Archaeological site in Peru
Guitarrero Cave is located in the Callejón de Huaylas valley in Yungay Province , in the Ancash region of Peru . The cave stands 50 m (160 ft) above the Santa River and 2,580 m (8,460 ft) meters above sea level.[ 1]
Archeological findings [ edit ]
Guitarrero Cave has evidence of human use around 8,000 BCE and possibly as early as 10,560 BCE.[ 2] A human's mandible and teeth found in the cave have been carbon dated to 10,610 BCE.[ 1]
Above all that, there were a series of Archaic period campfires, dated between 8,500 and 7,000 BCE.[ 2] Wood, bone, antler and fiber cordage were among the artifacts that were recovered from the level, as well as willow leaf, tanged, lanceolate , and concave base Ichuna/Arcata projectile points. A single grinding slab and a bone flesher were also recovered from this part of the area.[ 2]
Levels were included in the Early and Middle Horizon occupations, cist tombs, and wall paintings between about the 1000 BCE to 1000 CE.
In the 1960s, archeologists discovered artifacts in an extraordinary state of preservation at the site. Remarkably, textiles, wood and leather tools, and basketry have been preserved intact. Some of the evidence of early domesticated Phaseolus beans, chili, corn and other cultivars have been argued for Guitarrero.[ 2]
A high concentration of Trichocereus macrogonus pollen from the oldest phase of human occupation has been detected, as well as some fragments of cactus, which would testify to the intentional introduction of this plant inside the cave.[ 3]
Fiberwork found in the cave dates back over ten-thousand years – the earliest found in South America. The cave held utilitarian containers made by twisting, looping, and knotting plant fibers.[ 4]
The people of Guitarrero Cave are possible ancestors of the Chavín culture .[ 1]
Some of the earliest cultivated plants in South America have been found in the cave. They include:
Ají pepper (Capsicum baccatum ): first appears at Guitarrero cave in 8,500 BCE
Oca (Oxalis tuberosa ): first appears 8,500–7,500 BCE
Aji (Capsicum chinense ): first appears 8,000–7,500 BCE
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris ): first appears 8,000–7,500 BCE
Pallar bean (Phaseolus lunatus ): first appears 8,000–7,500 BCE
Lúcuma (Lucuma bifera ): first appears 8,000–5,500 BCE
Ulluku (Ullucus tuberosus ): first appears 6,000 BCE at the cave es:Tres Ventanas in Peru ,[ 5] and next at Guitarrero cave 5,500 BCE.
Zapallo (Cucurbita sp. ): first appears 7,000 BCE
Maize or corn (Zea mays ): possibly first traces but not conclusively identified from 6,200 BCE. Maize has been identified in the Ayacucho Region of south central Peru as early as 4,400 and 3,100 BCE.[ 1]
^ a b c d Weber, George. "Guitarrero cave (Ancash, Peru)." Archived 2010-04-29 at the Wayback Machine Possible Relatives in the Americas. 11 July 2007 (retrieved 23 Feb 2010)
^ a b c d Lynch, Thomas F.; Gillespie, R.; Gowlett, John A. J.; Hedges, R. E. M. (1985). "Chronology of Guitarrero Cave, Peru". Science . 229 (4716): 864–7. doi :10.1126/science.229.4716.864 . PMID 17777927 .
^ Samorini, Giorgio (2019-06-01). "The oldest archeological data evidencing the relationship of Homo sapiens with psychoactive plants: A worldwide overview" . Journal of Psychedelic Studies . 3 (2): 63–80. doi :10.1556/2054.2019.008 .
^ Stone-Miller, 17
^ ENGEL, F. 1970. La grotte du Megatherium et les ecologies du Haut-Pliocene peruvien. Semiotica, 1, 413-436.
Stone-Miller, Rebecca. Art of the Andes: from Chavín to Inca . London: Thames and Hudson, 2002. ISBN 978-0-500-20363-7 .
Acaray
Ahuila Gencha Machay
Amaru Marka Wasi
Arhuaturo
Asana
Asiru Phat'jata
Aspero
Auga Punta
Auquilohuagra
Awkin Punta
Awkimarka (Apurímac)
Awkimarka (Huánuco)
Aya Muqu
Ayamachay
Ayawayq'u
Azángaro
Baths of Boza
Bandurria
Buena Vista
Cahuachi
Cajamarquilla
Cao Viejo
Carachupa
Carajía
Caral
Caves of Sumbay
Cerro Baúl
Cerro Pátapo
Cerro Trinidad
Chacamarca
Chan Chan
Chanquillo
Chauchilla Cemetery
Chavín de Huantar
Chawaytiri
Cheqollo
Chichakuri
Chipaw Marka
Choquepuquio
Choquequirao
Choquequirao Puquio
Churajón
Chuya
Cochabamba
Cochapata
Colcampata
Collor
Condorcaga
Cota Coca
Coricancha
Cumbemayo
Cutimbo
El Brujo
El Cañoncillo
El Ingenio
El Paraíso
Garagay
Gran Pajatén
Gran Vilaya
Guellayhuasin
Guitarrero Cave
Hatun Machay
Hatun Misapata
Hatun Rumiyoc
Hatun Uchku
Hatun Usnu
Hatunmarka
Honcopampa
Huaca de la Luna
Huaca del Dragón
Huaca del Sol
Huaca Huallamarca
Huaca Prieta
Huaca Pucllana
Huaca San Marcos
Huaca Santa Ana
Huacramarca
