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This article is about the Finnish party. For the El Salvadoran party, see National Coalition Party (El Salvador).

National Coalition Party
Kansallinen Kokoomus (Finnish)
Samlingspartiet (Swedish)
AbbreviationFinnish: Kok
Swedish: Saml
ChairpersonPetteri Orpo
SecretaryTimo Elo [fi]
General SecretaryMikko Kortelainen [fi]
Parliamentary group leaderMatias Marttinen
Deputy chairsAntti Häkkänen
Anna-Kaisa Ikonen
Karoliina Partanen [fi]
Founded9 December 1918; 105 years ago (9 December 1918)
Merger ofFinnish Party, Young Finnish Party
HeadquartersTöölönkatu 3, 00100 Helsinki
NewspaperNykypäivä [fi]
Think tankAjatuspaja Toivo [fi]
Youth wingYouth of the National Coalition Party - Kokoomusnuoret [fi]
Women's wingKokoomuksen Naisten Liitto [fi]
Student wingStudent Union of National Coalition Party – Tuhatkunta [fi]
Children's wingLastenliitto [fi]
LGBT wingKansallinen sateenkaariryhmä – Kasary [fi]
Membership (2021)Decrease c. 27,000[1]
IdeologyLiberal conservatism
Pro-Europeanism
Political positionCentre-right
European affiliationEuropean People's Party
European Parliament groupEuropean People's Party
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union
Nordic affiliationConservative Group
Colours  Dark blue
Eduskunta
48 / 200
European Parliament
4 / 15
Municipalities
1,552 / 8,859
County seats
289 / 1,379
Website
kokoomus.fi

The National Coalition Party (NCP; Finnish: Kansallinen Kokoomus [ˈkɑnsɑlːinen ˈkokoːmus], Kok; Swedish: Samlingspartiet, Saml) is a liberal-conservative political party in Finland. It is currently the largest and the governing political party of Finland.

Founded in 1918, the National Coalition Party is one of the "big three" parties that have dominated Finnish national politics for several decades, along with the Social Democratic Party and the Centre Party. The current party chair is Petteri Orpo, elected on 11 June 2016. The party self-statedly bases its politics on "freedom, responsibility and democracy, equal opportunities, education, supportiveness, tolerance and caring"[2] and supports multiculturalism and gay rights. Their foreign stances are pro-NATO and pro-European oriented, the party is also a member of the European People's Party (EPP).[3] The party is described by literature as a liberal,[4] conservative[5] as well as liberal-conservative[6] party on the centre-right,[7] with catch-all characteristics.[8]

The party's vote share has been approximately 20% in parliamentary elections since the 1990s and has only been out of coalition governments for eight years since then. It won 44 out of 200 seats in the parliamentary elections of 2011, becoming the largest party in the Finnish Parliament (Finnish: Eduskunta; Swedish: Riksdagen) for the first time in its history. On the municipal level, it emerged as the most popular party for the first time in 2008. More recently, the NCP became the largest party during the Finnish 2023 general election, with 48 seats, and has been the leading party in the governing Orpo Cabinet since 20 June 2023. Incumbent President of Finland Alexander Stubb is affiliated with the NCP, as was his immediate predecessor, Sauli Niinistö.

History

[edit]

1918–1939

[edit]
Lion of the National Coalition.
Finnish election poster from 1933.

The National Coalition Party was founded on 9 December 1918 after the Finnish Civil War by the majority of the Finnish Party and the minority of the Young Finnish Party, both supporting Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse as the King of Finland in the new monarchy.[9][10] The previous day, the republicans of both parties had founded the National Progressive Party.[11] With over 600 representatives, the foundational meeting of NCP declared the following:

A national coalition is needed over old party lines that have lost meaning and have too long separated similarly thinking citizens. This coalition's grand task must be to work to strengthen in our nation the forces that maintain society. Lawful societal order must be strictly upheld and there must be no compromise with revolutionary aspirations. But simultaneously, determined constructive reform work must be pursued."[12]

