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2023 Finnish parliamentary election

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2023 Finnish parliamentary election
← 2019 2 April 2023 2027 →
All 200 seats in the Parliament of Finland
101 seats needed for a majority
Opinion polls
Registered4,540,437
Turnout72.6% (Decrease 0.2 pp)
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Petteri Orpo Riikka Purra Sanna Marin
Party National Coalition Finns SDP
Last election 38 seats, 17.0% 39 seats, 17.5% 40 seats, 17.7%
Seats won 48 46 43
Seat change Increase 10 Increase 7 Increase 3
Popular vote 644,555 620,981 617,552
Percentage 20.8% 20.1% 19.9%
Swing Increase 3.8pp Increase 2.6pp Increase 2.2pp
  Fourth party Fifth party Sixth party
 
Leader Annika Saarikko Maria Ohisalo Li Andersson
Party Centre Green Left Alliance
Last election 31 seats, 13.8% 20 seats, 11.5% 16 seats, 8.2%
Seats won 23 13 11
Seat change Decrease 8 Decrease 7 Decrease 5
Popular vote 349,640 217,795 218,430
Percentage 11.3% 7.0% 7.1%
Swing Decrease 2.5pp Decrease 4.5pp Decrease 1.1pp
  Seventh party Eighth party Ninth party
 
Leader Anna-Maja Henriksson Sari Essayah Harry Harkimo
Party RKP KD Liik
Last election 9 seats, 4.5% 5 seats, 3.9% 1 seat, 2.3%
Seats won 9 5 1
Seat change Steady 0 Steady 0 Steady 0
Popular vote 133,518 130,694 74,995
Percentage 4.3% 4.2% 2.4%
Swing Decrease 0.2pp Increase 0.3pp Increase 0.1pp
Prime Minister before election

Sanna Marin
SDP

Prime Minister after election

Petteri Orpo
National Coalition

Parliamentary elections were held in Finland on 2 April 2023 to elect members of the Parliament of Finland.

Following the 2019 election, the Social Democratic Party (SDP) formed a governing coalition with the Centre Party, Greens, Left Alliance, and the Swedish People's Party, with Antti Rinne serving as the prime minister of Finland. Later that year, Rinne was involved in a political scandal regarding the Finnish postal service, after which he resigned and was succeeded by Sanna Marin. Marin's government focused on issues regarding climate change, while her government also faced the COVID-19 pandemic and the Russian invasion of Ukraine. The invasion prompted her to announce that Finland would submit its candidacy to join NATO, which it did in May 2022.

Issues regarding the economy, the budget deficit, climate change, and education were discussed during the campaign period. The election programs or the opposition National Coalition Party (NCP) and Finns Party (Finns) called for budget cuts and austerity to balance the budget, while the SDP's election program focused on economic growth through investments in employment and education. Marin supported more education and public health spending, while the NCP called for balancing the budget, reducing spending on unemployment and housing benefits, and constructing more nuclear plants. The Finns campaigned on an anti-immigration and anti-European Union platform, while the Greens focused on issues regarding mental health and universal basic income. The Centre Party campaigned on regional politics.

The National Coalition Party won the election with 20.8% of the national popular vote, winning 48 seats in parliament, the third-highest result in the party's history. The Finns Party came in a close second place with the ruling Social Democratic Party of Finland under Prime Minister Marin in third place. The National Coalition Party then formed a coalition with the Finns Party, the Swedish People's Party, and the Christian Democrats, with Petteri Orpo as prime minister. For the first time in Finland's history, the Centre Party did not win a plurality of votes in any regional voting districts.[1] Five government parties and four opposition parties finished with parliamentary seats split at 100–100. This was the first time since 1983 that the top-three finishing parties did not lose a percentage share of votes.

Background

[edit]
Antti Rinne giving a speech in the European Parliament in July 2019
Antti Rinne resigned as prime minister following the postal service scandal in December 2019.

