An Apostasimerini tribe conoderine weevil.[56]

Lithogeraeus

L. greenriverensis Legalov, 2018

Lake Uinta

An Apostasimerini tribe conoderine weevil.[56]

Nicentrus

N. curvirostris Legalov, 2018

Lake Uinta

An Apostasimerini tribe conoderine weevil.[56]

Palaeomallerus

P. longirostris Legalov, 2018

Lake Uinta

A Palaeomallerini tribe conoderine weevil.[56]

Primocentron

P. wickhami (Scudder, 1876)

Lake Uinta

An Eustylini tribe entimine weevil.
First described as Otiorhynchus perditus (1876)[53]

Pseudophaops

P. wickhami Legalov, 2018

Lake Uinta

A Tropiphorini tribe entimine weevil.[53]

Elateridae

Cardiophorus

C. exhumatus Cockerell, 1925

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A cardiophorine click beetle.[57]

Mordellidae Petrimordella

P. priscula (Cockerell, 1924)

1 specimen

A tumbling flower beetle morphospecies.
First named as Mordella priscula (1925).[58]

P. rasnitsyni (Odnosum & Perkovsky, 2016)

1 specimen

A tumbling flower beetle morphospecies.[58]
First named as Isotrilophus rasnitsyni (2016).[59]

Scarabaeidae

Aegialia

A. rupta Scudder, 1890

An aegialiine scaraboid beetle.[60]

Phyllophaga

P. avus (Cockerell), Wickham, 1927

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A melolonthine scaraboid beetle.
First described as Melolonthites avus (1921)[57][60]

Dictyoptera

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Alienopteridae

Chimaeroblattina

C. brevipes Barna, 2018

Lake Unita

An alienopterid Dictyopteran.[61]

Grant

G. viridifluvius Aristov, 2018

Lake Unita

An alienopterid Dictyopteran.[61]

Blattidae

Periplaneta

P.? smithiae Barna, Zelagin & Šmídová, 2023

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek)

1 specimen

A possible periplanetean blattid cockroach.[62]

Blaberidae Diploptera

D. gemini Barna, 2016

Lake Unita

A Diplopterine beetle cockroache.[63]

D. savba Šmídová, 2016

Lake Unita

A Diplopterine beetle cockroache.[63]

D. vladimir Vršanský, 2016

Lake Unita

A Diplopterine beetle cockroache.[63]

Diptera

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Bibionidae Plecia

P. akerionana Fitzgerald, 1999

Lake Unita (Parachute Creek Member)

A bibonid marchfly.
The smallest species from the formation.[64]

P. dejecta Scudder, 1890

A bibonid marchfly.[43][64]

P. pealei Scudder, 1890

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)

Most common insect in Fossil Lake

A bibonid marchfly.[43][64]

P. rhodopterina Cockerell, 1925

Lake Unita

A bibonid marchfly.[57][64]

P. woodruffi Cockerell, 1916

Lake Unita

A bibonid marchfly.[64]

Cylindrotomidae Cyttaromyia

C. fenestrata Scudder, 1877

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[65]

C. freiwaldi Cockerell, 1925

Lake Unita

2 specimens

A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[65]

C. fuscula Cockerell, 1925

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[66][65]

C. gelhausi Kania-Kłosok et al., 2021

Lake Unita

3 specimens

A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[65]

C. obdurescens Cockerell, 1925

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[57][65]

C. reclusa Cockerell, 1924

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A cylindrotomine long bodied cranefly species.[65]

Hippoboscidae

Eornithoica

E. grimaldii Nel, Garrouste & Engel, 2023

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)

1 specimen

A Hippoboscoidea fly Pupipara.[67]

Chironomidae

Undescribed

Undescribed

Lake Unita

Numerous

undescribed midge larvae.[42]

Mythicomyiidae

Reissa

R. kohlsi

A mythicomyiine mythicomyiid fly[68]

Oestridae

Cuterebra

C. ascarides (Scudder, 1877)

Lake Unita

Numerous

A bot fly species.
[42]

Stratiomyidae

Odontomyia

Undescribed

Lake Unita

Numerous

undescribed larvae.[42]

Mycetophilidae

Undescribed

Undescribed

Lake Unita

Numerous

undescribed larvae.[42]

Syrphidae

Undescribed

Undescribed

Lake Unita

Numerous

undescribed larvae.[42]

Tabanidae

Undescribed

Undescribed

Lake Unita

Numerous

undescribed larvae.[42]

Tipulidae

Tipula

T. americana

Lake Unita

A tipuline crane fly.[69]

Hemiptera

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Cicadellidae

Coelidia

A. wyomingensis Scudder, 1890

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)

1 specimen

A coelidiine leafhopper.[43]

Thamnotettix

T. packardi Cockerell, 1925

An Athysanini tribe deltocephaline planthopper.[57]

Gerridae

Telmatrechus

T. parallelus Scudder, 1890

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)
Lake Uinta (Laney Member)

A water strider.[43][70]

Reduviidae

Aphelicophontes

A. danjuddi Swanson et al., 2021

[71]

Incertae sedis Eoliarus

E. lutensis (Scudder) Cockerell, 1925

A fulgoroid leafhopper.
Frist described as Oliarus lutensis (1890)[57]

E. quadristictus Cockerell, 1925

A fulgoroid leafhopper.[57]

Hymenoptera

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Bethylidae

Eupsenella

E. sp.

An old world Bethylidae wasp.[72]

Formicidae

Archimyrmex

A. rostratus Cockerell, 1923

Lake Unita

Numerous

A myrmeciine ant.[73]

Camponotites

C. vetus (Scudder, 1877)[73]

Green River Formation?

1 specimen

A formicine ant of uncertain affiliation.
First described as Camponotus vetus (1877)[73]
The type locality was not specified by Scudder, and may Be G.R.F. or White River Formation.[74]

Dolichoderus

D. kohlsi Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Uinta

Numerous

A Dolichoderus species ant.[75]

Eoformica

E. globularis Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

2 specimens

An ant of unidentified affiliation.[75]

E. magna Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

1 specimen

An ant of unidentified affiliation.[75]

E. pinguis (Scudder, 1877)

Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

Numerous

An ant of unidentified affiliation.
Moved from Liometopum pingue (1877)
Includes the jr synonyms Lasius terreus (1878) and Eoformica eocenica (1921)[75]

Indeterminate

Lake Unita

2 specimen

Two partial specimens that may be referable to Eoformica.[75]

Kohlsimyrma

K. gracilis Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

2 specimens

An ant of uncertain affiliation.[75]

K. laticeps Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

1 specimen

An ant of uncertain affiliation.[75]

K. longiceps Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

3 specimens

An ant of uncertain affiliation.[75]

Mianeuretus

M. eocenicus Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

2 specimens

An aneuretine ant.[75]

Indeterminate

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A partial specimen that may belong to Mianeuretus.[75]

Myrmecites

M. rotundiceps Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A myrmicine ant of uncertain affiliation.[75]

Pachycondyla

P. labandeirai Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Gosiute

1 specimen

A Pachycondyla species ant.[75]

Ponerites

P. coloradensis Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A ponerine ant of uncertain affiliation.[75]

P. eocenicus Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A ponerine ant of uncertain affiliation.[75]

P. hypoponeroides Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A ponerine ant of uncertain affiliation.[75]

Proiridomyrmex

P. vetulus Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A dolichoderine of uncertain affinity.[75]

Indeterminate

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A partial specimen that may belong to Proiridomyrmex.[75]

Solenopsites

S. minutus Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A Solenopsis like ant of uncertain affiliation.[75]

Titanomyrma

T. lubei Archibald et al., 2011

Fossil Lake (Angelo Member)

3 specimens

A titan ant species.[76][77]

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A partial ant specimen that may belong to Formica.[75]

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

Lake Unita

3 specimens

Partial ant specimens of unidentified subfamily placement.[75]

Ichneumonidae

Carinibus

C. molestus Spasojevic et al., 2018

Lake Unita

A darwin wasp of uncertain subfamily placement.[78]

Ichninsum

I. appendicrassum

Lake Unita

A pimpline darwin wasp.[78]

Mesoclistus?

M.? yamataroti

Lake Unita

A possible Coleocentrini tribe acaenitine darwin wasp.[78]

Scambus?