The party sought to accomplish their task by advocating for constitutional monarchy and, failing that, strong governmental powers within a republican framework. On the other hand, their goal was to implement a number of social and economic reforms, such as compulsory education, universal health care, and progressive income and property taxation.[13] The monarchist aims failed and Finland became a parliamentary republic—in which the NCP advocated for strong presidential powers. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, the fear of Joseph Stalin's communist Soviet Union influenced Finnish politics. The Communists, backed by the Soviet leaders, accelerated their activities while the ideological position of the National Coalition Party shifted over to very conservative. The new ideology was poorly received, particularly by the youth, attracting instead more irredentist and fascist movements, such as the Academic Karelia Society or Patriotic People's Movement.[9][10][11]

In the 1933 parliamentary election, the party formed an electoral coalition with the Patriotic People's Movement, founded by former supporters of the radical and nationalist Lapua Movement—even though P.E. Svinhufvud, the party's first President of Finland, played a key role in halting the Lapua Movement and vanquishing their Mäntsälä rebellion. The result was a major defeat as the NCP lost 24 of its 42 seats in parliament. The NCP broke ties with the Patriotic People's Movement in 1934 under their newly elected party chair, Juho Kusti Paasikivi, but were nevertheless shut out from the Finnish Government until the outbreak of the Winter War in 1939, only slowly managing to regain their support.[10][11][14]

1939–2000

[edit]
Election poster from 1948. "Be free, vote for the Coalition", written in Finnish.
Coalition election poster from 1953.

During the Winter War and the Continuation War in 1939–1944, the party took part in the war-time national unity governments and generally had strong support for its government policies. After the wars, the National Coalition Party sought to portray itself as a defender of democracy against the resurgent Finnish communists. Chair Paasikivi, who had advocated making more concessions to Soviet Union before the Winter War and taken a cautious line regarding cooperation with Germany before the Continuation War, acted first as Prime Minister of Finland (1944–1946) and then as President (1946–1956) of Finland. Paasikivi is remembered as the formulator of Finnish foreign policy after World War II.[15] The conflict between the NCP and the communist Finnish People's Democratic League culminated when President Paasikivi fired the communist Minister of the Interior Yrjö Leino, who had used the State Police to spy on the party's youth wing among other abuses.[11][16][17]

In 1951, the party changed its official name from the original Kansallinen Kokoomuspuolue to the current Kansallinen Kokoomus. The 1950s were also a time of ideological shifts, as the emphasis on individual liberty and free market reforms increased at the expense of social conservatism and maintenance of a strong government. A minor division in 1958 led to the formation of the Christian Democrats party. From 1966 to 1987, the party was in the opposition.[18] By criticizing Finnish communists and President Urho Kekkonen of the Centre Party, the party had lost the President's trust—and thus governments formed by the Centre Party and left-wing parties followed one another. A new guard emerged within the NCP in the 1970s that sought to improve relations with long-serving President Kekkonen. Their work was partially successful in the late 1970s.[19] However, even though the NCP supported Kekkonen for president in 1978 and became the second largest party in the country in the 1979 parliamentary election, a spot in the government continued to elude the NCP until the end of Kekkonen's time in office.[10][11][17]

During the long years in opposition, the party's support grew steadily and in 1987 it attained the best parliamentary election result in its history so far. Harri Holkeri became the party's first prime minister since Paasikivi. During Holkeri's time in office, the Finnish economy suffered a downturn, precipitated by a multitude of factors, and the 1991 parliamentary election resulted in a loss. The party continued in government as a minor partner until 2003.[10][11]

2000–present

[edit]
Multicolour logo of the party before its rebranding in 2020.