The previous parliamentary election, held in April 2019, saw the Social Democratic Party place first, winning 17.7% of the popular vote, followed by the Finns Party and the National Coalition Party, who won 17.5% and 17% of the popular vote, respectively.[2][3] The Centre Party of the outgoing prime minister Juha Sipilä placed fourth, winning 13.8% of the popular vote, while the Green League and the Left Alliance received more votes than in the preceding election.[4] In June 2019, after several months of negotiations, the SDP, led by Rinne, formed a government, bringing the Centre Party, Green League, Left Alliance, and the Swedish People's Party into the government.[5][6][7]

In late 2019, a political scandal regarding the Finnish postal service broke out.[8] Sirpa Paatero, the minister of local government and ownership steering, was accused of being aware of, and hiding from members of the Parliament of Finland, the postal service's project to change the status of a large number of its workers to a lower-paying contract.[9] Paatero resigned in November 2019,[10] after which Rinne was also accused of knowing of the postal service's plan.[9] The Centre Party then left the government, which led Rinne to announce his resignation as prime minister and leader of the SDP in December 2019.[11][12] He was succeeded by Sanna Marin,[13][14] who, at 34, became the world's youngest serving prime minister after being sworn into office in December 2019.[15]

The Marin Cabinet announced they would combat climate change, protect the environment, and reduce social and economic inequalities.[16] Her government also adopted a program that would aim to make Finland carbon-neutral by 2035, by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing the production of renewable energy.[16] Following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland, Marin's management of the pandemic benefited her party, which caused her to rise in opinion polls, with her personal favourable opinion rating reaching 85%.[17][18][19] The SDP was surpassed by the Finns Party in opinion polls after April 2021, with the National Coalition Party becoming the most popular by July 2021.[a][25][26]

Following the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Marin took a firm line against Russia and Vladimir Putin, breaking Finland's historical military neutrality by announcing Finland's NATO candidacy.[27][28][29] Finland officially submitted its candidacy in May 2022.[30] Its path to join NATO was formalized in March 2023, when Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the president of Turkey, formally signed and approved the decision to ratify Finland's NATO membership.[31][32] Turkey was the last NATO member to ratify the decision.[33]

Electoral system

[edit]
See also: Politics of Finland

The 200 members of the Parliament of Finland (Eduskunta, Riksdagen) were elected using open list, proportional representation in 13 multi-member electoral districts, with seats allocated according to the D'Hondt method.[34] The number of elected representatives is proportional to the population in the district six months prior to the elections. Åland has a single-member electoral district and its own party system.[34][35] Every citizen who is at least 18 years old has the right to vote.[36] Voters also had the option to vote either during the advance voting period, from March 22 to 28 March 2023,[37][38] or on election day.[39]

Seats by electoral district[40]
Electoral district Seats A map of Finalnd's 13 electoral constituencies
01 Helsinki 23
02 Uusimaa 37
03 Varsinais-Suomi 17
04 Satakunta 8
05 Åland 1
06 Häme 14
07 Pirkanmaa 20
08 Southeast Finland 15
09 Savo-Karelia 15
10 Vaasa 16
11 Central Finland 10
12 Oulu 18
13 Lapland 6

Pre-election composition

[edit]
Government Seats
Social Democratic Party of Finland 40
Centre Party 31
Green League 20
Left Alliance 16
Swedish People's Party of Finland 10
Opposition Seats
Finns Party 39
National Coalition Party 37
Christian Democrats 5
Movement Now 1
Power Belongs to the People 1
Source: Parliament of Finland[41]

Contesting parties

[edit]
See also: List of political parties in Finland

The table below lists parties and independent candidates that contested the 2023 Finnish parliamentary election. The Election Information and Results Service announced that 2,424 candidates in total registered to take part in the election.[42]

