Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889

Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889
Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889
Type	Heavy mortar; Coastal artillery; Siege artillery
Place of origin	France
Service history
Used by	France; Germany
Wars	World War I; World War II
Production history
Designer	Charles Ragon de Bange
Designed	1889
Produced	1889
No. built	86?
Variants	Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1885
Specifications
Mass	26.5 t (26 long tons)
Barrel length	3.35 m (11 ft) L/12
Shell	Separate loading bagged charges and projectiles
Shell weight	180–230 kg (400–510 lb)
Caliber	270 mm (11 in)
Breech	de Bange
Recoil	Hydraulic recoil mechanism
Carriage	Vavasseur mounting
Elevation	-7° to +60°
Traverse	300°
Rate of fire	1 shot every three minutes
Muzzle velocity	420 m/s (1,400 ft/s)
Maximum firing range	10.4 km (6.5 mi)

The Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889 sur affût G was a heavy mortar originally employed as coastal artillery and later converted to the siege artillery role. Mle 1889 mortars were used in both the First World War and Second World Wars.

History

The Mortier de 270 mm G mle 1885 was one of a series of heavy artillery pieces designed by Colonel Charles Ragon de Bange. On 11 May 1874 three de Bange heavy cannons (120 mm, 155 mm, 240 mm) and two mortars (220 mm, 270 mm) were ordered by the French Army.

The mle 1889 was advanced for its time due to being built completely of steel instead of a steel liner and cast iron reinforcing hoops of the previous Canon de 240 mm C mle 1870-87. The mle 1889 was derived from the earlier Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1885 siege mortar and adapted to the coastal artillery role by fitting the same barrel to a different carriage.^[1]

Variants

Coastal Artillery

In the coastal artillery role, the mle 1889 was intended to pierce the thin decks of armored warships with high angle plunging fire, rather than piercing their armored belt. The mle 1889 was mounted on a Vavasseur mount which consisted of a large diameter geared steel ring set into a concrete slab behind a parapet. The Vavasseur mounts allowed high angles of elevation with 300° of traverse. The mount was traversed by a worm gear which attached to the base. The mle 1889 was breech loaded with a de Bange obturator, and separate loading bagged charges and projectiles.^[1]

The recoil system for the mle 1889 consisted of a U-shaped gun cradle which held the trunnioned barrel and a slightly inclined firing platform with hydraulic buffers. When the gun fired the hydraulic buffer slowed the recoil of the cradle which slid up a set of inclined rails on the firing platform and then returned to position by the combined action of the buffers and gravity. At the outbreak of the First World War, it is estimated there were 86 mle 1889's deployed in coastal fortifications. During the Second World War 24 guns were still in reserve. The German Army used these as coastal artillery under the name 27 cm Küstenmörser 585 (f).^[1]

Siege Artillery

Although the majority of combatants had heavy field artillery prior to the outbreak of the First World War, none had adequate numbers of heavy guns in service, nor had they foreseen the growing importance of heavy artillery once the Western Front stagnated and trench warfare set in. Two sources of heavy artillery suitable for conversion to field use were coastal fortifications and surplus naval guns. Suitable field and rail carriages were built for these guns in an effort to give their forces the heavy field artillery needed to overcome trenches and hardened concrete fortifications.^[2]

Although an older design the need for heavy artillery on the Western Front was so pressing that 86 mortars were converted to field use as siege mortars between 1915 and 1917. The conversion consisted of the steel firing platform of the coastal gun being placed on top of a platform made from wooden beams in the field.^[3] The mle 1889 could be broken down into three loads for rail transport. Once at a rail station behind the front the mortars could be transferred to 600 mm (1 ft 11+5⁄8 in) narrow gauge rail wagons for the final leg to their firing positions.^[4] These narrow gauge tracks were also used to re-position the mortars and bring up their ammunition and supplies. Once the firing platform had been assembled the mortar could be assembled in two hours by cranes and block & tackle.^[3]

Photo Gallery

Stereo view of a mle 1889 being transported to the front.
Stereo view of a mle 1889 in a heavily camouflaged position.
Mle 1889's at a reserve depot captured by the Germans.