After losing six seats in the 2003 parliamentary election, the National Coalition Party spent the next electoral period in opposition. Jyrki Katainen was elected party chair in 2004 and in March 2006, vice-president of the European People's Party (EPP). Under the leadership of Katainen, chair until 2014, liberalism became the main attribute of the party.[20] In the 2007 parliamentary election, the party increased its share to 50 seats in the largest gain of the election. The party held a close second place in Parliament, shy of the Centre Party and its 51 seats. After the election, the party entered into a coalition government together with the Centre Party, the Green League, and the Swedish People's Party. The NCP secured important ministerial portfolios, including finance and foreign affairs. In the 2011 parliamentary election, the party finished first place for the first time in its history with 44 seats, despite losing six seats, and party chair Jyrki Katainen formed his cabinet as a six-party coalition government from parties on the left and on the right after lengthy negotiations.[10][11][21]

Parliamentary election poster from 2019. "We believe in Finland", written in Finnish.

The National Coalition Party's candidate in the 2006 Finnish presidential election was former minister of finance and former party chair Sauli Niinistö. He qualified for the second round runoff as one of the top two candidates in the first round but was defeated by the incumbent Tarja Halonen with 51.8% of the vote against his 48.2%. The party nominated Sauli Niinistö again for the presidential election of 2012. Niinistö won the election, beating his Green League opponent Pekka Haavisto decisively on the second round with a 62.6% portion of the votes, and thus becoming the third president elected from the party and the first one since 1956. Niinistö's margin of victory was larger than that of any previous directly elected president in Finland. He won a majority in 14 of the country's 15 electoral districts.[10][22] Niinistö is described as a pragmatical fiscal conservative and a pro-European who supports the restraint of bailouts to partner countries. Upon taking office, Niinistö intended to strengthen interaction with the United States and China and maintain good relations with Russia as well as address the European debt crisis.[21] Niinistö was re-elected in 2018 for a second six-year term. He ran as an independent but had the support of the National Coalition Party.[23]

In 2014, Katainen stepped down as party chair and Prime Minister of Finland for a vice-presidential position in the European Commission.[24] Katainen was replaced by Alexander Stubb as chair of the National Coalition Party in the June 2014 leadership election and thus became the prime minister. Katainen's cabinet was likewise succeeded by the Stubb Cabinet on 23 June 2014.[11] Stubb went on to lead the party into the 2015 parliamentary election, in which the National Coalition Party placed second in votes and third in parliamentary seats.[25] After the election, National Coalition joined a right-leaning majority coalition consisting of the three largest parties – the Centre Party, the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party.[26] During his term, Stubb faced growing criticism for the NCP's poor poll results, the declining economy as well as compromises in the three-party government. After two years as party chair, Stubb was voted by 361 to 441 to be replaced by Petteri Orpo at the leadership election of June 2016.[27]

After the 2019 election, it became the third-largest party in the Finnish Parliament, behind the Social Democrats and the Finns Party, and became the second-largest opposition party after being excluded from the Rinne Cabinet.[28]

Following the 2023 general election, it became the largest party with 48 seats. As a result, its leader Petteri Orpo started forming a coalition government.[29] The Orpo Cabinet was sworn into office on 20 June 2023, a NCP-led coalition with the Finns Party, Christian Democrats and Swedish People's Party of Finland.[30]

In February 2024, National Coalition Party candidate Alexander Stubb was elected as Finland's next president. In the second round of the election he beat Pekka Haavisto, a green running as an independent, by 51.6 percent to 48.4 percent.[31]

Ideology and political position

[edit]
A 1964 NCP poster. With "For the security of the future", written in Finnish.

Ideologically, the National Coalition Party is positioned from centre-right to right on the political spectrum,[3][7] and it has been described as liberal,[32][4][33] conservative,[5][34][35] liberal-conservative,[6][36][37] conservative-liberal,[38] and fiscally conservative.[39]

In 2014, the non-profit The Democratic Society described it as "the heir to both liberal and conservative strains of right-of-centre thought" that is becoming increasingly liberal compared to its official stance of conservatism.[3]

Specifically, it contains elements of cultural and economic liberalism and social reformism.[40] For example, it supports multiculturalism, work-based immigration, queer rights and same-sex marriage.[3][41][42][43]