Hualpayunca
Huamanmarca, La Convención
Huamboy
Huankarán
Huaycán de Pariachi
Huánuco Pampa
Huari
Huayna Picchu
Huayrapongo
Huchuy Qosqo
Huiñao
Inca Uyo
Incahuasi, Lima
Ingatambo
Inka Mach'ay
Inka Raqay, Apurímac
Inka Raqay, Ayacucho
Inka Tampu, Huayopata
Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba
Inka Tunuwiri
Inka Wasi, Ayacucho
Inka Wasi, Huancavelica
Inkapintay
Inkilltambo
Inti Punku
Inti Watana, Ayacucho
Inti Watana, Calca
Inti Watana, Urubamba
Intikancha
Intini Uyu Pata
Intipa Ñawin
Intiyuq K'uchu
Iskuqucha
Isog
Jinkiori
Jisk'a Iru Muqu
Kanamarka
Kanichi
Kenko
Killa Mach'ay
Killarumiyuq
Kotosh
Kuelap
Kukuli
Kuntur Wasi
Kunturmarka, Ayacucho
Kunturmarka, Pasco
Kuntuyuq
Kusichaka valley
Khichuqaqa
Khuchi Mach'ay
K'allapayuq Urqu
K'ipakhara
La Otra Banda
Laguna de las Momias
Lauricocha Caves
Layzón
Llactan
Llamachayuq
Llamachayuq Qaqa
Llamayuq
Llamuqa
Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria
Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca
Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja
Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca
Llaqtapata
Machu Colca
Machu Picchu
Machu Pirqa
Machu Pitumarka
Machu Q'inti
Mallkuamaya
Mameria
Maray Qalla
Marayniyoq
Marcahuamachuco
Markahirka
Markansaya
Markapukyu
Marpa
Mawk'allaqta, Castilla
Mawk'allaqta, Espinar
Mawk'allaqta, La Unión
Mawk'allaqta, Melgar
Mawk'allaqta, Paruro
Mawk'allaqta, Sandia
Mawk'ataray
Mazur
Miculla
Millka
Miraflores
Mirq'imarka
Miyu Pampa
Molloko
Moray
Mulinuyuq
Mullu Q'awa
Muyu Muyu
Muyu Urqu
Muyuq Marka
Nazca Lines
Nina Kiru
Ninamarca
Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos
Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo
Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas
Ñusta Hispana
Ollantaytambo
Pacatnamu
Pachacamac
Pachatusan
Paiján
Pañamarca
Paracas Candelabra
Paraccra
Patallaqta
Pikillaqta
Pikimach'ay
Pilluchu
Pinkuylluna
Pirca Pirca, La Libertad
Pirca Pirca, Lima
Pirhuaylla
Piruro
Pirwayuq
Písac
Puka Pukara
Puka Tampu
Puka Urqu
Pukara, Coporaque
Pukara, Fajardo
Pukara, Puno
Pukara, Vilcas Huamán
Pukarani
Pumamarka, San Sebastián
Pumamarka, Urubamba
Pumaq Hirka
Pumawasi
Punkuri
Puqin Kancha
Puruchuco
Purunllacta, Cheto
Purunllacta, Soloco
Pusharo
Pusuquy Pata
Puyupatamarca
Qaqapatan
Qenko
Qillqatani
Qillqa
Qillqay Mach'ay
Quiaca
Quillarumi
Quishuar
Qullqapampa
Qulu Qulu
Qunchamarka
Qunchupata
Quri Winchus
Qurimarka, Apurímac
Qurimarka, Cusco
Quriwayrachina, Anta
Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho
Quriwayrachina, La Convención
Qasa Pata
Qhapaq Kancha
Raqch'i
Revash
Rumicolca
Rumiwasi
Runayoc
Runkuraqay
Sacsayhuamán
Sara Sara
Sayacmarca
Sayhuite
Sechín
Sillustani
Sipán
Sóndor
Soro Mik'aya Patjxa
Susupillu
Tambo Totem
Tambomachay
Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica
Tampukancha
Tanqa Tanqa
Tantarica
Taqrachullu
Tarahuasi
Tarmatambo
Templo del Zorro
The Toads of Wiraqucha
Tikra
Tinyaq
Tipón
Titiqaqa
Toquepala Caves
Toro Muerto
Trinchera
Túcume
Tunanmarca
Tunay Q'asa
Tupu Inka
T'akaq
T'uqu T'uquyuq
Uchkus Inkañan
Urpish
Uskallaqta
Usnu, Ayacucho
Usnu, Huánuco
Usnu Muqu
Usqunta
Uyu Uyu
Venado cautivo
Ventanillas de Otuzco
Ventarron
Vilcabamba
Vilcashuamán
Viracochapampa
Vitcos
Waman Pirqa
Wamanilla
Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas
Wamanmarka, Lima
Wanakawri, Cusco
Wanakawri, Huánuco
Waqlamarka
Waqra Pukara
Waqutu
Warahirka
Waraqayuq
Waraqu Urqu
Warawtampu
Wari Willka
Waruq
Wat'a, Cusco
Wat'a, Huánuco
Wayna Q'inti
Wayna Tawqaray
Wichama
Wichqana
Wich'un
Wila Wilani
Wilca
Wilcahuaín
Willkaraqay
Wiñay Wayna
Wiraqucha Pirqa
Yanaca
Yanaqi - Qillqamarka
Yaynu
Yuraq Mach'ay
Ceremonial Dwellings Water management Other architecture
Austria Belgium Bosnia Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Finland France Germany Gibraltar Greece Hungary Italy Jersey Kosovo Luxembourg Malta North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom
Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Cambodia China East Timor Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Mongolia Myanmar Pakistan Palestine Philippines Sri Lanka Thailand Turkmenistan Turkey Uzbekistan Vietnam
Algeria Botswana Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Kenya Lesotho Libya Morocco Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Somaliland South Africa Tanzania Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe
Argentina Aruba Belize Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Curaçao Dominican Republic Jamaica Mexico Peru Suriname United States