S.? mandibularis

Lake Unita

A possible Ephialtini tribe pimpline darwin wasp.[78]

S.? parachuti

Lake Unita

A possible Ephialtini tribe pimpline darwin wasp.[78]

Trymectus

T. amasidis (Cockerell & LeVeque, 1931)

lake Unita

A darwin wasp of uncertain subfamily placement.
First described as Tryphon amasidis (1931)[78]

Siricidae

Eoteredon

E. lacoi Archibald, Aase & Nel, 2021

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

A siricid Horntail wood-wasp.[79]

Tenthredinidae

Eutomostethus

E. karimae Nel, Niu & Wei, 2022

Lake Unita

A blennocampine common sawfly.[80]

Xyelidae

Proxyelia

P. pankowskii Jouault, Aase & Nel, 2021

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

A xyelid sawfly[81]

Megaloptera

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Sialidae

Indeterminate

Indeterminate

1 specimen

A probable alderfly larvae[82]

Neuroptera

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Berothidae

Xenoberotha

X. angustialata Makarkin, 2017

Lake Unita (Parachute Creek Member)

1 specimen

A berothine beaded lacewing.[83]

Hemerobiidae

Megalomus?

M.? coloradensis Makarkin, 2024

Lake Unita

A possible Megalomus brown lacewing.[84]

Pseudonotherobius

P. kohlsi Makarkin, 2024

Lake Unita

A brown lacewing.[84]

Mantispidae

Protonolima

P. mantispinoformis Makarkin, 2019

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A calomantispine mantidfly.[85]

Myrmeleontidae

Epignopholeon

E. sophiae Makarkin, 2017

Lake Unita (Parachute Creek Member)

1 specimen

A probable Gnopholeontini tribe myrmeleontine antlion.[86]

Osmylidae

Osmylidia

O. taliae Makarkin, Archibald, & Mathewes, 2021

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A protosmyline Osmylid lance lacewing[87]

Raphidioptera

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Raphidiidae

Archiinocellia

A. protomaculata (Engel, 2011)

Lake Unita (Parachute Creek Member)

ca. 18 specimens

A raphidiid snakefly.[88]
Moved from Agulla protomaculata (2011)[89]

Odonata

[edit]

Primarily based on Bechly et al (2020):[90]

Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Amphipterygidae

Protamphipteryx

P. basalis Cockerell, 1921

Fossil Lake

An amphipterygine amphipterygid damselfly.[66]

Carleidae

Carlea

C. eocenica Bechly et al., 2020

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

A carleid damselfly.

Cordulibellulidae

Cordulibellula

C. inopinata Sroka, Howells & Nel, 2023

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek)

A cordulibellulid dragonfly
the last member of an ancient lineage.[91]

Dysagrionidae Dysagrion

D. fredericii Scudder, 1878

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)

16 specimens

A dysagrionine dysagrionid damselfly.

D. integrum Bechly et al., 2020

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)

1 specimen

D. lakesii Scudder, 1890

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)

1 specimen

D. packardii Scudder, 1885

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)

1 specimen

Petrolestes

P. hendersoni Cockerell, 1927

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 specimen

A petrolestine dysagrionid damselfly.

P. inexpectatus Nel, 2024

Lake Uinta

1 specimen

A petrolestine dysagrionid damselfly.[92]

Tenebragrion

T. tynskyi Nel, Palazzo & Aase, 2023

Fossil Lake

A dysagrionid damselfly.[93]

T. shermani Bechly et al., 2020

Fossil Lake

A dysagrionid damselfly.

Calopterygidae

Eocalopteryx

E. atavina Cockerell, 1920

Lake Gosiute

1 specimen

A calopterygid damsefly.[66]

Euphaeidae

Eodysphaea

E. magnifica Bechly et al., 2020

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek)

A euphaeid damselfly.

Epallagites

E. avus Cockerell, 1925

Lake Unita

Labandeiraia

L. americaborealis Petrulevičius et al., 2007

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek)

1 specimen

L. riveri Bechly et al., 2020

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

Litheuphaea

L. coloradensis Petrulevičius et al., 2007

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek)

1 specimen

Eolestidae

Eolestes

E. syntheticus Cockerell, 1940

Lake Unita

An eolestid damselfly.

Megapodagrionidae

Viridiflumineagrion

V. aasei Nel, 2022

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 specimen

A "megapodagrionid" damselfly.[94]

Thaumatoneuridae

Gusagrion

G. coloratum Nel, 2024

Lake Uinta

1 specimen

An eodysagrionine thaumatoneurid damselfly.[92]

Oreodysagrion

O. tenebris Bechly et al., 2020

Fossil Lake

A thaumatoneurid damselfly.

Tynskysagrion

T. brookeae Bechly et al., 2020

Fossil Lake

A thaumatoneurid damselfly.

Urolibellulidae

Kohlslibellula

K. lini Nel, 2020

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek)

A urolibellulid dragonfly

Urolibellula

U. eocaenica Zeiri et al., 2015

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek)

A urolibellulid dragonfly

Zacallitidae Zacallites

Z. balli Cockerell, 1928

A zacallitid damselfly.

Z. cockerelli Bechly et al., 2020

Fossil Lake

incertae sedis Eopodagrion

"E." abortivum (Scudder, 1878)

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)

1 specimen

A damselfly of uncertain affinities.
Deemed nomen dubium by Nel (2022).[95]

E. scudderi Cockerell, 1921

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)

3 specimens

A damselfly of uncertain affinities.[66]

Orthoptera

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Tettigoniidae

Arethaea

A. solterae Heads, Thomas & Hedlund, 2023

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek)

1 specimen

A roundhead katydid.[96]

Trichoptera

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Limnephilidae

Limnephilus

L. eocenicus Cockerell, 1921

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A northern caddisfly species.[66]

Incertae sedis

Litholimnephilops

L. yinani Robinson, Thomas & Heads, 2018

Lake Unita

A caddis fly of uncertain affiliations.[97]

Mollusks

[edit]

Based on Grande (1984):[9][98]

Bivalvia

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Sphaeriidae

Sphaerium

S. sp.

Lake Gosiute

A fingernail clam.

S. rhomboideum, a modern species
Unionidae Plesielliptio

P. priscus

A unionid river mussel.

P. sp. "A"

Gastropoda

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Bulimulidae

Oreoconus

O. sp.

?

An undescribed bulimulid land snail.

Gastrocoptidae

Gastrocopta

G. sp.

An undescribed gastrocoptid land snail.[98]

Hydrobiidae Hydrobia

H. aff. utahensis C. A. White, 1876

Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale, Wilkins Peak)

An undescribed mud snail.
Affiliated to Hydrobia utahensis

H. sp.

Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale)

An undescribed mud snail.

Lymnaeidae Lymnaea

L. similis Meek, 1860

Lake Gosiute (Laney)

A pond snail.

L. sp.

Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale)

A undescribed pond snail.

Pleurolimnaea

P. tenuicosta (Meek & Hayden, 1856)

Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale?)

A pond snail.
First named Limnaea tenuicosta (1856)

Planorbidae Biomphalaria

B. aequalis (C. A. White, 1880)

Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale)

A ramshorn snail.

B. storchi (L. S. Russell, 1931)

Lake Gosiute (Laney?, Tipton Shale)

A ramshorn snail.

Headonia

H. pseudoammonius (Schlotheim, 1820)

Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale)

A ramshorn snail
First reported as Biomphalaria pseudoammonius (1820)

?Drepanotrema

?D. sp.

Lake Gosiute (Laney)

An undescribed ramshorn snail.

Gyraulus

G. militaris (C.A. White, 1880)

Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale)

A ramshorn snail.

Omalodiscus

O. cirrus (C. A. White, 1879)

Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale)

A ramshorn snail.

Physidae Physa

†?P. longiuscula Meek & Hayden, 1856

Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale)

An bladder snail.

P. sp.

Lake Gosiute (Laney)

An undescribed bladder snail.

Physella

P. bridgerensis (Meek, 1873)

Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale)

A bladder snail.
First named Physa bridgerensis (1873)

P. pleromatis (C. A. White, 1877)

Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale)

A bladder snail.
First named Physa pleromatis (1877)

Pleuroceridae

Elimia

E. tenera (J. Hall, 1845)

Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale, Wilkins Peak)

A pleurocerid snail.
the most common snail in the formation
The source of the famous "Turritella agate".

Urocoptidae

Holospira

H. sp.

An undescribed urocoptid land snail.[98]

Valvatidae Valvata

V. subumbilicata (Meek & Hayden, 1856)

Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale)

A valve snail.

Cf.V. filosa Whiteaves, 1885

An undescribed valve snail.
Similar to Valvata filosa

Viviparidae Viviparus

V. meeki Wenz, 1930

Lake Gosiute (Laney, Tipton Shale)

A river snail.
First named Paludina trochiformis (1856 non-von Zieten, 1830)

V. paludinaeformis (J. Hall, 1845)

Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale)

A river snail.