Despite the fact that it was previously considered to be critical of the Nordic welfare model, campaigning for strict doctrines of economic liberalism, in the 1970s the party shifted to supporting more social liberal policies, such as increased social security, which was justified by the increase of individual liberty,[32] although, in more recent years, some have accused the party of adopting more critical views of the welfare state and of embracing more fiscally conservative positions,[44] in addition to the abandoning of their socially liberal and green values in order to move votes away from the growing Finns Party towards themselves.[45][46]

In international relations, the party advocates for multilateralism. It is pro-European and supports continued European integration within the European Union (EU). For decades, the party advocated for Finnish membership in NATO,[47] and supported the country's accession to the alliance in 2023, despite being in opposition at the time.

Voter base

[edit]
Votes for NCP by municipality in the 2011 parliamentary election with urban areas gathering the most support.

The magazine Suomen Kuvalehti created a profile of a typical National Coalition Party voter from over 18,000 interviews in 2011: a 36-year-old lawyer or management consultant living with a family in the Helsinki metropolitan area who supports economic liberalism, conservative values and enjoys alpine skiing and golf.[48] Unlike other conservative parties in Europe, the party's voters come predominantly from urban areas while rural areas tend to favor the Centre Party.[3] In 2005, the NCP had the highest proportion of female members out of the major parties.[49] Membership in the party was momentarily on the rise in 2008, but declined from 41,000 to 34,000 by 2016.[50] In contrast, the party had 81,000 members in 1970.[51] According to 2008 polling data, the National Coalition Party was the most positively viewed party by Finns[52] and was the most favored party among the young generation in polls conducted in 2008 and 2014.[53][54]

Organisation

[edit]

Structure

[edit]

The main structure of the National Coalition Party comprises municipal and local chapters organized into districts and as well as the women's, student and youth wings. The party conference (Finnish: puoluekokous), the main decision-making body convening every two years with representatives from the suborganisations as its members, elects the party chair and three deputy chairs as well as the 61-member party council (Finnish: puoluevaltuusto).[55]

Leadership

[edit]

The party chair and the deputy chairs lead the party board (Finnish: puoluehallitus), which is in charge of the daily management and is composed of a representative from each district and from each of the three wings. The party council also elects the party secretary to head the main office, located in Helsinki, and to coordinate the National Coalition Party's activities according to the board's decisions. Additionally, the NCP has separate groups for coordinating ministers, members of the Finnish Parliament, and members of the European Parliament.[55]

Funding

[edit]

Two foundations, Kansallissäätiö and Porvarillisen Työn Arkiston Säätiö, assist the party with a source of funding and as an archive, respectively.[56][57] Reportedly, donations to Kansallissäätiö are kept secret, but according to the treasurer, donations are a limited asset compared to the foundation's 5 million euro investment capital. In 2008, the foundation supported NCP with €400,000.[58] The NCP owns two companies, Kansalliskustannus Oy and Suomen Kansallismedia Oy, to publish the party newspapers Nykypäivä and Verkkouutiset as well as to handle media communications.[59] Additionally, some thematic organizations report themselves as close to the party, such as the Swedish-language group Borgerlig samling i Finland[60] and the queer network Kansallinen sateenkaariryhmä – Kasary.[61]

Election results

[edit]
See also: Elections in Finland

Election results are based on respective files of the Official Statistics of Finland (Finnish: Suomen virallinen tilasto) published by the national Statistics Finland institution.

