North Carolina Line
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The North Carolina Line refers to North Carolina units within the Continental Army. The term "North Carolina Line" referred to the quota of infantry regiments assigned to North Carolina at various times by the Continental Congress. These, together with similar contingents from the other twelve states, formed the Continental Line. The concept was particularly important in relation to the promotion of commissioned officers. Officers of the Continental Army below the rank of brigadier general were ordinarily ineligible for promotion except in the line of their own state.
History
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- On June 26, 1775, less than ten weeks after the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the Continental Congress voted to support 1,000 Continental troops in North Carolina. This force was organized in September of that year as two regiments of 500 men each. Not all Continental infantry regiments raised in a state were part of a state quota, however. On December 27, 1776, the Continental Congress gave Washington temporary control over certain military decisions that the Congress ordinarily regarded as its own prerogative. These "dictatorial powers" included the authority to raise sixteen additional Continental infantry regiments at large.[1]
- On November 28, 1775 the Continental Congress ordered both North Carolina and South Carolina to provide sufficient numbers of men to help the Continental Army, to be paid by the Continental Congress and not the states. Both states rose to the occasion and North Carolina provided the regiments identified above over a period of two years. These regiments fought in both theaters of the American Revolution, the Northern Department and the Southern Department.[2][3]
- On March 7, 1777, the Continental Congress approved placing three companies of North Carolina Light Dragoons onto the Continental Line, not to be assigned to any existing regiment. On July 10, 1777, the Continental Congress approved placing the two companies of NC Artillery onto the Continental Line.
- On June 17, 1777, the Continental Congress accepted the offer of North Carolina to furnish another regiment for the Continental Army. This regiment, under the command of Colonel Abraham Sheppard, was unofficially designated the "10th North Carolina Regiment."[3]
Regiments
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The North Carolina Contintental units included the following (original commander and date established are indicated):[3]
- 1st North Carolina Regiment, (Colonel James Moore) 1775
- 2nd North Carolina Regiment, (Colonel Robert Howe) 1775
- 3rd North Carolina Regiment, (Colonel Jethro Sumner) 1776
- 4th North Carolina Regiment, (Colonel Thomas Polk) 1776
- 5th North Carolina Regiment, (Colonel Edward Buncombe 1776
- 6th North Carolina Regiment, (Colonel John Alexander Lillington) 1776
- 7th North Carolina Regiment, (Colonel James Hogun) 1776
- 8th North Carolina Regiment, (Colonel James Armstrong) 1776
- 9th North Carolina Regiment, (Colonel John Williams) 1776
- 10th North Carolina Regiment, (Colonel Abraham Sheppard) 1777
The North Carolina Regiments were for a time organized into a 1st, 2nd and 3rd Battalions (sometimes referred to as Brigades) early in the war and then consolidated as a North Carolina Battalion before October 1777.
- The 1st Battalion consisted of the 4th, 5th, and 6th Regiments and was under Brigadier General James Moore on April 10, 1776. He reported to Major General John Armstrong of the Southern Department.[4]
- The 1st Brigade was commanded by Brigadier General James Hogun on January 9, 1779 and consisted of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd regiments, and two companies of North Carolina Artillery. It was headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.[5]
- The 1st Brigade was part of Major General Benjamin Lincoln's surrender of Patriot forces at Charleston on May 12, 1780. General James Hogun was taken prisoner and imprisoned with his troops at Haddrell's Point, South Carolina.[5]
- The 2nd Brigade was commanded by Brigadier General James Moore in 1776.[4]
- The 2nd Brigade was commanded by Brigadier Jethro Sumner on January 9, 1779[6]
- The North Carolina Brigade was commanded by Brigadier General Francis Nash on October 4, 1777 in the Philadelphia Campaign at the Battle of Germantown, where he was mortally wounded. (Note: The term North Carolina Line may refer to this North Carolina Battalion.)[3][7][8][9]
- The North Carolina Brigade was commanded by Brigadier General Jethro Sumner on September 8, 1781 at the Battle of Eutaw Springs[6]
Dragoons
[edit]The Corps of North Carolina Light Dragoons consisted of four companies: 1st Company (Captain Samuel Ashe, Jr.), 2nd Company (Captain Martin Phifer), 3rd Company (Captain Cosmo Medici); 1777; 4th Company (Captain John Brown), 1778.[10]
Artillery
[edit]On May 9, 1776, the North Carolina General Assembly authorized the creation of one company of artillery, the 1st North Carolina Company of artillery, headed by Captain John Vance. Captain Vance resigned in November 1777 and he was replaced by Captain John Kingsbury on November 16, 1777. A second company, the 2nd North Carolina Company of Artillery was authorized by the North Carolina General Assembly on January 7, 1777 and was headed by Captain Thomas Clark. The 2nd company was disbanded in June 1779. While both companies were originally part of the North Carolina State troops, both companies were place under the Continental Line on July 10, 1777.[11]
Quartermaster General
[edit]On May 7, 1776, the Deputy Quarter Master General's Department was created for the Southern Department and Colonel Nicholas Long, former commander of the Halifax District Minutemen, was selected to head the department. Camp Quankey, near the town of Halifax, North Carolina was established as a depot and it remained until the end of the war with Colonel Long as commander.[12][13]
Engagements