Fungi

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Caenomyces

C. eucalypti Knowlton, 1923

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies.
Hosted on a Syzygioides americana leaf.[99][100]
Brown (1934) considered all leaf spots of the formation to be indeterminate †Sphaerites species.[101]

C. planerae R.W. Brown, 1929

1 specimen

A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies.
Hosted on a Cedrelospermum nervosum leaf.[102][103]
Brown (1934) considered all leaf spots of the formation to be indeterminate †Sphaerites species.[101]

C. sapindicola Knowlton, 1923

1 specimen

A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies.
Hosted on the Toxicodendron winchesteri holotype leaf.[99][104]
Brown (1934) considered all leaf spots of the formation to be indeterminate †Sphaerites species.[101]

Eoglobella

E. longipes Bradley, 1931

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A Staurosporaen fungal spore of uncertain affiliation.[42][105]

Entophlyctis

E. willoughbyi Bradley, 1967

Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member)

An aquatic chytridialean fungi.[106]

Pleotrachelus

P. askaulos Bradley, 1967

Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member)

An aquatic chytridialean fungi.[106]

Sphaerites

S. myricae (Lesquereux) Meschinelli, 1892

Lake Gosiute

1 specimen

A possible ascomycotan leaf spot fungus morphospecies.
Hosted on a "Rhus" nigricans leaf.
First described as Sphaeria myricae (1878)[99][107]
Brown (1934) considered all leaf spots of the formation to be indeterminate †Sphaerites species.[101]

Unicellular microbiota

[edit]

Cyanobacteria

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Chroococcaceae Chroococcus

?Cf. C. dispersus (Von Keissler) Lemmerman

Lake Unita

An aquatic chroococcacean cyanobacteria.[42]

Cf. C. westii (W. West) P. Boye, 1929

Lake Unita

An aquatic chroococcacean cyanobacteria.[42]

Coleofasciculaceae

Stigonema

S. anchistina Bradley, 1970

Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member)

An aquatic coleofasciculacean cyanobacteria.[108]

Symploca

S. hedraia Bradley, 1970

Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member)

An aquatic coleofasciculacean cyanobacteria.[108]

Gomontiellaceae Crinalium

?Cf. C. endophyticum Crow

Lake Unita

An aquatic gomontiellaceous cyanobacteria.[42]

C. sp.

Lake Unita

An aquatic gomontiellaceous cyanobacteria.
First identified as Spirulina sp. (1916)[42]

Hapalosiphonaceae

Hapalosiphon

H. confervaceus Borzi

Lake Unita

An aquatic hapalosiphonaceous cyanobacteria.[42]

Algae

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Chaetophoraceae

Stigeoclonium?

Cf. S.? lubricum (Dillwyn) Kützing

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A possible chaetophoraceous chlorophyte green algae.[42]

Chlorellaceae

Chlorellopsis

C. coloniata Reis, 1923

A unicellular stromatolite forming green algae.[109]

Confervites

C. mantiensis Bradley, 1929

Lake Uinta (Manti beds)

A filamentous stromatolite forming green algae.[109]

Hydrodictyaceae

Tetraedron

Cf. T. regulare var. torsum (Turner) Brunnthaler

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A hydrodictyaceous chlorophyte green algae.[42]

Microsporaceae

Microspora

Cf. M. pachyderma (Wille) Lagerheim

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A sphaeroplealean chlorophyte green algae.[42]

Oocystaceae

Cf. Eremosphaera

E. sp.

Lake Unita

An oocystacean chlorophyte green algae.[42]

Scenedesmaceae

Coelastrum

Cf. C. verrucosum Retnsch

Lake Unita

A sphaeroplealean chlorophyte green algae.[42]

Schizochlamydaceae

Schizochlamys

S. haywellensis Bradley, 1970

Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member)

A sphaeroplealean chlorophyte green algae.[108]

Charophytes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Zygnemataceae

Spirogyra

S. wyomingia Bradley, 1970

Lake Gosiute (Wilkins Peak Member)

A zygnematacean charophyte green algae.[108]

Euglenozoans

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Phacaceae

Phacus

Cf. P. caudata Hübner, 1886

1 specimen

A Euglenozoan algal flagellate.[42]

Amoebozoans

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Difflugiidae

Difflugia

D. calcifera Bradley, 931

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A difflugiid lobose testate amoeba.[42]

Quadrulidae

Quadrula

Q. minuta Bradley, 1931

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A quadrulid lobose testate amoeba.[42]

Cercozoans

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Euglyphidae

Euglypha

E. robusticornis Bradley, 1931

Lake Unita

A Cercozoan eukaryote.[42]

Plants

[edit]

Liverworts

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Jungermanniaceae

Jungermannites

J. eophilus (Cockerell) Steere, 1947

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A leafy liverwort morphospecies.
First described as Lejeunea eophila (1925).[57][110]

Lycophytes

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Isoetaceae

Isoetites

I. horridus (Dawson) R.W. Brown, 1939

Lake Unita

1 specimen

An isoetaceous quillwort morphospecies.
First described as Carpolithes horridus (1884).[111]

Ferns

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Aspleniaceae Asplenium

A. delicatula (R.W. Brown) MacGinitie, 1969

A spleenwort fern leaf morphospecies.[112]
First described as Aneimia delicatula (1929)[102][113]
Includes Phyllites furcivena (1934)
Jr homonym of Asplenium delicatulum C. Presl, 1825

A. eoligniticum Berry, 1916

Lake Unita

2 specimens

A spleenwort fern leaf morphospecies.[101][113]

Equisetaceae Equisetum

E. haydenii Lesquereux, 1872

Not Green River Formation

A scouring rush morphospecies.
First ascribed to the formation
Excluded by Knowlton (1923) as a Washakie Formation species.[99][113]

E. winchesteri Brown, 1929

Lake Gosiute

1 specimen

A scouring rush morphospecies.[99][113]

E. wyomingense Lesquereux, 1873

Lake Gosiute
Lake Unita

A scouring rush morphospecies.[99][113]

Lygodiaceae Lygodium

L. dentoni Lesquereux, 1875

Rejected

1? specimen

A climbing fern species.
Type specimens missing by 1923
Brown (1934) rejected per Knowlton and dubious locality.[101]

L. kaulfussi Heer, 1861

Fossil Lake
Lake Gosiute
Lake Unita

Numerous

A climbing fern species.
First described as Lygodium neuropteroides (1870)[99][113]

Marattiaceae

Danaea

D. coloradensis Knowlton, 1923

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A possible marattiaceous fern leaf morphospecies.
The genus affiliation was questioned by MacGinitie (1969).[99][113]

Marsileaceae

Marsilea

M. sprungerorum Hermsen, 2019

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

A water clover fern.[114]

Osmundaceae

Osmunda?

Q.? sepulta (Newberry) Knowlton, 1923

Lake Gosiute

2 specimens

A possible osmundaceous fern leaf morphospecies.
First described as Pecopteris sepulta (1883)[99]

Salviniaceae

Azolla

A. berryi Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A mosquito fern morphospecies.[101][113]

Pteridaceae

Acrostichum

A. hesperium Newberry, 1883

Lake Gosiute

3 specimens

A parkerioid leather fern leaf morphospecies.[99][113]

Cycadalean palynomorphs

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Cycadopites

C. sp.

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

Various Cycas - Zamia Cycad palynomorphs.[115][113]

Dioonipites

D. sp.

5 specimens

A Dioon like Cycad palynomorph.[115][113]

Conifers

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Cupressaceae

Sequoia

Cf.S. affinis Lesquereux, 1876

Lake Unita

A coast redwood relative.[112]

Pinaceae

Picea

P. pinifructus Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

First identified as a spruce seed.
Deemed a jr synonym of Cercidiphyllum arcticum by Brown (1939).[102][116][113]

Pinus

P. balli Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A 3-needle pine morphospecies.[101][113]

P. florissanti Lesquereux, 1885

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A pine morphospecies.[112]

incertae sedis

Taxites

T. eocenica Brown, 1929

Lake Uinta

1 specimen

Isolated conifer needles of uncertain affiliation.
Similar to some Cupressaceae, Pinaceae, and Taxaceae genera.[102][113]

Conifer palynomorphs

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Abies

A. concolipites Wodehouse, 1933

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

2 specimens

A true fir palynomorph similar to Abies concolor.[115][113]

Abietipites

A. antiquus Wodehouse, 1933

2 specimens

A generally abietine-like palyonomorph.[115][113]

Cedripites

C. eocenicus Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Cedrus libani cedar-like palyonomorph.[115][113]

Inaperturopollenites

I. concedipites (Wodehouse) Krutzsch, 1971

6 specimens

A Cunninghamia-like palyonomorph.
First described as Cunninghamia concedipites (1933).[115][113][117]

I. vacuipites (Wodehouse) Krutzsch, 1971

1 specimen

A Chinese swamp cypress-like palyonomorph.
First described as Glyptostrobus vacuipites (1933).[115][113][118]

Picea

P. grandivescipites Wodehouse, 1933

6 specimens

A spruce palyonomorph.[115][113]

Pinus

P. scopulipites Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A pine palyonomorph.[113]
Less common than P. strobipites.[115]