Overview of contesting parties in the 2023 Finnish parliamentary election
Party Ideology Candidates by electoral district
Helsinki Uusimaa Varsinais-Suomi Satakunta Åland Häme Pirkanmaa South-East Finland Savo-Karelia Vaasa Central Finland Oulu Lapland Total
293 485 214 124 15 144 239 158 156 161 146 177 112 2424
Social Democratic Party Social democracy 23 37 17 14 — 14 20 15 15 16 14 18 14 217
Finns Party Right-wing populism 23 37 17 14 — 14 20 15 15 16 14 18 14 217
Green League Green liberalism 23 37 17 14 — 14 20 15 15 16 14 18 14 217
Left Alliance Democratic socialism 23 37 17 14 — 14 20 15 15 16 14 18 14 217
National Coalition Liberal conservatism 23 37 17 14 — 14 19[b] 14[b] 15 16 14 18 11[c] 212
Centre Party Agrarianism 11[d] 37 17 14 — 14 20 15 15 16 14 18 14 205
Christian Democrats Christian democracy 8[d] 37 17 14 — 14 20 15 15 16 14 15[e] 3[c] 188
Movement Now Economic liberalism 23 37 17 10 — 14 20 15 13 10 5 11 2 177
Freedom Alliance National conservatism 16[f] 32[f] 15[f] 9[f] — 7[f] 11[f] 10[f] 10[f] 10[f] 8[f] 11[f] 4 143
Swedish People's Party of Finland Swedish minority interests
liberalism 		23 37 17 3 — 5 1[b] 1[b] 2 16 1 4 1 111
Power Belongs to the People Russophilia 10 25 11 2 — 7 4 9 8 5 14 8 4 107
Liberal Party – Freedom to Choose Classical liberalism 23 21 11 — — 5 12 4 5 4 — 6 2 93
Blue-and-Black Movement Neo-fascism — 37 17 — — — 20 — — — 14 — — 88
Communist Party of Finland Communism 14 13 2 — — 1 9 6 5 1 4 4 6 65
Pirate Party Pirate politics 20 5 — 1 — 1 5 — 4 — 1 — — 37
Crystal Party Vaccine hesitancy 5[f] 3[f] 1[f] — — 2[f] 3[f] 4[f] 2[f] 2[f] 1[f] 5[f] — 28
Animal Justice Party of Finland Animal rights 4[g] 4[g] 3 — — 1 7[g] — 1 — — — — 20
Finnish Reform Movement National conservatism 4[d] 4 — — — — — 5 — — — 3[e] — 16
Feminist Party Feminism 6[g] 4[g] — — — — 3[g] — — — — — — 13
Finnish People First Finnish nationalism 2[f] 1[f] — 1[f] — 3[f] 1[f] — — — — 2[f] — 10
The Open Party E-democracy 8 — — — — — — — — — — — 1 9
Lapland's Non-Aligned Joint List Regionalism — — — — — — — — — — — — 8 8
Non-aligned Coalition Conservatism — — — — 4 — — — — — — — — 4
Welfare and Equality Social democracy — — — — 4 — — — — — — — — 4
Sustainable Initiative Green politics — — — — 4 — — — — — — — — 4
Citizens' Union Euroscepticism — 1 — — — — 1 — — 1 — — — 3
For Åland Regionalism — — — — 3 — — — — — — — — 3
Independent candidates – 1 2 1 — — — 3 — 1 — — — — 8

Campaign

[edit]

Issues

[edit]
An image of campaign posters in Helsinki in March 2023
Campaign posters in Helsinki in March 2023

Yle cited government borrowing, sustainability of public finances, climate change, and educational decline as main issues during the electoral campaign.[43] Paul Kirby of BBC News noted that the Russian invasion of Ukraine has had "little campaign impact", and added that the campaign was instead concentrated on issues regarding the economy.[44] Deutsche Welle cited a shortage of workers as a key issue, while the Associated Press mentioned that issues regarding the economy, climate change, education, and social benefits were discussed during the campaign.[45][46] Markku Jokisipilä, an assistant professor at the University of Turku, said that in the debates, Marin has "stood out vigorously". He added that the Finns Party had the strongest social media presence.[47] Teivo Teivainen, a professor at the University of Helsinki, said that opponents of the SDP see the main problem as public spending.[48] News agencies described the election as a close race between the SDP, National Coalition Party, and the Finns Party.[44][46][49][50] Jenni Karimäki, a political historian, who works at the University of Helsinki, said that "nobody can know what order the three leading parties will finish in on Sunday."[51]