Weapons of comparable performance and era

28 cm howitzer L/10 - A similar Japanese howitzer
28 cm Haubitze L/12 - A similar German howitzer
24 cm Mörser M 98 - A similar Austro-Hungarian mortar

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Mortier de 270 modèle 1884 - Grande Guerre". www.fortiffsere.fr. Retrieved 2018-06-24.
^ Hogg, Ian (2004). Allied artillery of World War One. Ramsbury: Crowood. pp. 129–134. ISBN 1861267126. OCLC 56655115.
^ ^a ^b "Matériel de 270 mm de côte (mortier G) - WO1Wiki". www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.eu (in Dutch). Retrieved 2018-06-24.
^ "La voie de 60 système Pechot-Decauville - FortiffSéré". www.fortiffsere.fr. Retrieved 2018-06-24.

[:2-1] "Mortier de 270 modèle 1884 - Grande Guerre". www.fortiffsere.fr. Retrieved 2018-06-24.

[:3-2] Hogg, Ian (2004). Allied artillery of World War One. Ramsbury: Crowood. pp. 129–134. ISBN 1861267126. OCLC 56655115.

[:0-3] "Matériel de 270 mm de côte (mortier G) - WO1Wiki". www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.eu (in Dutch). Retrieved 2018-06-24.

[4] "La voie de 60 système Pechot-Decauville - FortiffSéré". www.fortiffsere.fr. Retrieved 2018-06-24.

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v t e French artillery of World War I
Anti-aircraft guns	Canon de 75 antiaérien mle 1913-1917
Coastal artillery	Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891 Canon de 19 C modèle 1870/93 Canon de 19 C modèle 1875 Canon de 24 C modèle 1876 Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889
Field artillery	Canon de 75 modèle 1897 Canon de 75 modèle 1912 Schneider Canon de 75 modèle 1914 Schneider De Bange 90 mm cannon Obusier de 120 mm C modèle 1890 Obusier de 120 mm mle 15TR
Infantry guns	Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP
Medium and heavy artillery	Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider Canon de 155 court modèle 1904 Rimailho Canon de 120 mm modèle 1878 Canon de 145 L modele 1916 Saint-Chamond Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1881 Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1890 Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider Canon de 155 C modèle 1915 St. Chamond Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider Canon de 155 L Modele 1917 Schneider Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 Schneider Canon de 155 mm GPF De Bange 155 mm cannon Canon de 220 L mle 1917 Mortier de 220 modèle 1915/1916 Schneider
Mortars	Cellerier Mortar Mortier de 58 T N°1 Mortier de 58 T N°1 bis Mortier de 58 mm type 2 Mortier de 75 modèle 1915 Schneider Mortier de 150 mm T Mle 1917 Fabry Mortier de 240 mm Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1885 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889
Mountain artillery	Canon de 65 M modele 1906 75 mm Schneider-Danglis 06/09 Canon Court de 105 M modele 1909 Schneider
Railway artillery	Canon de 120 L mle 1878 sur affût-truc Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 Canon de 140 sur affut-truc mle 1884 Obusier de 155 C mle 1881 sur affût-truc Peigné-Canet-Schneider mle 1897 Materiel de 155 sur affut-truc Schneider Canon de 164 modèle 1893/96 TAZ Canon de 19 C modèle 1875 Canon de 19 modèle 1870/93 TAZ Obusier de 200 "Pérou" sur affût-truck TAZ Schneider 24 cm Canon G modèle 1916 Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 Canon de 240 modèle 93/96 TAZ Canon de 274 modèle 93/96 Berceau Canon de 274 modèle 87/93 Glissement Canon de 305 modèle 93/96 TAZ Canon de 305 modèle 1893/96 à berceau Canon de 305 modèle 1893/96 à glissement Canon de 32 modèle 1870/81 à glissement Canon de 32 modèle 1870/84 à glissement Canon de 32 modèle 1870/93 à glissement Canon de 340 modèle 1893 à glissement Canon de 340 modèle 1912 à berceau Canon de 340 modèle 1912 à glissement Obusier de 370 modèle 1915 à berceau Canon de 370 modèle 75/79 Glissement Obusier de 400 Modèle 1915/1916 Obusier de 520 modèle 1916
Siege artillery	Obusier de 120 mm C modèle 1890 Canon de 120 mm modèle 1878 Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1881 Obusier de 155 mm C modèle 1890 Mortier de 220 mm modèle 1880 Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 Canon de 240 TR Mle 1903 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1885 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889 Mortier de 280 modèle 1914 Schneider Mortier de 293 Danois sur affut-truck modèle 1914 Mortier de 370 modèle 1914 Filloux
Self propelled artillery	Canon de 194 GPF Canon de 220mm L Mle1917 Schneider (FAHM) Mortier 280 mm TR de Schneider sur affût-chenilles St Chamond
Armoured vehicle guns	Puteaux 37 mm SA 18 Canon de 75 modèle 1897