P. strobipites Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A pine palyonomorph.[115][113]

P. tuberculipites Wodehouse, 1933

6 specimens

A pine palyonomorph.[115][113]

Taxodium

T. hiatipites Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A bald cypress palyonomorph.[115][113]

Tsugaepollenites

T. viridifluminipites (Wodehouse) R. Potonié, 1958

1 specimen

A hemlock-like palyonomorph.
First described as Tsuga viridifluminipites (1933)
Moved from Zonalapollenites viridifluminipites (1953).[115][113][119][120]

Gnetalean palynomorphs

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Gnetaceae-pollenites

G. eocenipites (Wodehouse) R. Potonié, 1958

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

12 specimens

An Ephedra-like palyonomorph.
First described as Ephedra eocenipites (1933).[115][113][121]

Magnoliids

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia

A. mortua Cockerell, 1908

An pipevine leaf morphospecies.[112]

Hernandiaceae

Illigera

I. eocenica Manchester & O'Leary, 2010

Lake Unita

An Illigera seed morphospecies.[122]

Lauraceae

Beilschmiedia

B. eocenica (R.W. Brown) MacGinitie, 1969 (non-Reid & Chandler, 1933)

A Beilschmiedia leaf morphospecies.
Name a jr homonym of Beilschmiedia eocenica E. Reid & M. Chandler, 1933[112]

Lindera

L. allardi MacGinitie, 1969

A spicebush leaf morphospecies.[112]

Ocotea

O. coloradensis (R.W. Brown) LaMotte, 1952)

Lake Unita

2 specimens

An Ocotea leaf morphospecies.
First described as Oreodaphne coloradensis (1934)[101]

O. lancifolia (Lesquereux) LaMotte, 1952

Lake Gosiute
Lake Unita

2 specimens

An Ocotea leaf morphospecies.
First described as Sapindus lancifolius (1883)[113]
Moved from Oreodaphne lancifolia (1934)
Also includes Oreodaphne knowltoni (1929)[102][101]

Persea

P. coriacea MacGinitie, 1969 (non-Engelhardt, 1895)

A Persea leaf morphospecies.
Name a jr homonym of Persea coriacea Engelhardt, 1895[112]

Magnoliaceae

Talauma

T. multiperforata Kruse, 1954

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

An magnolia wood morphospecies.[123]

Magnoliid palynomorphs

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Liriodendron

L. psilopites Wodehouse, 1933

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 specimen

A Liriodendron tulipifera-like tulip tree palyonomorph.[115][113]

Monocots

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Arecaceae

Palmacites

P. florissanti (Lesquereux) Read & Hickey, 1972

Fossil Lake
Lake Uinta

A palmately veined palm leaf morphospecies.
Moved from Sabalites florissanti (1930)
First described as Flabellaria florissanti (1885).[113][124]

Palmoxylon

P. colei Tidwell, 1973

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

A palm wood morphospecies.[125]

P. contortum Tidwell, 1973

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

A palm wood morphospecies.[125]

P. edenense Tidwell, 1973

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

A palm wood morphospecies.[125]

P. macginitiei Tidwell et al., 1971

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

A palm wood morphospecies.[125]

Phoenicites

P. haydenii (Newberry) Read & Hickey, 1972

1 specimen

A pinnately veined palm leaf morphospecies.
Moved from Geonomites haydenii (1923)
First described as Manicaria haydenii (1883).[113][124]

Sabalites

S. powellii (Newberry) Berry, 1930

Fossil Lake
Lake Uinta

A palmate veined palm leaf morphospecies.
First described as Sabal powellii (1883).[113]

Cypreaceae? Cyperacites

C.? filiferus

Lake Unita

A number of specimens

Likely rhizomes of monocots?.
Oldest specimen first described as Diatryma? filifera, a Gastornis feather.[126]
Description of the species as a bird feather was questioned by Alexander Wetmore (1930)[127]
Brown (1934) moves the species to Carpolithus filiferus[101]
A second group of fossils is described as a cactus, Eopuntia douglassi (1944)[128]
Brown redescribes both as cypreaceous rhizomes, and synonymized both species as Cyperus filiferus (1959)[129]
Herman Becker (1963) agrees with the synonymy, but moves the species to the Cyperacites morphogenus as Cyperacites? filiferus.[130]

C. haydenii (Lesquereux) Knowlton, 1898

Lake Gosiute

Several specimens

A sedge-like leaf morphospecies.
First described as Cyperites haydenii (1885)[99][113]

Cyperus

C. chavannesi Heer, 1855

Rejected

1 specimen

A sedge leaf morphospecies.
Rejected by Knowlton (1923) due to dubious location.[99][113]

Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea

D. lindgrenii Herrera & Manchester

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)

2 specimens

sweet potato fruits[131]

D. shermanii Herrera & Manchester

1 specimen

Juncaceae

Juncus

Indeterminate

Rejected

?

Scrappy material tentatively identified as rush leaves.
Discredited by Knowlton (1923) due to missing specimens[99][113]

Poaceae

Arundo

A. reperta Lesquereux, 1876

Lake Uinta

Several specimens

A giant cane grass morphospecies.
The species validity of the fossils was questioned by Knowlton (1923)
The species was retained by Brown (1934).[99][113]

Potamogetonaceae

Potamogeton

P. rubus R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

A pondweed morphotype.[101][112]

Typhaceae Sparganium

S. antiquum (Newberry) Berry, 1924

Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

A bur-reed leaf morphospecies.
Moved from Brasenia? antiqua (1883)
includes Pontederites hesperia (1923)[99][113][112]

S. eocenicum R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Gosiute

1 specimen

A bur-reed leaf morphospecies.[102][113][112]

Typha

T. lesquereuxi Cockerell, 1906

Lake Unita

A cattail morphospecies.[112]

Zingiberaceae

Musophyllum

M. complicatum Lesquereux, 1873

Lake Gosiute

5 specimens

A zingiberaceous monocot leaf morphotaxon.[99][113]

Monocot palynomorphs

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Arecipites

A. punctatus Wodehouse, 1933

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

1 specimen

A Phoenix dactylifera-like palm palyonomorph.[115][113]

A. rugosus Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A palm palyonomorph.[115][113]

Peltandripites

P. davisii Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A tuckahoe-like arrow-arum palyonomorph.[115][113]

Potamogeton

P. hollickipites Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A Potamogeton palyonomorph.[115][113]

Smilacipites

S. echinatus Wodehouse, 1933

2 specimen

A Smilax-like palyonomorph.[115][113]

S. herbaceoides Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Smilax-like palyonomorph.[115][113]

S. molloides Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Smilax mollis-like palyonomorph.[115][113]

Ceratophyllales

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Ceratophyllaceae

Ceratophyllum

C. muricatum incertum (Brown) Herendeen, Les, & Dilcher, 1990

Fossil Lake

19 Specimens

A prickly hornwort subspecies.
First described as a full species by Berry (1930).[113]
Moved to subspecies by Herendeen, Les, & Dilcher (1990)[132]

Eudicots

[edit]

Basal Eudicots

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Berberidaceae

"Mahonia"

"M." eocenica (R.W. Brown) C.A. Arnold, 1936

Lake Uinta

1 Specimen

An oregon grape leaf morphospecies.[133]
First described as Odostemon eocenica (1934)[101]

Menispermaceae

Menispermites

M. limacioides MacGinitie, 1969

A moon-seed leaf morphospecies.[112]

Stephania

S. wilfii

Lake Uinta (Wilkins Peak Member)

Numerous

A moon-seed fruit.[134]

Nelumbonaceae

Nelumbo

Undescribed

Lake Gosiute

An undescribed Lotus leaf species.[9]

Platanaceae

Macginitiea

M. wyomingensis (Knowlton & Cockerell) Manchester, 1986

A sycamore relative species.
First named Aralia macrophylla Newberry, 1882 (non-Lindley, 1844)
Renamed to Aralia wyomingensis (1919)[101]
Moved from Platanus wyomingensis (1969)[112][135]

Proteaceae

Lomatia

L.? microphylla Lesquereux, 1876

Rejected

specimens missing

First identified as a guitarplant leaf morphospecies.
Rejected by Brown (1934) due to missing specimens & dubious locality.[101][113]

Trochodendraceae?

Nordenskioldia

N. borealis Heer, 1870

Rejected

A basal trochodendroid
Rejected by Manchester, Crane & Dilcher (1991)
considered Carpites cocculoides like.[136]

Superasterids

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Apocynaceae

Apocynospermum

A. coloradensis Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

An apocynaceous seed morphospecies.[102][101]

Aspidospermoxylon

A. uniseriatum Kruse, 1954

Lake Gosiute

An apocynaceous wood morphospecies.[123]

Araliaceae

Allopanax

A. quinus (Macginitie) Doweld

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

An Apialean leaf mophogenus.[137]
Moved from Araliophyllum quinus (1969).