Parliament of Finland

[edit]
Election Votes % Seats +/- Government
1919 155,018 15.70
28 / 200
 New Opposition (1919–1920)
Coalition (1920–1921)
Opposition (1921–1922)
1922 157,116 18.15
35 / 200
 Increase 7 Opposition
1924 166,880 18.99
38 / 200
 Increase 2 Coalition (1924–1926)
Opposition (1926–1927)
1927 161,450 17.74
34 / 200
 Decrease 4 Opposition
1929 138,008 14.51
28 / 200
 Decrease 6 Opposition
1930 203,958 18.05
42 / 200
 Increase 14 Coalition (1930–1932)
Opposition (1932–1933)
1933 187,527 16.93
32 / 200
 Decrease 10 Opposition
1936 121,619 10.36
20 / 200
 Decrease 12 Opposition
1939 176,215 13.58
25 / 200
 Increase 5 Coalition (1939–1944)
Opposition (1944–1945)
1945 255,394 15.04
28 / 200
 Increase 3 Opposition
1948 320,366 17.04
33 / 200
 Increase 5 Opposition
1951 264,044 14.57
28 / 200
 Decrease 5 Opposition
1954 257,025 12.80
24 / 200
 Decrease 4 Opposition
1958 297,094 15.28
29 / 200
 Increase 5 Coalition (1958–1959)
Opposition (1959–1962)
1962 346,638 15.06
32 / 200
 Increase 3 Coalition
1966 326,928 13.79
26 / 200
 Decrease 6 Opposition
1970 457,582 18.05
37 / 200
 Increase 11 Opposition
1972 453,434 17.59
34 / 200
 Decrease 3 Opposition
1975 505,145 18.37
35 / 200
 Increase 1 Opposition
1979 626,764 21.65
47 / 200
 Increase 12 Opposition
1983 659,078 22.12
44 / 200
 Decrease 3 Opposition
1987 666,236 23.13
53 / 200
 Increase 9 Coalition
1991 526,487 19.31
40 / 200
 Decrease 13 Coalition
1995 497,624 17.89
39 / 200
 Decrease 1 Coalition
1999 563,835 21.03
46 / 200
 Increase 7 Coalition
2003 517,904 18.55
40 / 200
 Decrease 6 Opposition
2007 616,841 22.26
50 / 200
 Increase 10 Coalition
2011 598,369 20.44
44 / 200
 Decrease 6 Coalition
2015 540,212 18.20
37 / 200
 Decrease 7 Coalition
2019 523,957 17.00
38 / 200
 Increase 1 Opposition
2023 644,555 20.82
48 / 200
 Increase 10 Coalition

European Parliament

[edit]
Election Votes % Seats +/– EP Group
1996 453,729 20.17 (#3)
4 / 16
 New EPP
1999 313,960 25.27 (#1)
4 / 16
 Steady 0 EPP-ED
2004 392,771 23.71 (#1)
4 / 14
 Steady 0
2009 386,416 23.21 (#1)
3 / 13
 Decrease 1 EPP
2014 390,112 22.59 (#1)
3 / 13
 Steady 0
2019 380,106 20.79 (#1)
3 / 13
 Steady 0
2024 453,636 24.80 (#1)
4 / 15
 Increase 1

Municipal

[edit]
Election Councillors Votes %
1950 88,159 5.85
1953 133,626 7.59
1956 105,220 6.29
1960 275,560 14.04
1964 213,378 10.0
1968 1,388 364,428 16.09
1972 1,503 451,484 18.06
1976 2,047 561,121 20.92
1980 2,373 628,950 22.94
1984 2,423 619,264 22.96
1988 2,392 601,468 22.87
1992 2,009 507,574 19.05
1996 2,167 514,313 21.64
2000 2,028 463,493 20.84
2004 2,078 521,412 21.83
2008 2,020 597,727 23.45
2012 1,735 544,682 21.9
2017 1,490 531,599 20.68
2021 1,552 522,623 21.4

Presidential

[edit]