The Finns Party, which campaigned on an anti-immigration and anti-European Union (EU) platform,[46] cited as their priority cutting immigration from non-EU countries. Petteri Orpo, the leader of the National Coalition Party, campaigned on reducing spending on unemployment and housing benefits.[52] While campaigning, Orpo stated his support for economic growth, balancing the public economy, "building up NATO-Finland", and constructing more nuclear plants.[46][53] Riikka Purra, the leader of the Finns Party, called for austerity, and said that "we also want to tighten up our attitude towards the European Union."[53] She added that the Finns Party would delay the carbon neutrality target that was introduced by Marin's government.[48][54] The National Coalition Party agreed with Marin's position on carbon neutrality.[46] Marin remained critical of right-wing parties, saying that they offered "an alternative that makes life miserable for all of us, cuts services, cuts livelihoods for the poorest"; she had also stated her support for education and public health spending, saying that it would help Finland to avoid borrowing.[51][54] The Green League's campaign was focused on mental health services and universal basic income. The Centre Party campaigned on regional politics.[50]

Slogans

[edit]
Slogans of parliamentary parties during the campaign period
Party/coalition Original slogan English translation Refs
Centre Party Eteenpäin!
Vastuuta koko Suomesta 		Forwards!
Responsibility for the whole Finland 		[55][56]
Christian Democrats Järjen ääni
Suomeen suunnanmuutos 		The voice of reason
Change of course for Finland 		[56][57]
Finns Party Pelasta Suomi! Save Finland! [56]
Green League Suojele elämää Protect life [56]
Left Alliance Reilumpi huominen kaikille, ei harvoille A fairer tomorrow for everyone, not just for the few! [56]
Movement Now Uskalla olla erilainen Dare to be different [56]
National Coalition Nyt on oikea aika Now is the right time [56]
Power Belongs to the People Täysivaltaista tasavaltaa jälleenrakentamassa Rebuilding a sovereign republic [56]
Social Democratic Party Rohkeutta olla sinun puolellasi Courage to be on your side [56]
Swedish People's Party of Finland Yhdessä eteenpäin
(Swedish: Framåt tillsammans) 		Moving forward together [56]

Debates

[edit]
Debates during the campaign period
2023 Finnish parliamentary election debates
Date Organisers     P  Present    N  Non-invitee 
SDP Finns KOK Centre Green League Vas SFP/RKP KD Liik Refs
30 March Yle P
Sanna Marin 		P
Riikka Purra 		P
Petteri Orpo 		P
Annika Saarikko 		P
Maria Ohisalo 		P
Li Andersson 		P
Anna-Maja Henriksson 		P
Sari Essayah 		P
Hjallis Harkimo 		[58]
27 March Yle P
Sanna Marin 		P
Riikka Purra 		P
Petteri Orpo 		P
Annika Saarikko 		P
Maria Ohisalo 		P
Li Andersson 		P
Anna-Maja Henriksson 		P
Sari Essayah 		P
Hjallis Harkimo 		[59]
23 March Yle N N N P
Annika Saarikko 		P
Maria Ohisalo 		P
Li Andersson 		N N N [60]
22 March Yle N N N N N N P
Anna-Maja Henriksson 		P
Sari Essayah 		P
Hjallis Harkimo 		[61]
21 March Yle P
Sanna Marin 		P
Riikka Purra 		P
Petteri Orpo 		N N N N N N [62]
20 March Yle P
Sanna Marin 		P
Riikka Purra 		P
Petteri Orpo 		P
Annika Saarikko 		P
Maria Ohisalo 		P
Li Andersson 		P
Anna-Maja Henriksson 		P
Sari Essayah 		P
Hjallis Harkimo 		[63]
8 March Unifi P
Antti Lindtman 		P
Sakari Puisto 		P
Paula Risikko 		P
Petri Honkonen 		P
Maria Ohisalo 		P
Li Andersson 		P
Anders Adlercreutz 		P
Sari Essayah 		N [64]
6 March YVV P
Anita Hellman 		P
Sakari Puisto 		P
Pihla Keto-Huovinen 		P
Päivi Mononen-Mikkilä 		P
Amanda Pasanen 		P
Veronika Honkasalo 		P
Eva Biaudet 		N P
Karoliina Kähönen 		[65]