Oreopanax

O. elongatum MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

An Oreopanax leaf morphospecies.
Includes Apocynophyllurn wilcoxense (of Berry, 1929), Ternstroemites viridifluminis (1929) and ?Celastrophyllum lesquereuxii (1929)[102][112]

Asteraceae

Achaenites

A. cichorioides Knowlton, 1923

Lake Uinta

1 specimen

An asteraceous seed morphospecies.[113]

Caryophyllaceae

Alsinites

A. revelatus Cockerell, 1925

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A caryophyllacous flower morphotaxon.[57][113]

Ericaceae

Andromeda

A. delicatula Lesquereux, 1885

2 specimens

A possible bog rosemary ericaceous morphospecies.[99][112]

Oleaceae Osmanthus

O. praemissa (Lesquereux) Cockerell, 1906

Lake Uinta

An Osmanthus leaf morphospecies.
Moved from Olea praemissa (1885)[113][112]

O. viridiflumensis (Knowlton) MacGinitie, 1969)

Lake Uinta

1 specimen

An Osmanthus leaf morphospecies.[112]
Moved from Ocotea viridiflumensis (1952)[113]
First described as Oreodaphne viridiflumensis (1923)[99]

Polemoniaceae

Gilisenium

G. hueberi Lot, Manchester, & Dilcher, 1998

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

A polemoniaceous herb species.[138]

Solanaceae

Lycianthoides

L. calycina Deanna et al.

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

3 specimens

A nightshade family fruit[139]

Styracaceae

Styrax

S. transversa MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

A snowbell leaf morphotype.[112]

Symplocaceae

Symplocos

S. exilis MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

A Symplocaceous leaf morphotype.[112]

Superrosids

[edit]
Family Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Altingiaceae

Liquidambar

L. callarche Cockerell, 1925

Lake Unita

2 specimens

A sweetgum species.[57][113]

Anacardiaceae

Barkleya

B. schinoloxa (R. W. Brown) Manchester & Judd

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

An anacardiaceous samara.[140]
Moved from Anacardites schinoloxus (1929).
Includes Anacardites schinus R. W. Brown, 1934
Possibly the fruits of "Rhus" nigricans.

Edenoxylon

E. parviareolatum Kruse, 1954

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

An anacardiaceous wood morphospecies.[123]

Rhus

R. longepetiolata (Lesquereux) R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Gosiute

An anacardiaceous leaf morphotype.
Moved from Ailanthus longepetiolatus (1934)[101][113]

"R." nigricans (Lesquereux) Knowlton, 1923

Lake Gosiute (Laney Member)
Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

An anacardiaceous leaf morphotype.[140]
Moved from Myrica nigricans (1929).
Possibly the leaves of Barkleya schinoloxa.
"R." nigricans synonymy
  • Comptonia insignis Lesquereux of Brown, 1934
  • Cupanites nigricans (Lesquereux) Berry, 1924
  • Koelreuteria nigricans (Lesquereux) Brown, 1946
  • Koelreuteria viridifluminis (Hollick) Brown, 1934
  • Myrica alkalina Lesquereux, 1883
  • Myrica ludwigii Schimper of Lesquereux, 1872
  • Myrica undulata? Schimper of Lesquereux,1878 (pro part)
  • Myrica zachariensis Saporta of Lesquereux, 1883 (pro part)
  • Planera variabilis Newberry, 1883 (pro part)
  • Rhus myricoides Knowlton, 1923
  • Rhus variabilis (Newberry) Knowlton, 1923
  • Staphylea viridiftuminis Hollick, 1929
[113]

Schmaltzia

S. vexans Cockerell, 1906

Lake Gosiute

A sumac leaf morphospecies.
Moved from Rhus vexans (1885)
Considered nomen dubium by MacGinitie (1969)[112]

Schinoxylon

S. actinoporosum Kruse, 1954

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

An anacardiaceous wood morphospecies.[123]

Toxicodendron

T. winchesteri (Knowlton) MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Gosiute

A poison oak leaf morphospecies.
First described as Sapindus winchesteri (1923)[99][112]

Burseraceae

Bursera

B. inaequalateralis (Lesquereux) MacGinitie, 1969

A bursera leaf morphotype.[112][140]
First named as Alnites unaequalateralis (1876)
B. inaequalateralis synonymy
  • Alnites inaequalateralis Lesquereux, 1878
  • Alnus inaequalateralis (Lesquereux) Lesquereux, 1883
  • Comptonia? anomala Knowlton, 1923
  • Planera inaequalateralis (Lesquereux) Knowlton, 1923
  • Planera variabilis Newberry, 1883
[113]

Cannabaceae

Celtis

C. mccoshii Lesquereux, 1883

Lake Gosiute
Lake Unita

2 specimens

A hackberry leaf morphospecies.
Includes Celtis debequensis (1928)[102][113]

Capparaceae

Forchhammerioxylon

F. scleroticum Kruse, 1954

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

A capparaceous wood morphospecies.[123]

Celastraceae

Celastrus

C. winchesteri (Knowlton) MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A staff vine leaf morphospecies.[112]
Moved from Juglans winchesteri (1923)[99][113]
Includes Juglans alkalina (1875 [1876] )[112]

Celastrophyllum

C. emarginatum

Lake Unita

A staff vine relative leaf morphospecies.
MacGinitie (1969) considered the species nomen dubium.[112]

Crassulaceae

Sedum?

S.? hesperium Knowlton, 1923

Lake Uinta

1 specimen

A possible stonecrop leaf morphospecies.[99]
Considered nomen dubium by MacGinitie (1969)[112]

Euphorbiaceae

Heveoxylon

H. microporosum Kruse, 1954

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

An euphorb wood morphospecies.[123]

Fabaceae

Amorpha

A. utensis Cockerell, 1925

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A legume leaf morphospecies.[57][113]

Arcoa

A. lindgreni Herendeen & Herrera, 2019

Fossil Lake

3 specimens

A caesalpinioid legume.[141]

Caesalpinia

C. flumen-viridensis Herendeen & Dilcher, 1991

Lake Gosiute

2 specimens

A Caesalpinia subg. Mezoneuron seed morphospecies.[142]

"C." pecorae R.W. Brown, 1956

Lake Unita

2 specimens

First named as a Caesalpinia leaf morphospecies.
Considered a Detarieae tribe species by Herendeen & Dilcher (1991).[142]

Caesalpinites

C. falcatus MacGinitie, 1969

A Caesalpinia-like leaf morphospecies.[112]

Cercis

C. tenuinervis (Lesquereux) R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Gosiute

1 specimen

A redbud leaf morphospecies.[99][101][113]
Considered nomen dubium by MacGinitie (1969).[112]

Erythrina

E. roanensis MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

A coral tree leaf morphospecies.[112]

Gymnocladus

G. hesperia (R.W. Brown) MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Uinta

A coffeetree leaf morphospecies.[102] Moved from Cassia hesperia (1929)
Includes Chrysobalanus lacustris (1929) & Banisteria bradleyi (1929)[112]

Leguminosites

L. alternans Lesquereux, 1875 [1876]

Rejected

A legume leaf morphospecies.[99]
Rejected due to missing specimens by Knowlton (1923) and Brown (1934)[101][113]

L. lesquereuxiana Knowlton, 1898

Lake Unita

A legume leaf morphospecies.[99]
L. lesquereuxiana synonymy
  • Bumelia coloradensis Cockerell, 1925
  • Dalbergia knowltoni Cockerell, 1925
  • Dalbergia retusa Knowlton, 1923 [non-Hemsl. 1878]
  • Leguminosites cassioides Lesquereux, 1878 [non-Engelhardt, 1870]
  • Sophora coloradensis Knowlton, 1923
[57][113]

L. regularis MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

A legume leaf morphospecies.[112]

Parvileguminophyllum

P. coloradensis (Knowlton) Call & Dilcher, 1994

Lake Uinta

A legume leaf morphospecies.
Moved from Mimosites coloradensis (1923).[143]

P. coloradensis synonymy
  • Podogonium americanum Lesquereux, 1878 (of Brown 1929)
  • Mimosites debequensis R.W. Brown, 1929
  • Mimosites falcatus R.W. Brown, 1929

Swartzia

S. wardelli MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Uinta

A swartzieous leaf morphotype.[112]

Fagaceae Quercus

Q. castaneopsis Lesquereux, 1883

Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

Several fragmentary specimens

An oak morphospecies.
P. cinnamomoides synonymy
  • Quercus castanoides Newberry, 1883
  • Ilex maculata Lesquereux, 1883
  • Ilex? affinis Lesquereux, 1872
[101][113] Considered nomen dubium by MacGinitie (1969).[112]

"Q. cuneatus" MacGinitie, 1969 (non-Wangenh. 1787

Lake Unita

An oak leaf morphospecies.
Name a jr homonym of Quercus cuneata Wangenheim, 1787[112]

Q. drymeja Unger, 1847

Rejected

An oak morphospecies.
[101][113] First described from Europe,
Rejected from flora by MacGinitie (1969).[112]

Q. petros MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

An oak leaf morphospecies.[112]

Q. utensis Cockerell, 1927

Lake Unita

An oak morphospecies.[113] Considered nomen dubium by MacGinitie (1969).[112]

Hamamelidaceae

Distylium

D. eocenica (R.W. Brown) MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A winter-hazel leaf morphotype.
Moved from Betula coloradea (1934)
First named Betula eocenica (1928 non Ettingshausen (1858)[102][101]
Also includes Grewiopsis cissifolius (1929)[112]

Juglandaceae Juglans

J. crossii Knowlton, 1898

Lake Gosiute

1 specimen?