v t e French artillery of World War II
Anti-aircraft guns	Mitrailleuse de 25 mm CA mle 39 Canon de 75 antiaérien mle 1913-1917 Canon de 75 CA modèle 1940 Schneider
Anti-tank guns	25 mm Hotchkiss anti-tank gun 25 mm APX modèle 1937 AC 37 anti-tank gun AC 47 anti-tank gun 47 mm APX anti-tank gun
Coastal artillery	Canon de 100 mm Modèle 1891 Canon de 19 C modèle 1870/93 Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 Mortier de 270 mm modèle 1889
Field artillery	Canon de 75 modèle 1897
Infantry guns	Canon d'Infanterie de 37 modèle 1916 TRP
Medium and Heavy artillery	Canon de 105 court mle 1934 Schneider Canon de 105 court mle 1935 B Canon de 105 L mle 1936 Schneider Canon de 105 mle 1913 Schneider Canon de 145/155 L modele 1916 Saint-Chamond Canon de 155 C modèle 1917 Schneider Canon de 155 L modèle 1877/14 Schneider Canon de 155 L Modele 1917 Schneider Canon de 155 L modèle 1918 Schneider Canon de 155mm GPF Canon de 194 GPF Canon de 220 L mle 1917 Mortier de 220 modèle 1915/1916 Schneider Mortier 280 mm TR de Schneider-St Chamond
Mortars	Mortier de 150 mm T Mle 1917 Fabry
Mountain artillery	Canon de 65 M modele 1906 Canon de 75 M modele 1919 Schneider Canon de 75 M modele 1928 Canon Court de 105 M modele 1909 Schneider Canon Court de 105 M modèle 1919 Schneider
Railroad artillery	Canon de 164 modèle 1893/96 TAZ Canon de 19 modèle 1870/93 TAZ Canon de 240 modèle 93/96 TAZ Canon de 305 modèle 1906/10 à glissement Canon de 32 modèle 1870/84 à glissement Canon de 32 modèle 1870/93 à glissement Canon de 320 modèle 1917 à glissement Canon de 340 modèle 1893 à glissement Canon de 340 modèle 1912 à berceau Canon de 340 modèle 1912 à glissement Obusier de 370 modèle 1915 Canon de 370 modèle 75/79 Glissement Obusier de 400 Modèle 1915/1916 Obusier de 520 modèle 1916
Siege artillery	Canon de 240 L Mle 1884 Mortier de 280 modèle 1914 Schneider Mortier de 293 Danois sur affut-truck modèle 1914 Mortier de 370 modèle 1914 Filloux
Tank guns	37 mm SA 18 37 mm SA mle 1938 47mm SA mle 1935 75 mm ABS mle 1929