Members of Parliament standing down

[edit]

Centre Party

[edit]

Christian Democrats

[edit]

Finns Party

[edit]

Green League

[edit]

Left Alliance

[edit]

National Coalition Party

[edit]

Social Democratic Party

[edit]

Swedish People's Party

[edit]

Opinion polls

[edit]
Main article: Opinion polling for the 2023 Finnish parliamentary election
Local regression chart of poll results from 14 April 2019 to 2 April 2023

Results

[edit]

During the advance voting period, 40% of eligble voters cast their ballots, the highest since the introduction of advance voting.[38] Voting stations on April 2 were opened from 9:00 (UTC+03:00) a.m. to 8:00 pm.[39][90] There were 4,277,487 citizens who had the right to vote in the election.[91]

PartyVotes%+/–Seats+/–
National Coalition Party644,55520.82+3.8248+10
Finns Party620,98120.06+2.5846+7
Social Democratic Party617,55219.95+2.2243+3
Centre Party349,64011.29–2.4723–8
Left Alliance218,4307.06–1.1111–5
Green League217,7957.04–4.4513–7
Swedish People's Party133,5184.31–0.2290
Christian Democrats130,6944.22+0.3250
Movement Now74,9952.42+0.1710
Freedom Alliance27,5580.89New0New
Liberal Party – Freedom to Choose14,9820.48+0.3200
For Åland11,4520.37–0.0110
Power Belongs to the People8,4690.27New0New
Crystal Party4,8940.16New0New
Animal Justice Party3,1070.10–0.0100
Pirate Party3,0580.10–0.5200
Communist Party3,0440.10–0.0400
Blue-and-Black Movement2,3070.07New0New
Finnish Reform Movement1,3620.04–0.9300
Finnish People First1,2250.04–0.0400
Lapland's Non-Aligned Joint List1,2310.04New0New
Feminist Party1,1140.04–0.1800
The Open Party9850.03New0New
Welfare and Equality9230.03New0New
Non-aligned Coalition5140.02New0New
Sustainable Initiative4940.02New0New
Citizens' Union1690.01–0.0700
Independents5560.02–0.1900
Total3,095,604100.00–2000
Valid votes3,095,60499.54
Invalid/blank votes14,4340.46
Total votes3,110,038100.00
Registered voters/turnout4,277,48772.71
Source: Election Information and Results Service

