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General George Washington at Trenton

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General George Washington at Trenton
American General Washington surveys the area, white horse in the background, on the night before the Battle of Princeton
ArtistJohn Trumbull
Year1792
Mediumoil on canvas
Dimensions235 cm × 160 cm (92 1/2 in × 63 in)
LocationYale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut

General George Washington at Trenton is a large full-length portrait in oil painted in 1792 by the American artist John Trumbull of General George Washington at Trenton, New Jersey, on the night of January 2, 1777, during the American Revolutionary War. This is the night after the Battle of the Assunpink Creek, also known as the Second Battle of Trenton, and before the decisive victory at the Battle of Princeton the next day.[1] The artist considered this portrait "the best certainly of those which I painted."[2][3] The portrait is on view at the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut, an 1806 gift of the Society of the Cincinnati in Connecticut.[2] It was commissioned by the city of Charleston, South Carolina, but was rejected by the city, resulting in Trumbull painting another version.[3]

Commission

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The work was commissioned by the city of Charleston, South Carolina, in 1792 to commemorate President Washington's visit there in May 1791 during his Southern Tour.[2][4] Trumbull had visited Charleston earlier, in February 1791, to paint portraits of several leaders, including Charles Cotesworth Pinckney.[4] Trumbull took the commission from William Loughton Smith, a representative of South Carolina and representing Charleston, con amore (with love), to paint Washington "in the most sublime moment ... the evening previous to the battle of Princeton".[3][5]

Description

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General George Washington is in full military uniform, a blue coat over buff waistcoat and pants. He holds a spyglass in his right hand and a sword in his left hand. Behind him is Blueskin, his spirited, light-colored horse, restrained by a groom. Further in the distance is the bridge over the Assunpink Creek and nearby mill, along with artillery and campfires.[6]

Charleston version

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Washington at the City of Charleston, by John Trumbull, 1792

After Smith rejected the painting, Trumbull painted a similar, but different version for the city, entitled Washington at the City of Charleston. It was now set at Charleston, with the city in the background, the Cooper River and boats in the middle ground, and local plants in the foreground. Washington is shown as Smith wanted, "calm, tranquil, peaceful." He wears gloves on both hands, holds a hat in his left hand which is shown resting on his sword, while holding a walking stick with his right hand.[3][7] The painting is now on view in the Charleston City Hall.[7][8]

Other versions

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Trumbull painted a much smaller version (26+1/2 inches (67 cm) x 18+1/2 inches (47 cm)), entitled George Washington before the Battle of Trenton, c. 1792–94, likely for his friend Charles Wilkes, a New York banker. It is similar to the original, but with changes in the background and a bay horse.[9] It was bequested to the Metropolitan Museum of Art in 1922 and is on view there.[10] In 1794, Trumbull went to London as secretary of legation for John Jay during the negotiations of the Jay Treaty. He had made a small version of this portrait and later supervised its engraving by Thomas Cheesman, entitled George Washington, in 1796. It was noted by historian Justin Winsor as the best engraving of Trumbull's paintings and was used as the basis for several other engravings.[11][12][13] In 1845, William Warner Jr. engraved Gen. Washington.[14] Illman & Sons engraved a version George Washington - On the Great Occasion of our Presidential Election in 1858.[15] Alfred Daggett engraved a version, Washington at Trenton, New Jersey, January 2nd, 1777, that was published in Historical Collections of New Jersey, Past and Present by John W. Barber and Henry Howe in 1868.[16] An engraving entitled, General Washington at the Bridge Over the Assunpink Creek, was published in the 1898 book, The Battles of Trenton and Princeton, by historian William S. Stryker.[17]

Critical reception

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Trumbull described the thinking of Washington after seeing the superiority of the enemy at Trenton:

... he is supposed to have been meditating how to avoid the apparently impending ruin. To re-cross the Delaware in the presence of such an enemy, was impossible; to retreat down the eastern side of the river, and cross at Philadelphia, was equally so; to hazard a battle on the ground, was desperate.[6]

Historian and painter William Dunlap after viewing it in the Trumbull Gallery at Yale said: "This is, in many respects, a fine picture, and painted in the artist's best days."[18]

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  • George Washington before the Battle of Trenton, by John Trumbull, c. 1792–94
    George Washington before the Battle of Trenton, by John Trumbull, c. 1792–94
  • George Washington, engraving by Thomas Cheesman, 1796
    George Washington, engraving by Thomas Cheesman, 1796
  • Gen. Washington, on the battle field at Trenton, engraving by William Warner Jr., 1845
    Gen. Washington, on the battle field at Trenton, engraving by William Warner Jr., 1845
  • George Washington - On the Great Occasion of our Presidential Election, engraved by Illman & Sons, 1858
    George Washington - On the Great Occasion of our Presidential Election, engraved by Illman & Sons, 1858
  • General Washington at the Bridge Over the Assunpink Creek, published by William S. Stryker, 1898
    General Washington at the Bridge Over the Assunpink Creek, published by William S. Stryker, 1898
  • Washington on the Eve of the Battle of Princeton, photo by Detroit Publishing Co., 1912
    Washington on the Eve of the Battle of Princeton, photo by Detroit Publishing Co., 1912