A walnut leaf morphospecies.[99][113]

J. bilinica Unger, 1850

1 specimen

A walnut leaf morphospecies.[99]
Moved from Hicoria juglandiformis (1898)[113]

J. schimperi Lesquereux, 1873

Lake Unita

A walnut leaf morphospecies.
Includes Juglans occidentalis (1883) & Ficus ungeri (1872)[113]

Palaeocarya

Cf.P. clarnensis Manchester, 1987

Lake Gosiute?

A Palaeocarya nut morphospecies similar to Palaeocarya clarnensis.[144]

P. uintaensis (MacGinitie) Manchester, 1987

Lake Unita

A Palaeocarya nut morphospecies.[112][144]

Platycarya

P. castaneopsis (Lesquereux) Wing & Hickey, 1984

Fossil Lake
Lake Uinta

A Platycarya species.
Moved from Quercus castaneopsis (1883)[145]

Pterocarya

P. macginitii Manchester & Dilcher, 1982

Lake Gosiute

A wingnut seed morphospecies.[146]

P. roanensis MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

A wingnut leaf morphospecies.[146][144]

Malvaceae

Hibiscus

H. roanensis R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

An Hibiscus leaf morphospecies.[112]

Ochroma

O. murata R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A balsa tree leaf morphospecies.[112]

Sterculia

S. coloradensis R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A sterculioid leaf morphospecies.[102][112]

Triumfetta

T. ovata MacGinitie, 1969 (non-De Candolle, 1824)

A burbark leaf morphospecies.
Jr homonym of Triumfetta ovata De Candolle, 1824

Meliaceae

Cedrela

C. trainii C.A. Arnold, 1936

Lake Unita

A meliaceous leaf morphospecies.[112]

Moraceae

Welkoetoxylon

W. multiseriatum Boonchai, Manchester & Wheeler

Lake Gosiute (Tipton Shale Member)

1 specimen

A moraceous wood morphogenus.[147]

Myricaceae

Morella scalariformis

M. scalariformis (Kruse), Wheeler & Manchester, 2021

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

A myricaceous wood morphospecies.
First named as Myrica scalariformis (1954)
Moved from Myricoxylon scalariforme (1962)[123]

Myrica

M. salicina Unger, 1850

Rejected

sp missing

Identified as an European Myrica species
Rejected by Knowlton (1923) due to the specimens being missing.[99][113]

Myrtaceae

Syzygioides

S. americana (Lesquereux) Manchester, Dilcher, & Wing, 1998

Lake Unita

Circa 26 specimens

A myrtaceous species.
First described as Eucalyptus americana (1872)
Includes Ficus omballi (1929) & Eugenia americana (1969)[148]

Rhamnaceae

Berchemiopsis

B. paucidentata MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

A rhamnaceous leaf morphotype.[112]

Ptelea

P. cassioides (Lesquereux) MacGinitie, 1969

Rejected

Type specimen leaf from the Florissant Formation
Green River Fruits rejected by Call & Dilcher as not Ptelea.[149]

P. paliuruoides (R.W. Brown) Manchester & O'Leary, 2010

Lake Unita

A rhamnaceous seed morphospecies.[122]
First describe as Carpolithus paliuroides (1934)[101]

Rainbowia

R. rhamnoides Manchester & O'Leary, 2010

Lake Unita

A rhamnaceous seed morphospecies.[122]

Rosaceae

Prunus

P. stewarti MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Gosiute

A cherry leaf morphospecies.
First named Amygdalus gracilis (1883)[99][101][113]
Moved from jr homonym Prunus gracilis (non Engelm. & Gray, 1845)[112]

Rosa

R. hillae Lesquereux, 1885

A rose leaf morphospecies.[112]

Rutaceae

Amyridoxylon

A. ordinatum Kruse, 1954

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

A citrus relative wood morphospecies.[123]

Fagara

F. biseriata Kruse, 1954

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

A citrus relative wood morphospecies.[123]

F. monophylloides Kruse, 1954

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

A citrus relative wood morphospecies.[123]

Salicaceae Populus

P. cinnamomoides (Lesquereux) MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Uinta

Numerous

An Aspen/cottonwood relative.
First described as Ceanothus cinnamomoides (1872)
P. cinnamomoides synonymy
  • Carpites newberryana Knowlton, 1926
  • Cinnamomum scheuchzeri Heer of Lesquereux, 1883
  • Ficus wyomingiana Lesquereux, 1878
  • Ilex wyomingensis Lesquereux, 1878
  • Ilex vyomingensis Lesquereux, 1878
  • Luehea newberryana (Knowlton) MacGinitie, 1974
  • Zizyphus cinnamomoides (Lesquereux) Lesquereux, 1878
  • Zizyphus longifolia Newberry, 1883
[150]

P. wilmattae Cockerell, 1925

Lake Uinta

Numerous

An Aspen/cottonwood relative.[57][150]

P. tidwellii Manchester, Judd, & Handley, 2006

Lake Uinta

Numerous

An Aspen/cottonwood relative.[150]

Pseudosalix

P. handleyi Boucher, Manchester, & Judd, 2003

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

A salicaceous species.[151]
Includes Potentilla? byrami (1925), Antholithes polemonioides (1929) & Antholithes sp.6 (1934)[57]

Salix

S. cockerelli R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

4 Specimens

A willow leaf morphospecies.[101][113]

S. longiacuminata Knowlton ex R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Gosiute

1 specimen

A willow leaf morphospecies.[99][113]
Includes Banksia cockerelli (1929)[102][101][113]

Sapindaceae

Allophylus

A. flexifolia (Lesquereux) MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Gosiute
Lake Uinta

4 Specimens

An Allophylus leaf morphospecies.[112]
First named Euonymus flexifolia (1885)[113]
A. flexifolia synonymy
  • Fraxinus flexifolia (Lesquereux) Brown, 1934
  • Fraxinus petiolata Brown, 1929
  • Odostemon reynoldsii Hollick, 1929
[102][101][113]

Athyana

A. balli (R.W. Brown) MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

A sapindaceous leaf morphotype.
Moved from Rhus balli (1934).[101][112]

"Cardiospermum"

"C." coloradensis (Knowlton) MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Uninta

Numerous

A possible ballon vine leaf morphospecies.
Moved from Lomatia coloradensis (1929)
"C." coloradensis synonymy
  • Lomatia obtusiuscula Cockerell, 1925
  • Melia coloradensis (Knowlton) Cockerell, 1925
  • Phyllites coloradensis Knowlton, 1923
  • Pimelea spatulata Knowlton, 1923
[57]

Koelreuteria

K. allenii (Lesquereux) W.N. Edwards, 1929

Fossil Lake (Fossil Butte Member)
Lake Unita (Parachute Creek Member)

A golden rain tree fruit morphospecies.
Includes Koelreuteria uiridifluminis seeds[152]

Sapindus

S. dentoni Lesquereux, 1876

Lake Unita

A soapberry leaf morphotype.
Includes Salix media (1872) & Myrica torryi (1929)[99][113]

S. obtusifolius Lesquereux, 1874

Lake Unita

A soapberry leaf morphotype.
Includes Salix media (1872) & Myrica torryi (1929)[99][113]

Thouinia

T. eocenica R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

A soap berry leaf morphospecies.[102][112]

Simaroubaceae

Ailanthus

A. lesquereuxii Cockerell, 1927

A tree of heaven fruit morphospecies[113]

Surianaceae

Suriana

S. inordinata Kruse, 1954

Lake Gosiute (Eden Valley)

A surianaceous wood morphospecies.[123]

Tetramelaceae

Parvaspicula

P. lepidioides (Cockerell) Deanna et al.

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

A tetramelaceous fruit morphotype.[153]
The type species is Clethra (?) lepidioides Cockerell (1925)[57][113]
Also includes Antholithes pendula (1929)[153]