Distribution by electoral district

[edit]
Parties' vote share in each constituency
Electoral district KOK PS SDP KESK VIHR VAS SFP KD Liik Å
% S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S
Helsinki 26.5 7 11.3 3 20.8 5 1.6 − 15.3 4 11.8 3 5.1 1 1.9 − 2.3 −
Uusimaa 26.2 11 18.2 7 19.2 8 4.8 2 7.6 3 4.6 1 8.7 3 3.5 1 3.7 1
Varsinais-Suomi 23.0 5 20.0 4 18.1 3 8.4 1 7.0 1 11.6 2 5.0 1 2.8 – 2.4 –
Satakunta 17.0 2 26.6 3 24.6 2 13.9 1 2.7 − 8.3 − 0.3 − 3.2 − 1.7 −
Åland − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − 85.6 1
Häme 21.5 3 24.4 4 23.7 4 8.6 1 4.7 − 5.9 1 0.3 − 5.5 1 3.1 −
Pirkanmaa 21.5 5 20.2 5 25.9 6 7.1 1 7.5 1 6.9 1 0.3 − 5.4 1 2.5 −
Southeast Finland 22.0 4 22.7 4 23.7 4 13.6 2 5.1 1 3.7 − 0.2 − 3.5 − 3.5 −
Savo-Karelia 16.3 3 20.0 3 19.1 3 19.7 3 5.7 1 5.5 1 0.1 − 9.8 1 2.1 −
Vaasa 14.2 2 21.3 4 11.7 2 17.9 3 2.7 − 2.4 − 19.3 4 6.9 1 1.5 −
Central Finland 16.3 2 20.5 2 22.8 3 17.7 2 7.6 1 6.5 − 0.1 − 5.3 − 1.3 −
Oulu 14.9 3 25.4 5 13.7 2 25.0 5 5.0 1 9.4 2 0.2 − 3.1 − 1.1 −
Lapland 12.2 1 26.8 2 18.1 1 24.8 2 3.5 − 9.9 − 0.3 − 1.1 − 0.7 −
Total 20.8 48 20.1 46 19.9 43 11.3 23 7.0 13 7.1 11 4.3 9 4.2 5 2.4 1 0.4 1
Source Election Information and Results Service

Government formation

[edit]
Main article: Orpo Cabinet

Before the election, the Social Democratic Party, Green League, and the Left Alliance ruled out joining a coalition that involved the Finns Party. The Swedish People's Party similarly stated that they were unlikely to align with the Finns but did not rule the possibility out completely. According to Swedish People's Party leader Anna-Maja Henriksson, her party wanted to see how government talks would go before making a final decision.[92] The Left Alliance also stated that they were not ready to enter a coalition that involved the National Coalition Party.[92] At the beginning of March 2023, Centre Party leader Annika Saarikko stated that even though she was not ruling out a coalition with any party, she was not willing to continue remaining in the incumbent coalition government due to policy disputes with other coalition parties, especially the Green League.[92][93] National Coalition Party leader Petteri Orpo said he was keeping his options open. News agencies predicted that if his party was the largest, he would need to team up with the Finns Party or the Social Democratic Party, along with smaller parties, to get a majority.[93]

After the immediate results of the election, the incumbent coalition did not have an absolute majority in parliament. The results showed that Orpo had to face difficult options, as his party differed from the Finns on immigration, climate, and EU membership status. Additionally, forming a coalition with them was said to be difficult because some parties had already ruled out a coalition with the Finns. On the other hand, he vowed to replace the economic policy of the Social Democrats. At that point, it was widely anticipated that the Centre Party, Green League, and Left Alliance would prefer to go into opposition rather than join a new coalition. This left the Swedish People's Party and Christian Democrats, which held their ground, as likely coalition partners.[94][95][96][97] The media reported that Orpo was leaning towards talks with the Finns Party first, but also that he was sending out a questionnaire to each of the other parties to assess their positions on various topics.[98][99][95]

On 4 April 2023, the leader of the Social Democratic Party, Sanna Marin, announced that she had resigned as chairwoman of her party, but remained a lawmaker in parliament.[100] Centre Party leader Annika Saarikko confirmed that the Centre Party's place was in the opposition following the party's election losses. Green League party leader Maria Ohisalo made similar statements, citing monetary cuts to education, insufficiently countering climate change, and nature loss as major concerns. Swedish People's Party leader Anna-Maja Henriksson said she did not rule out joining a coalition with the Finns Party, but stated that she opposed the policies and values that the Finns pursue. Christian Democratic leader Sari Essayah said she was open to joining a coalition led by the National Coalition if the coalition agreed to implement major structural reforms in the labour markets and social security system.[101] Based on the answers and initial talks with all parties, Orpo announced that he would negotiate forming a government with the Finns Party, Swedish People's Party, and the Christian Democrats.[102]