Indirect elections

[edit]
Electoral college
Election Candidate Popular vote First ballot Second ballot Third ballot Results
Votes % Seats Votes % Votes % Votes %
1919
1925 Hugo Suolahti 141,240 22.7
68 / 300
68 / 300
 22.7 (#3)
80 / 300
 26.7 (#3) Lost
1931 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 180,378 21.6
64 / 300
88 / 300
 29.3 (#2)
98 / 300
 17.7 (#2)
151 / 300
 50.3 (#1) Won
1937 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud 240,602 21.6
63 / 300
94 / 300
 31.3 (#2)
104 / 300
 34.7 (#2) Lost
1940 Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
1 / 300
 0.3 (#4) Lost
1943 Väinö Kotilainen [fi]
4 / 300
 1.3 (#2) Lost
1946 Juho Kusti Paasikivi
159 / 300
 79.5 (#1) Won
1950 Juho Kusti Paasikivi 360,789 22.9
68 / 300
171 / 300
 57.0 (#1) Won
1956 Juho Kusti Paasikivi 340,311 17.9
54 / 300
84 / 300
 28.0 (#3) Lost
1962 288,912 13.1
37 / 300
1968 Matti Virkkunen [fi] 432,014 21.2
58 / 300
66 / 300
 22.0 (#2) Lost
1978 Urho Kekkonen 360,310 14.7
45 / 300
259 / 300
 86.3 (#1) Won
1982 Harri Holkeri 593,271 18.7
58 / 300
58 / 300
 19.3 (#2)
58 / 300
 19.3 (#2) Lost
1988[nb 1] Harri Holkeri 603,180 20.2
63 / 300
63 / 300
 21.0 (#3)
18 / 300
 6.0 (#4) Lost

Direct elections

[edit]
Election Candidate 1st round 2nd round Result
Votes % Votes %
1988[nb 1] Harri Holkeri 570,340 18.4 Lost
1994 Raimo Ilaskivi 485,035 15.2 Lost
2000 Riitta Uosukainen 392,305 12.8 Lost
2006 Sauli Niinistö 725,866 24.1 1,518,333 48.2 Lost
2012 Sauli Niinistö 1,131,254 37.0 1,802,400 62.6 Won
2018 Sauli Niinistö 1,874,334 62.6 Won
2024 Alexander Stubb 882,113 27.21 1,575,211 51.62 Won

The elected Presidents of the National Coalition Party

[edit]

Prominent party leaders

[edit]

The following NCP members have held high offices:[62]

  • Lauri Ingman – Prime Minister 1918–1919, 1924–1925
  • Antti Tulenheimo – Prime Minister 1925
  • Pehr Evind Svinhufvud – President 1931–1937
  • Edwin Linkomies – Prime Minister 1943–1944
  • Juho Kusti Paasikivi – President 1946–1956, Prime Minister 1944–1946
  • Harri Holkeri – Prime Minister 1987–1991
  • Riitta Uosukainen – Minister of Education 1991–1994, Speaker of the Parliament 1994–2003
  • Sauli Niinistö – Minister of Finance 1995–2003, Speaker of the Parliament 2007–2011, President 2012–2024
  • Jyrki Katainen – Minister of Finance 2007–2011, Prime Minister 2011–2014, vice president of the European Commission 2014–2019
  • Alexander Stubb – Prime Minister, 2014–2015, Minister of Finance 2015–2016, President of Finland, 2024–
  • Petteri Orpo – Minister of Finance 2016–2019, Speaker of the Parliament 2023–2023, Prime Minister 2023–