Punctaphyllum

P. glandulosa (Brown) Manchester, Judd, & Kodrul, 2023

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

A tetramelaceous leaf morphotype.[153]
The type species is Cucurbita glandulosa (1929)[102][113]
Includes Aleurites glandulosa (1969) & Dendropanax latens (1974)[153]
Also includes the Ficus mississippiensis of Brown (1928)[112]

Ulmaceae

Cedrelospermum

C. nervosum (Newberry) Manchester, 1989

Lake Uinta

Numerous

An ulmaceous species.
First named as Planera nervosa (1883)
C. nervosum synonymy
  • Banksites lineatulus Cockerell, 1925
  • Dalbergia viridiflumensis Knowlton, 1923
  • Lomatia lineatulus (Cockerell) MacGinitie, 1969
  • Myrica praedrymeja Knowlton, 1923
  • Myrica minuta Knowlton, 1923
  • Rhus myricoides (Knowlton) Brown, 1929
  • Salix lineara Knowlton, 1923
  • Zelkova nervosa (Newberry) Brown, 1929
[57][154]

Vitaceae

Cissus

C. parrottiaefolia Lesquereux, 1876

Rejected

3 specimens

A grape relative leaf morphospecies.
Rejected from formation by Knowlton (1923) due to distinctly different matrix.[99][101]

Eudicot palynomorphs

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Ailanthipites

A. berryi Wodehouse, 1933

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

An Ailanthus glandulosa-like soapberry family palynomorph.[115][113]

Alni-pollenites

A. speciipites (Wodehouse) Raatz, 1938

Numerous

An alder-like palynomorph.
first described as Alnus speciipites (1933)[115][113][155]

Betula

B. claripites Wodehouse, 1933

3 specimens

A Betula lenta-like birch palynomorph.[115][113]

Caprifoliipites

C. viridi-fluminis Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A caprifoliaceous-like palynomorph.[115][113]

Carpinus

C. ancipites Wodehouse, 1933

A Carpinus-like palynomorph.[115][113]

Carya

C. juxtaporipites (Wodehouse) LaMotte, 1952

1 specimen

A hickory-like palynomorph.
First described as Hicoria juxtaporipites (1933)[115][113][156]

C. viridi-fluminipitis (Wodehouse) Wilson & Webster, 1944

1 specimen

A Carya myristiciformis-like hickory palynomorph.
First described as Hicoria viridi-fluminipites (1933)[115][113][157]

Ericipites

E. brevisulcatus Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Calluna vulgaris-like heath family palynomorph.[115][113]

E. longisulcatus Wodehouse, 1933

2 specimens

A heath family-like palynomorph.[115][113]

Juglanspollenites

J. nigripites (Wodehouse) Wingate & Nichols, 2001

1 specimen

A walnut-like palynomorph.
First described as Juglans nigripites (1933)[115][113][158]

Momipites

M. corylipites (Wodehouse) D.J. Nichols, 1973

2 specimens

An Engelhardia-like palynomorph.
First described as Engelhardia corylipites (1933).[115][113][159]

M. coryloides Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A Celtis iguanaea-like hackberry palynomorph.[115][113]

Myricipites

M. dubius Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A bayberry-like palynomorph.[115][113]

Myriophyllum

M. ambiguipites Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Myriophyllum spicatum-like watermillfoil family palynomorph.[115][113]

Rhoipites

R. bradleyi Wodehouse, 1933

4 specimens

A Rhus typhina-like cashew family palynomorph.[115][113]

Salix

S. discoloripites Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A Salix discolor and S. fragilis-like willow palynomorph.[115][113]

Talisiipites

T. fischeri Wodehouse, 1933

Numerous

A Talisia depressa-like soapberry family palynomorph.[115][113]

Tilia

T. crassipites Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Tilia americana-like linden palynomorph.[115][113]

T. tetraforaminipites Wodehouse, 1933

3 specimens

A Tilia americana-like linden palynomorph.[115][113]

T. vescipites Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimens

A Tilia americana-like linden palynomorph.[115][113]

Vitipites

V. dubius Wodehouse, 1933

1 specimen

A Vitis vinifera-like grape family palynomorph.[115][113]

Angiosperms of uncertain affiliation

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image

Achaenites

A. cichorioides Knowlton, 1923

A achene like structure of unidentified affiliation.[99][112]

Antholithes

A. dubia R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

An 8-lobed/petaled flower of unidentified affiliation.[99]

A. improbus Lesquereux, 1883

2 specimens

A flowering structure of unidentified affiliation.[99]

A. vitaciflora R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A cluster of possible vitaceous flowers-fruits.[102]

A. winchesteri (Knowlton) MacGinitie, 1969

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A flowering structure of unidentified affiliation.[112]
First described as Sambucus? winchesteri (1923)[99]

A. sp 1 R.W. Brown, 1934

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

A possibly cruciferous or orrograceous flower of unidentified affiliation.[101]

A. sp 2 R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A flower with many stamens of unidentified affiliation.[101]

A. sp 3 R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A malvaceous looking flower of unidentified affiliation.[101]

A. sp 4 R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A flower with a superior ovary surrounded by the five-toothed calyx.[101]

A. sp 5 R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A flower with tubular receptacle surmounted by a four-parted calyx.[101]

A. sp 7 R.W. Brown, 1934

Fossil Lake

1 specimen

A large flower or a badly distorted leaf of a Nelumbo?[101]

Bonanzacarpum

B. sprungerorum Manchester & Lott, 2019

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

Numerous

A eudicot fruit of uncertain phylogenetic placement.[160]

Carpites

C. inquirenda Knowlton, 1923

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A nutlet or fruit of unidentified affiliation.[99]

C. newberryanus Knowlton, 1923

3 specimens

A nutlet of unidentified affiliation.
First described as Juglans occidentalis nuts (1898).
First spelled Carpites newberryana[99]

C. viburni Lesquereux, 1878

1 specimen

A seed or nutlet of unidentified affiliation.[99]
Includes Carpolithes capsularis (1929)[113]

Carpolithus

C. alabaccus R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A winged or membranous fruit of unidentified affiliation.[101]

C. caryophylloides Knowlton, 1923

Lake Unita

A dry capsular fruit of unidentified affiliation.[99]

C. cassioides R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

2 specimens?

A legume like pod of unidentified affiliation.[102][101]

C. insectoides R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A winged fruit of unidentified affiliation.[101]

C. palrnites R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A palm fruit or husk like fossil of unidentified affiliation.[102]

C. prunoides R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A flattened fruit of unidentified affiliation.[102]
First named Carpolithus ellipticus Brown, 1929 (non-Sternberg, 1825)[101]

C. serratifolius R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

Branchlet with leaves and fruits of possible salicaceous affinity.[102][151]

C. vitaceus R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A possibly vitaceous seed of unidentified affiliation.[101]

Caulinites

C. acanthus R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A thorny stem of unidentified affiliation.[102]

C. prehensus R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A climbing plant tendril of unidentified affiliation.[102]

Chaneya

C. tenuis (Lesquereux) Wang & Manchester, 2000

Lake Gosiute
Lake Unita

A sapindalean flower of uncertain affiliations.
Includes Astronium truncatum (1953).[161]

Dicotylophyllum

D. lesquereuxii (Knowlton) J.A. Wolfe & Tanai, 1987

1 specimen

A leaf of uncertain affiliation.
First described as Acer indivisum Lesquereux, 1885 (non-Weber, 1852)
Moved from Acer lesquereuxii Knowlton, 1898[162]

Palibinia

P. comptonifolia (Brown) Manchester, Judd, & Kodrul, 2023

Lake Uinta (Parachute Creek Member)

A pentapetalean eudicot of uncertain affiliation.[163]
Moved from Vauquelinia comptonifolia (1969)
Originally named Banksia comptonifolia (1934)

Phyllites

P. ericoides R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A thick leaf of unidentified affiliation.[101]

P. fremonti Unger, 1850

Rejected

1 specimen

A leaf of unidentified affiliation.[99]
R.W. Brown (1934) rejected due to doubtful locality and lost specimen.[101]

P. glandiferus R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

An odd-pinnately compound leaf of possible fabaceous affinity.[101]

P. juncoides R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A leaf of unidentified affiliation.[102]

P. ouratea R.W. Brown, 1934

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A possibly herbaceous leaf of unidentified affinity.[101]

P. winchesteri Knowlton, 1923

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A leaf of unidentified affiliation.[99]

Plants of uncertain affiliation

[edit]
Genus Species Member Abundance Notes Image
Rhizocaulon

R. dichotomum R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A root of unidentified affiliation.
Has a distinct branched fork.[102]