Petteri Orpo announced on 15 June that the four parties had agreed to establish a four-party coalition government, which would include the far-right Finns Party.[103] The composition of the government, the assignment of nineteen ministerial posts, was announced on 17 June. The National Coalition received eight posts, the Finns Party seven, and the Swedish People's Party three, with the remaining one going to the Christian Democrats.[104]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Polls published between 1 January 2021 and 26 April 2021 (fieldwork in brackets):
    • Taloustutkimus (2 December 2020 – 5 January 2021)[20]
    • Kantar TNS (21 December 2020 – 15 January 2021)[21]
    • Kantar TNS (18 January 2021 – 12 February 2021)[22]
    • Kantar TNS (15 February 2021 – 12 March 2021)[23]
    • Kantar TNS (15 March 2021 – 9 April 2021)[24]
  2. ^ a b c d National Coalition Party–Swedish People's Party of Finland electoral alliance
  3. ^ a b National Coalition Party–Christian Democrats electoral alliance
  4. ^ a b c Centre Party–Christian Democrats–Finnish Reform Movement electoral alliance
  5. ^ a b Christian Democrats–Finnish Reform Movement electoral alliance
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Finnish People First–Freedom Alliance–Crystal Party electoral alliance
  7. ^ a b c d e f Feminist Party–Animal Justice Party of Finland electoral alliance

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Lehtonen, Antti (2 April 2023). "Kaikkien vaalipiirien päivittyvät vaalitulokset". Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  2. ^ Siaw, Leona (15 April 2019). "Center-left party wins Finland parliamentary election". CNN. Archived from the original on 8 December 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  3. ^ Kingsley, Sam (15 April 2019). "Finland's Social Democrats win slim victory as far-right surges". Times of Israel. Archived from the original on 13 July 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  4. ^ "Finland election: Tough coalition talks after split poll". BBC News. 14 April 2019. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  5. ^ "Näin syntyi hallitusohjelmasta neuvotteleva uusi punamulta – Yle seurasi politiikan superpäivää aamusta iltaan". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 8 May 2019. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  6. ^ "Finland's center-left coalition concludes talks to form new government". Reuters. 2 June 2019. Archived from the original on 1 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  7. ^ "Antti Rinne appointed Finland's new PM". Yle News. 6 June 2019. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  8. ^ Gråsten, Hanna; Koskinen, Mika (2 December 2019). "Antti Rinne Posti-kohun keskiössä". Iltalehti (in Finnish). Archived from the original on 4 November 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
  9. ^ a b "Finnish PM Rinne resigns". Yle News. 3 December 2019. Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  10. ^ "Minister Paatero resigns over Posti outsourcing scandal". Yle News. 29 November 2019. Archived from the original on 31 December 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  11. ^ "Finnish Prime Minister Antti Rinne resigns". Deutsche Welle. 3 December 2019. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  12. ^ "Finland's prime minister resigns over postal service dispute". Al Jazeera. 3 December 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2022. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  13. ^ Tanner, Jari (20 April 2021). "Female minister, 34, tapped to become Finland's youngest PM". Associated Press. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  14. ^ Henley, Jon (9 December 2019). "Finland anoints Sanna Marin, 34, as world's youngest serving prime minister". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 18 April 2020. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  15. ^ "Meet the world's youngest serving prime minister, backed by an all-female leadership team". ABC News. 9 December 2019. Archived from the original on 4 February 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  16. ^ a b Teivainen, Aleksi (4 February 2020). "Finnish government outlines roadmap toward carbon-neutral Finland". Helsinki Times. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  17. ^ "Finland announces March shutdown". Yle News. 25 February 2021. Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  18. ^ "HS-gallup: SDP:n kannatus nousi yli 22 prosentin". Yle Uutiset (in Finnish). 20 May 2020. Archived from the original on 5 January 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
  19. ^ Bui, Doan (7 January 2021). "La Finlande, ce pays qui mate le Covid-19". L'Obs (in French). Archived from the original on 8 January 2023. Retrieved 2 April 2023.
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Media related to Parliamentary elections in Finland, 2023 at Wikimedia Commons

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