Location–scale family

In probability theory, especially in mathematical statistics, a location–scale family is a family of probability distributions parametrized by a location parameter and a non-negative scale parameter. For any random variable $X$ whose probability distribution function belongs to such a family, the distribution function of $Y{\stackrel {d}{=}}a+bX$ also belongs to the family (where ${\stackrel {d}{=}}$ means "equal in distribution"—that is, "has the same distribution as").

In other words, a class $\Omega$ of probability distributions is a location–scale family if for all cumulative distribution functions $F\in \Omega$ and any real numbers $a\in \mathbb {R}$ and $b>0$, the distribution function $G(x)=F(a+bx)$ is also a member of $\Omega$.

• If $X$ has a cumulative distribution function $F_{X}(x)=P(X\leq x)$, then $Y{=}a+bX$ has a cumulative distribution function $F_{Y}(y)=F_{X}\left({\frac {y-a}{b}}\right)$.
• If $X$ is a discrete random variable with probability mass function $p_{X}(x)=P(X=x)$, then $Y{=}a+bX$ is a discrete random variable with probability mass function $p_{Y}(y)=p_{X}\left({\frac {y-a}{b}}\right)$.
• If $X$ is a continuous random variable with probability density function $f_{X}(x)$, then $Y{=}a+bX$ is a continuous random variable with probability density function $f_{Y}(y)={\frac {1}{b}}f_{X}\left({\frac {y-a}{b}}\right)$.

Moreover, if $X$ and $Y$ are two random variables whose distribution functions are members of the family, and assuming existence of the first two moments and $X$ has zero mean and unit variance, then $Y$ can be written as $Y{\stackrel {d}{=}}\mu _{Y}+\sigma _{Y}X$ , where $\mu _{Y}$ and $\sigma _{Y}$ are the mean and standard deviation of $Y$.

In decision theory, if all alternative distributions available to a decision-maker are in the same location–scale family, and the first two moments are finite, then a two-moment decision model can apply, and decision-making can be framed in terms of the means and the variances of the distributions.

Examples

Often, location–scale families are restricted to those where all members have the same functional form. Most location–scale families are univariate, though not all. Well-known families in which the functional form of the distribution is consistent throughout the family include the following:

• Normal distribution
• Elliptical distributions
• Cauchy distribution
• Uniform distribution (continuous)
• Uniform distribution (discrete)
• Logistic distribution
• Laplace distribution
• Student's t-distribution
• Generalized extreme value distribution

Converting a single distribution to a location–scale family

The following shows how to implement a location–scale family in a statistical package or programming environment where only functions for the "standard" version of a distribution are available. It is designed for R but should generalize to any language and library.

The example here is of the Student's t-distribution, which is normally provided in R only in its standard form, with a single degrees of freedom parameter df. The versions below with _ls appended show how to generalize this to a generalized Student's t-distribution with an arbitrary location parameter m and scale parameter s.

Probability density function (PDF):	dt_ls(x, df, m, s) =	1/s * dt((x - m) / s, df)
Cumulative distribution function (CDF):	pt_ls(x, df, m, s) =	pt((x - m) / s, df)
Quantile function (inverse CDF):	qt_ls(prob, df, m, s) =	qt(prob, df) * s + m
Generate a random variate:	rt_ls(df, m, s) =	rt(df) * s + m

Note that the generalized functions do not have standard deviation s since the standard t distribution does not have standard deviation of 1.

External links

• http://www.randomservices.org/random/special/LocationScale.html