R. natans R.W. Brown, 1929

Lake Unita

1 specimen

A rootlet of unidentified affiliation.
small with Trapa natans-like rhizoids.[102]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Grande, L. (2013). The lost world of fossil lake: snapshots from deep time. University of Chicago Press; Illustrated edition. ISBN 9780226922966.
  3. ^ a b c Grande, Lance (2001), Gunnell, Gregg F. (ed.), "An Updated Review of the Fish Faunas From the Green River Formation, the World's Most Productive Freshwater Lagerstätten", Eocene Biodiversity: Unusual Occurrences and Rarely Sampled Habitats, Topics in Geobiology, vol. 18, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 1–38, doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1271-4_1, ISBN 978-1-4615-1271-4
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  15. ^ Conrad, J.L.; Head, J.J.; Carrano, M.T. (2014). "Unusual soft-tissue preservation of a crocodile lizard (Squamata, Shinisauria) from the Green River Formation (Eocene) and shinisaur relationships". The Anatomical Record. 297 (3): 545–559. doi:10.1002/ar.22868. PMID 24482393.
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  128. ^ Chaney, R.W. (1944). "A fossil cactus from the Eocene of Utah". American Journal of Botany. 31 (8): 507–528. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1944.tb08065.x. JSTOR 2437414.
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  130. ^ Becker, H. F. (1962). "Reassignment of Eopuntia to Cyperacites". Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 89 (5): 319–330. doi:10.2307/2482937. JSTOR 2482937.
  131. ^ Herrera, F.; Manchester, S. R. (2024). "Earliest Dioscorea fruits (Dioscoreaceae) from North America". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 185 (5): 474–481. doi:10.1086/729607. S2CID 267284371.
  132. ^ Herendeen, P.S.; Les, D.H.; Dilcher, D.L. (1990). "Fossil Ceratophyllum (Ceratophyllaceae) from the Tertiary of North America". American Journal of Botany. 77 (1): 7–16. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1990.tb13522.x.
  133. ^ Arnold, C.A. (1936). "Some fossil species of Mahonia from the Tertiary of Eastern and Southeastern Oregon". Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan. 5 (4): 63.
  134. ^ Han, M.; Manchester, S.; Fu, Q.-Y.; Jin, J.-H.; Quan, C. (2018). "Paleogene fossil fruits of Stephania (Menispermaceae) from North America and East Asia". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 56 (2): 81–91. doi:10.1111/jse.12288. S2CID 90749898.
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  137. ^ Alexander B. Doweld (2017). "Allopanax and Boreopanax, New Names of Fossil Araliales". Annales Botanici Fennici. 54 (4–6): 263–266. doi:10.5735/085.054.0608. S2CID 90295525.
  138. ^ Lott, T.A.; Manchester, S.R.; Dilcher, D.L. (1998). "A unique and complete polemoniaceous plant from the middle Eocene of Utah, USA". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 104 (1): 39–49. Bibcode:1998RPaPa.104...39L. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(98)00048-7.
  139. ^ Deanna, R.; Martínez, C.; Manchester, S.; Wilf, P.; Campos, A.; Knapp, S.; Chiarini, F. E.; Barboza, G. E.; Bernardello, G.; Sauquet, H.; Dean, E.; Orejuela, A.; Smith, S. D. (2023). "Fossil berries reveal global radiation of the nightshade family by the early Cenozoic". New Phytologist. 238 (6): 2685–2697. Bibcode:2023NewPh.238.2685D. doi:10.1111/nph.18904. PMID 36960534. S2CID 257715632.
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  141. ^ Herendeen, P.S.; Herrera, F. (2019). "Eocene fossil legume leaves referable to the extant genus Arcoa (Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 180 (3): 220–231. doi:10.1086/701468. S2CID 92041312.
  142. ^ a b Herendeen, P. S.; Dilcher, D. L. (1991). "Caesalpinia subgenus Mezoneuron (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae) from the Tertiary of North America". American Journal of Botany. 78 (1): 1–12. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1991.tb12566.x. JSTOR 2445223.
  143. ^ Call, V.B.; Dilcher, D.L. (1994). "Parvileguminophyllum coloradensis, a new combination for Mimosites coloradensis Knowlton, Green River Formation of Utah and Colorado". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 80 (3–4): 306. Bibcode:1994RPaPa..80..305C. doi:10.1016/0034-6667(94)90007-8.
  144. ^ a b c Manchester, S. (1987). "Fossil History of the Juglandaceae". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 21: 1–137.
  145. ^ Wing, S. L.; Hickey, L. J. (1984). "The Platycarya perplex and the evolution of the Juglandaceae". American Journal of Botany. 71 (3): 388–411. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1984.tb12525.x.
  146. ^ a b Manchester, S.R.; Dilcher, D.L. (1982). "Pterocaryoid fruits (Juglandaceae) in the Paleogene of North America and their evolutionary and biogeographic significance". American Journal of Botany. 69 (2): 275–286. doi:10.2307/2443015. JSTOR 2443015.
  147. ^ Nareerat Boonchai; Steven R. Manchester; Elisabeth A. Wheeler (2015). "Welkoetoxylon multiseriatum: fossil moraceous wood from the Eocene Green River Formation, Wyoming, U.S.A.". IAWA Journal. 36 (2): 158–166. doi:10.1163/22941932-00000093.
  148. ^ Manchester, S.R.; Dilcher, D.L.; Wing, S.L. (1998). "Attached leaves and fruits of myrtaceous affinity from the Middle Eocene of Colorado". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology. 102 (3–4): 153–163. Bibcode:1998RPaPa.102..153M. doi:10.1016/S0034-6667(98)80002-X.
  149. ^ Call, V.B.; Dilcher, D.L. (1995). "Fossil Ptelea samaras (Rutaceae) in North America". American Journal of Botany. 82 (8): 1069–1073. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb11572.x.
  150. ^ a b c Manchester, S.R.; Judd, W.S.; Handley, B. (2006). "Foliage and fruits of early poplars (Salicaceae: Populus) from the Eocene of Utah, Colorado, and Wyoming". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 167 (4): 897–908. doi:10.1086/503918.
  151. ^ a b Boucher, L.D.; Manchester, S.R.; Judd, W.S. (2003). "An extinct genus of Salicaceae based on twigs with attached flowers, fruits, and foliage from the Eocene Green River Formation of Utah and Colorado, USA". American Journal of Botany. 90 (9): 1389–1399. doi:10.3732/ajb.90.9.1389. PMID 21659238.
  152. ^ Wang, Q.; Manchester, S. R.; Gregor, H. J.; Shen, S.; Li, Z. Y. (2013). "Fruits of Koelreuteria (Sapindaceae) from the Cenozoic throughout the northern hemisphere: their ecological, evolutionary, and biogeographic implications". American Journal of Botany. 100 (2): 422–449. doi:10.3732/ajb.1200415. PMID 23360930.
  153. ^ a b c d Correa Narvaez, J. E.; Allen, S. E.; Huegele, I. B.; Manchester, S. R. (2023). "Fossil leaves and fruits of Tetramelaceae (Curcurbitales) from the Eocene of the Rocky Mountain region, USA, and their biogeographic significance". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 184 (3): 177–200. doi:10.1086/724018. S2CID 256185427.
  154. ^ Manchester, S.R. (1989). "Attached reproductive and vegetative remains of the extinct American-European genus Cedrelospermum (Ulmaceae) from the Early Tertiary of Utah and Colorado". American Journal of Botany. 76 (2): 256–276. doi:10.1002/j.1537-2197.1989.tb11309.x.
  155. ^ "Alni-pollenites speciipites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  156. ^ "Carya juxtaporipites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  157. ^ "Carya viridi-fluminipitis". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  158. ^ "Juglanspollenites nigripites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  159. ^ "Momipites corylipites". IFPNI. Retrieved October 2, 2024.
  160. ^ Steven Manchester; Terry A. Lott (2019). "Bonanzacarpum sprungerorum sp. nov. – a bizarre fruit from the Eocene Green River Formation in Utah, USA" (PDF). Fossil Imprint. 75 (2): 281–288. doi:10.2478/if-2019-0016. S2CID 209378482.
  161. ^ Wang, Y.; Manchester, S. R. (2000). "Chaneya, a new genus of winged fruit from the Tertiary of North America and eastern Asia". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 161 (1): 167–178. doi:10.1086/314227. PMID 10648207. S2CID 45052368.
  162. ^ Wolfe, J.A.; Tanai, T. (1987). "Systematics, Phylogeny, and Distribution of Acer (maples) in the Cenozoic of Western North America". Journal of the Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University. Series 4, Geology and Mineralogy. 22 (1): 1–246.
  163. ^ Manchester, S. R.; Judd, W. S.; Kodrul, T. (2023). "First recognition of the extinct eudicot genus Palibinia in North America: Leaves and fruits of Palibinia comptonifolia (R.W.Br.) comb. nov. from the Eocene of Utah and Colorado, USA". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 62: 149–163. doi:10.1111/jse.13011.