Legacy

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The United States Post Office has issued several postage stamps of George Washington from the portrait detail in this painting. The first was issued in 1860 with a ninety-cent value.[19][20] This stamp was revised and issued the next year in 1861.[21] In 1931, the Battle of Yorktown commemorative with a two-cent value included this portrait.[13][22] A stamp with a six-cent value was issued as part of the Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932.[23][24] Finally, the Army and Navy Commemorative Series included a stamp with a one-cent value in 1936.[13][25]

Portrait detail
  • 90¢ Issue of 1860
    90¢ Issue of 1860
  • 90¢ Issue of 1861
    90¢ Issue of 1861
  • 2¢ Issue of 1931
    2¢ Issue of 1931
  • 6¢ Issue of 1932
    6¢ Issue of 1932
  • 1¢ Issue of 1936
    1¢ Issue of 1936

On February 21, 1915, The New York Times published a full-page image of the painting with the caption "General Washington, painted from life by his staff officer and friend, Col. John Trumbull", in the Picture section, the first time in Rotogravure.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Cooper, Helen A. (2008). "General George Washington at Trenton". Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: American Art from the Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Art Gallery. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-0-300-12289-3.
  2. ^ a b c Trumbull, John. "General George Washington at Trenton". Yale University Art Gallery.
  3. ^ a b c d Trumbull, John (1841). Autobiography, Reminiscences and Letters of John Trumbull, from 1756 to 1841. New York: Wiley and Putnam. pp. 166–67.
  4. ^ a b Pinckney, Charles (March 8, 1791). "To George Washington from Charles Pinckney, 8 March 1791". Founders Online, National Archives.
  5. ^ Trumbull, John. "George Washington before the Battle of Trenton". National Portrait Gallery.
  6. ^ a b Trumbull, John (1835). "No. 39.–Portrait of General Washington". Catalogue of Paintings, by Colonel Trumbull; Including Eight Subjects of the American Revolution, with Near Two Hundred and Fifty Portraits of Persons Distinguished in That Important Period. Painted by Him from the Life. Gallery of Yale College. pp. 33–34.
  7. ^ a b Trumbull, John. "George Washington, (painting)". Inventory of American Sculpture, Smithsonian Institution Research Information System. Smithsonian American Art Museum. IAP 60820026.
  8. ^ Washington, George (May 5, 1792). "From George Washington to William Moultrie, 5 May 1792". Founders Online, National Archives.
  9. ^ Caldwell, John; Rodriguez Roque, Oswaldo (1994). "George Washington before the Battle of Trenton". In Kathleen Luhrs (ed.). American Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. I: A Catalogue of Works by Artists Born by 1815. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 216–7.
  10. ^ Trumbull, John. "George Washington before the Battle of Trenton". Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  11. ^ Winsor, Justin (1888). "The Portraits of Washington". Narrative and Critical History of America. Vol. 7. Houghton, Mifflin and Company. pp. 568–9.
  12. ^ Cheesman, Thomas. "George Washington". Yale University Art Gallery.
  13. ^ a b c Sizer, Theodore (1950). The Works of Colonel John Trumbull, Artist of the American Revolution. Yale University Press. p. 63.
  14. ^ Warner, William. "Gen. Washington (on the battle field at Trenton)". Library of Congress.
  15. ^ "George Washington - On the Great Occasion of our Presidential Election". Brown University Library.
  16. ^ Barber, John W.; Howe, Henry (1868). Historical Collections of New Jersey, Past and Present. S.C., Reprint Company. p. 392.
  17. ^ Stryker, William S. (1898). The Battles of Trenton and Princeton. p. 262.
  18. ^ Dunlap, William (1918). A History of the Rise and Progress of the Arts of Design in the United States. Vol. 2. p. 76.
  19. ^ Leavy, Joseph B. (1918). "History and Biography of the 1851–60 Issue". American Philatelist and Year Book of the American Philatelic Association. Vol. 32. American Philatelic Association. pp. 90–93.
  20. ^ "90-cent Washington (1851–1861 Issues)". National Postal Museum.
  21. ^ "90-cent Washington (1861 Issues)". National Postal Museum.
  22. ^ "Yorktown Issue (1930–1931 Issues)". National Postal Museum.
  23. ^ "6-cent Red Orange (Washington Bicentennial Issue)". National Postal Museum.
  24. ^ "Bicentennial Commemorative Postage Stamps". Report of the United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. Vol. 5. United States George Washington Bicentennial Commission. 1932. pp. 152–155.
  25. ^ "1-cent Washington & Greene (1936–1937 Issues)". National Postal Museum.
  26. ^ "General Washington, painted from life by his staff officer and friend, Col. John Trumbull". The New York Times. February 21, 1915. p. 43.
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