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Convoy JW 51B

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Convoy JW 51B
Part of the Second World War
Date30 December 1942 – 3 January 1943
Location
Arctic Ocean
Result British victory
Belligerents
 United Kingdom  Germany
Commanders and leaders
Robert Burnett
Robert Sherbrooke  (WIA)
R. A Melhuish
John Tovey		 Oskar Kummetz
Hans-Jürgen Stumpff
Karl Doenitz
Strength
2 light cruisers (after 3 hours)
6 destroyers
2 corvettes
1 minesweeper
2 trawlers		 2 heavy cruisers
6 destroyers
Casualties and losses
250 killed
1 destroyer sunk
1 destroyer damaged
1 minesweeper sunk		 330 killed1 cruiser damaged
1 destroyer sunk<

Convoy JW 51B was an Arctic convoy sent from United Kingdom by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during the Second World War. It sailed in late December 1942, reaching the Soviet northern ports in early January 1943.

Convoy JW 51B came under attack by German surface units, engaged in Operation Regenbogen, on 31 December. In the engagement, a British minesweeper and a British destroyer were sunk and a German destroyer were sunk; no ships were lost from the convoy in what became known as the Battle of the Barents Sea.

Background

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Convoy escorts

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Convoy JW 51A consisted of 15 merchant ships which departed from Loch Ewe on 22 December 1942. Close escort was provided by the minesweeper HMS Bramble, two corvettes and two armed trawlers. The close escort was supported by six Home Fleet destroyers led by HMS Onslow (Captain Robert Sherbrooke). The convoy sailed with a local escort group from Britain and was joined later by a local escort group from Murmansk. A cruiser cover force comprising HMS Jamaica, HMS Sheffield and two destroyers, was also at sea, from Kola Inlet, to guard against attack by surface units. Distant cover was provided by a Heavy Cover Force from Iceland comprising the battleship HMS Anson, the cruiser Cumberland and five destroyers.

German forces

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Main article: Operation Regenbogen

Convoy JW 51B was opposed by four U-boats in a patrol line in the Norwegian Sea and the aircraft of Luftflotte 5 based in Norway. A surface force comprising the heavy cruisers Admiral Hipper, Lützow and the destroyers Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt, Z4 Richard Beitzen, Z6 Theodor Riedel, Z29, Z30, Z31 was stationed at Altenfjord.

Prelude

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Convoy JW 51B departed Loch Ewe on 22 December 1942, accompanied by its local escort, of four destroyers, and its close escort. Three days later, on 25 December, it was joined by the ocean escort, while the local escort departed. On 27 December the convoy ran into a gale, which scattered the convoy over the next two days into several groups across a wide area. Dover Hill was forced to return with weather damage and five ships and two escorts had become separated. Three of the ships rejoined on 30 December, but Chester Valley, in company with the armed trawler Vizalma, and another, with the destroyer Oribi, remained separated. During 30 December, Bramble detached from the main body of the convoy to search for the stragglers.

Action

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Main article: Battle of the Barents Sea

On 24 December the convoy had been sighted by a patrolling aircraft, but was lost later during the storm. On 30 December it was found again by U-354, and Operation Regenbogen began. On 31 December the German ships, in two sections, met the ocean escort of Convoy JW 51B, and after a sharp engagement, which left the minesweeper Bramble and the destroyer Achates sinking and Onslow, damaged; the attacking force was driven off. The destroyer, Eckoldt was sunk and the cruiser Hipper was damaged. No further attacks developed, and on 1 January 1943 Vizalma and her charge rejoined the convoy. On 2 January Convoy JW 51B was met by its eastern local escort, two minesweepers from Murmansk. On 3 January the main body arrived in Kola Inlet, joined the following day by Oribi and her charge.

Aftermath

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Analysis

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The 15 ships of Convoy JW 51B arrived at Murmansk without loss, though one had been damaged. Despite the loss of two warships, the convoy was a success and the failure of the German surface force against the convoy caused a loss of confidence by Hitler in the Kriegsmarine and its commander, Admiral Erich Raeder, which led to him resigning.[1] Thereafter, the main threat to the Allied convoy system was from U-boats.

Ships involved

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Allied ships

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Merchant ships[2]
Name Year Flag GRT Notes
Ballot 1922  Panama 6,131
Calobre 1919  Panama 6,891
Chester Valley 1919  United States 5,078
Daldorch 1930  United Kingdom 5,571
Dover Hill 1918  United Kingdom 5,815
Empire Archer 1942  United Kingdom 7,031
Empire Emerald 1941  United Kingdom 8,032
Executive 1920  United States 4,978
Jefferson Myers 1920  United States 7,582
John H. B. Latrobe 1942  United States 7,191
Pontfield 1940  United Kingdom 8,319
Puerto Rican 1919  United States 6,076
Ralph Waldo Emerson 1942  United States 7,176
Vermont[3] 1919  United States 5,670
Yorkmar 1919  United States 5,612

Western escort

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Western escort[4]
Name Flag Type Notes
HMS Bulldog  Royal Navy B-class destroyer 22–23 December
HMS Blankney  Royal Navy Hunt-class destroyer 22–25 December
HMS Chiddingfold  Royal Navy Hunt-class destroyer 22–25 December
HMS Ledbury  Royal Navy Hunt-class destroyer 22–25 December