[edit]The regiments of the North Carolina Line are known to have been involved in 36 engagements from December 1775 to August 1782.[3]
| Order | Date | Known Battles / Skirmishes | State/Province | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | December 22, 1775 | Battle of Great Cane Brake | SC | x | x | ||||||||
| 2 | December 23–30, 1775 | Snow Campaign | SC | x | x | x | |||||||
| 3 | January 1, 1776 | Burning of Norfolk | VA | x | |||||||||
| 4 | February 27, 1776 | Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge | NC | x | x | ||||||||
| 5 | March 8–12, 1776 | Fort Johnston #4 | NC | x | |||||||||
| 6 | April 6, 1776 | Brunswick Town #1 | NC | x | x | ||||||||
| 7 | May 1–3, 1776 | Fort Johnston #5 | NC | x | |||||||||
| 8 | May 11, 1776 | Orton Mill & Kendal Plantation | NC | x | |||||||||
| 9 | June 28, 1776 | Breach Inlet Naval Battle | SC | x | |||||||||
| 10 | June 28, 1776 | Fort Moultrie #1 | SC | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| 11 | September 1, 1776 | Florida Expedition | FL | x | x | x | |||||||
| 12 | September 6, 1776 | Fort George/Bald Head Island | NC | x | |||||||||
| 13 | September 11, 1777 | Battle of Brandywine | PA | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| 14 | October 4, 1777 | Battle of Germantown | PA | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x | x |
| 15 | June 28, 1778 | Battle of Monmouth | NJ | x | x | x | |||||||
| 16 | March 3, 1779 | Battle of Brier Creek | GA | x | x | x | |||||||
| 17 | May 16, 1779 | Near West Point (NY) | NY | x | x | ||||||||
| 18 | May 31, 1779 | Fort Lafayette | NY | x | |||||||||
| 19 | June 20, 1779 | Battle of Stono Ferry | SC | x | x | ||||||||
| 20 | July 15, 1779 | Battle of Stony Point | NY | x | x | ||||||||
| 21 | September 16, 1779 – October 18, 1779 | Siege of Savannah | GA | x | x | ||||||||
| 22 | December 9, 1779 | Battle of Great Bridge | VA | x | |||||||||
| 23 | March 28 to May 12, 1780 | Siege of Charleston 1780 | SC | x | x | x | |||||||
| 24 | April 14, 1780 | Battle of Monck's Corner #1 | SC | x | |||||||||
| 25 | May 6, 1780 | Battle of Lenud's Ferry | SC | x | |||||||||
| 26 | May 7, 1780 | Fort Moultrie #2 | SC | x | x | ||||||||
| 27 | August 11, 1780 | Little Lynches Creek (1 unit) | SC | x | |||||||||
| 28 | August 16, 1780 | Battle of Camden | SC | x | |||||||||
| 29 | March 15, 1781 | Battle of Guilford Court House | NC | x | x | x | |||||||
| 30 | April 25, 1781 | Battle of Hobkirk's Hill | SC | x | x | ||||||||
| 31 | May 12, 1781 | Siege of Fort Motte | SC | x | |||||||||
| 32 | May 21 to June 19, 1781 | Siege of Ninety-Six 1781 | SC | x | |||||||||
| 33 | May 24 to June 1, 1781 | Siege of Augusta | GA | x | |||||||||
| 34 | September 8, 1781 | Battle of Eutaw Springs | SC | x | x | x | x | ||||||
| 35 | September 12, 1781 | Battle of Lindley's Mill (Hillsborough) | NC | x | |||||||||
| 36 | August 25, 1782 | Battle of the Combahee River | SC | x |
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ Wright, Continental Army, 71-72.
- ^ Wright, Continental Army, Chapter 4, page 71
- ^ a b c d e Lewis, J.D., The American Revolution in North Carolina, North Carolina Continental Line, accessed Jan 30, 2019
- ^ a b Lewis, J.D. "James Moore". The American Revolution in North Carolina. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
- ^ a b Lewis, J.D. "James Hogun". The American Revolution in North Carolina. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
- ^ a b Lewis, J.D. "Jethro Sumner". The American Revolution in North Carolina. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
- ^ Wright, Robert K. (1983). "The Continental Army". Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History.
- ^ Rankin, Hugh F. (1971). The North Carolina Continentals (2005 ed.). Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1154-2.
- ^ Lewis, J.D. "Francis Nash". The American Revolution in North Carolina. Retrieved May 5, 2019.
- ^ Lewis, J.D. "The Continental Army in North Carolina". carolana.com. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
- ^ Lewis, J.D. "North Carolina Artillery". The American Revolution in North Carolina. Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ Lewis, J.D. "Continental Army in North Carolina". Retrieved April 4, 2019.
- ^ Malone, E. T. Malone Jr. (1991). "Nicholas Long". NCPedia. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
Bibliography
[edit]- Journals of the Continental Congress. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. On-Line at the Library of Congress
- Roster of Soldiers from North Carolina in the American Revolution. Daughters of the American Revolution. 1932. ISBN 9780806300917., contains Pierce's Register, Heitman's Register, and Rosters of the Continental Line; ISBN 0-8063-0091-4
- Davis, Charles L. (1896). A Brief History of the North Carolina Troops on the Continental Establishment in the War of Revolution with a Register of Officers of the Same, Sketch of the North Carolina Society of Cincinnati (PDF).
- Berg, Fred Anderson, Encyclopedia of Continental Army Units: Battalions, Regiments, and Independent Corps. Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books, 1972.
- Fitzpatrick, John C. Editor. The Writings of George Washington from the Original Manuscript Sources. Available University of Virginia Virginia website.
- Heitman, Francis B. Historical Register of Officers of the Continental Army During the War of the Revolution, April 1775 to December 1783. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1967 (Originally published, 1914).
- Lesser, Charles H. Editor. The Sinews of Independence: Monthly Strength Reports of the Continental Army. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1976.
- Wright, Robert K. The Continental Army. Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, 1983. Available online.
- United States Army Center of Military History. "Bibliography of the Continental Army in North Carolina". Archived from the original on June 8, 2010. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
- North Carolina in the American Revolution (PDF). An Exhibition of the Society of Cincinnati. 2006.