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b The 1988 presidential election was partially indirect. With no candidate achieving a majority of the popular vote, the president was elected by the electoral college which the voters voted for alongside the direct vote.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Tällaisia ovat suurimpien puolueiden jäsenet: MTV Uutiset selvitti iät ja sukupuolijakauman – keskustalla, SDP:llä ja vihreillä selvät erityispiirteensä", MTV Uutiset 27 July, 2021
  2. ^ "Programme of Principles". National Coalition Party. 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d e Terry, Chris (3 March 2014). "National Coalition Party (KOK)". The Democratic Society. Archived from the original on 19 November 2017.
  4. ^ a b Finn Laursen (2010). "The Nordic countries: between scepticism and adaptation". In Maurizio Carbone (ed.). National Politics and European Integration: From the Constitution to the Lisbon Treaty. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 188. ISBN 978-1-84980-514-8.
  5. ^ a b Ezrow, Lawrence (2011). "Electoral Systems and Party Responsiveness". In Norman Schofield; Gonzalo Caballero (eds.). Political Economy of Institutions, Democracy and Voting. Springer. p. 319. ISBN 978-3-642-19519-8.
  6. ^ a b Mads Dagnis Jensen (2015). "The Nordic countries and the European Parliament". In Caroline Howard Grøn; Peter Nedergaard; Anders Wivel (eds.). The Nordic Countries and the European Union: Still the Other European Community?. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 978-1-317-53661-1. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2017.
  7. ^ a b Lane, Jan-Erik; Ersson, Svante (2008). "The Nordic Countries: Compromise and Corporatism in the Welfare State". In Colomer, Josep (ed.). Political Institutions in Europe. Routledge. p. 260. ISBN 978-1-134-07354-2. Archived from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 17 March 2016.
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  9. ^ a b Leino-Kaukiainen, Pirkko (1994). Suomalaiskansallinen Kokoomus osa 1: Suomalaisen puolueen ja Kansallisen kokoomuspuolueen historia vuoteen 1929. Helsinki: Suomen kansalliskirja.
  10. ^ a b c d e f g "Kokoomuksen historia" [History of the National Coalition Party]. National Coalition Party (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 5 July 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h Mickelsson, Rauli (2015). Suomen puolueet: Vapauden ajasta maailmantuskaan [Parties of Finland: From the age of liberty to world-weariness] (in Finnish). Vastapaino. ISBN 978-951-768-531-3.
  12. ^ "Kansalaisille" [For the Citizens]. Foundational Meeting of the National Coalition Party (in Finnish). 1918.
  13. ^ Kansallisen Kokoomuspuolueen ohjelma [Programme of the National Coalition Party] (in Finnish). National Coalition Party. 2 February 1919.
  14. ^ Ahtokivi, Ilkka (1996). "Kokoomus itsenäisessä Suomessa 1918–44". Verkkouutiset (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 13 May 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  15. ^ Wilsford, David (1995). Political Leaders of Contemporary Western Europe: A Biographical Dictionary. Greenwood. pp. 347–352. ISBN 978-0-313-26213-5.
  16. ^ Ahtokivi, Ilkka (1996). "Kokoomus Valpon silmätikkuna". Verkkojulkaisu (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 13 May 2003. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  17. ^ a b Valtala, Onni (1981). Suomen puolueiden muuttuminen 1945–1980. Turku: University of Turku.
  18. ^ Saukkonen, Jussi; Rihtniemi, Juha; Korjus, Jaakko (1968). Kokoomus eilen ja tänään. National Coalition Party.
  19. ^ Tuomisalo, Tomi (2006). Kokoomus, Kekkonen ja NKP:n luottamus. Kansallisen Kokoomuksen toiminta hallitusaseman saavuttamiseksi 1969–1981 (PDF) (in Finnish). University of Helsinki. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2008.
  20. ^ "Finnish PM to step down, seek new EU post". The Japan Times. 6 April 2014. ISSN 0447-5763. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  21. ^ a b Turner, B. (27 December 2016). The Statesman's Yearbook 2015: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. pp. 459–460. ISBN 9781349672783. Archived from the original on 15 February 2018.
  22. ^ "Sauli Niinistö is Finland's 12th president". Yle Uutiset. 5 February 2012. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2017.
  23. ^ "Finland's President Niinisto declares election victory". Reuters. 28 January 2018. Archived from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  24. ^ Viita, Kasper (13 June 2014). "Finland Prepares for Prime Minister Switch as Katainen Quits". Bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
  25. ^ "Parliamentary election 2015: Party results". Ministry of Justice. 2 June 2016. Archived from the original on 13 February 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  26. ^ "Sipilä opts for right-leaning government". Yle News. 29 May 2015. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  27. ^ "Finland's center-right replaces outspoken Stubb as party chief". Reuters. 12 June 2016. Archived from the original on 1 December 2017. Retrieved 27 November 2017.
  28. ^ "Finland's new female-powered government sworn in". AP News. 6 June 2019.
  29. ^ "Finnish far right in talks to join coalition government". politico.eu. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
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