Close escort

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Close convoy escort[2]
Name Flag Type Notes
HMS Bramble  Royal Navy Halcyon-class minesweeper 22–29 December
HMS Hyderabad  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 22 December – 3 January
HMS Rhododendron  Royal Navy Flower-class corvette 22 December – 3 January
HMT Vizalma  Royal Navy ASW trawler 22 December – 3 January
Northern Gem  Royal Navy ASW trawler 22 December – 3 January

Ocean escort

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Ocean convoy escort[2]
Name Flag Type Notes
HMS Achates  Royal Navy A-class destroyer 25 December – 3 January
HMS Obdurate  Royal Navy O-class destroyer 25 December – 3 January
HMS Obedient  Royal Navy O-class destroyer 25 December – 3 January
HMS Onslow  Royal Navy O-class destroyer 25 December – 3 January
HMS Oribi  Royal Navy O-class destroyer 25–31 December, separated, sailed independently
HMS Orwell  Royal Navy O-class destroyer 25 December – 3 January

Force R

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Cruiser covering force[4]
Name Flag Type Notes
HMS Jamaica  Royal Navy Fiji-class cruiser 27–31 December, from Kola Inlet
HMS Sheffield  Royal Navy Town-class cruiser 27–31 December, from Kola Inlet
HMS Matchless  Royal Navy M-class destroyer 27–29 December, from Kola Inlet
HMS Opportune  Royal Navy O-class destroyer 27–29 December, from Kola Inlet

Distant cover

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Distant covering force[2]
Ship Flag Type Notes
HMS Anson  Royal Navy King George V-class battleship
HMS Cumberland  Royal Navy County-class cruiser
HMS Forester  Royal Navy F-class destroyer
HMS Icarus  Royal Navy I-class destroyer
HMS Impulsive  Royal Navy I-class destroyer
HMS Blankney  Royal Navy Hunt-class destroyer
HMS Chiddingfold  Royal Navy Hunt-class destroyer

Allied submarines

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Allied submarines[4]
Name Flag Type Notes
HMS Sea Nymph  Royal Navy S-class submarine Patrolled vicinity Bear Island
HMS Taurus  Royal Navy T-class submarine Patrolled vicinity Bear Island
HMS Torbay  Royal Navy T-class submarine Patrolled vicinity Bear Island
ORP Sokół  Polish Navy U-class submarine Patrolled vicinity Bear Island
HMS Trespasser  Royal Navy T-class submarine Norway inshore watch
HMS Seadog  Royal Navy S-class submarine Norway inshore watch
HMS Unruly  Royal Navy U-class submarine Norway inshore watch
HMS Graph  Royal Navy Type VIIC submarine Norway inshore watch
O 14  Royal Netherlands Navy O 12-class submarine Norway inshore watch

German order of battle

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U-boats

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U-boats[5]
Name Flag Class Notes
U-354  Kriegsmarine Type VIIC submarine
U-626  Kriegsmarine Type VIIC submarine

Surface force

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Regenbogen flotilla[6]
Ship Flag Type Notes
Admiral Hipper  Kriegsmarine Admiral Hipper-class cruiser Sailed 30 December
Lützow  Kriegsmarine Admiral Hipper-class cruiser Sailed 30 December
Z16 Friedrich Eckoldt  Kriegsmarine Type 1934A-class destroyer Sailed 30 December
Z4 Richard Beitzen  Kriegsmarine Type 1934-class destroyer Sailed 30 December
Z6 Theodor Riedel  Kriegsmarine Type 1934A-class destroyer Sailed 30 December
Z29  Kriegsmarine Type 1936A-class destroyer Sailed 30 December
Z30  Kriegsmarine Type 1936A-class destroyer Sailed 30 December
Z31  Kriegsmarine Type 1936A-class destroyer Sailed 30 December

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Churchill 1950, pp. 231–232.
  2. ^ a b c d Ruegg & Hague 1993, p. 48.
  3. ^ Pearson 2007, p. 138.
  4. ^ a b c Rohwer & Hümmelchen 2005, p. 219.
  5. ^ Woodman 2004, pp. 313, 316.
  6. ^ Woodman 2004, p. 316.

References

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  • Churchill, Winston S. (1950). The Hinge of Fate. The Second World War. Vol. IV. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. OCLC 1035611815.
  • Pearson, Michael (2007) [2002]. Red Sky in the Morning: The Battle of the Barents Sea 1942 (repr. ed.). Barnsley: Pen & Sword Maritime. ISBN 978-1-84415-452-4.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (2005) [1972]. Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two (3rd rev. ed.). London: Chatham. ISBN 978-1-86176-257-3.
  • Ruegg, R.; Hague, A. (1993) [1992]. Convoys to Russia: Allied Convoys and Naval Surface Operations in Arctic Waters 1941–1945 (2nd rev. enl. ed.). Kendal: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-66-5.
  • Woodman, Richard (2004) [1994]. Arctic Convoys 1941–1945. London: John Murray. ISBN 978-0-7195-5752-1.

Further reading

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