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General George Washington Resigning His Commission

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This article is about the painting. For the event, see George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief.
General George Washington Resigning His Commission
American General George Washington resigning his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army to the Congress of the Confederation at Annapolis, Maryland on December 23, 1783
ArtistJohn Trumbull
Year1824
Mediumoil on canvas
Dimensions3.7 m × 5.5 m (12 ft × 18 ft)
LocationUnited States Capitol rotunda, Washington, D.C.

General George Washington Resigning His Commission is a large-scale oil painting by American artist John Trumbull of General George Washington resigning his commission as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army on December 23, 1783 to the Congress of the Confederation, then meeting in the Maryland State House at Annapolis, Maryland. The painting was commissioned in 1817, started in 1822, finished in 1824, and is now on view in the United States Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C., along with three other large-scale paintings by Trumbull about the American Revolutionary War.[1]

Trumbull considered George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief to be "one of the highest moral lessons ever given to the world".[2]

Commission

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Congress commissioned Trumbull on January 27, 1817 to paint four Revolutionary War scenes to be displayed in the rotunda of the Capitol, including what would become the popular Declaration of Independence, and allocated $32,000 for the work. Trumbull then had a meeting with President James Madison to determine the final size and subjects.[3] Trumbull initially thought that the paintings should be six feet high by nine feet long, but Madison stated that the vast size of the rotunda demanded full life-sized works.[4] The military subjects selected were the Surrender of General Burgoyne and the Surrender of Lord Cornwallis. The civil subjects were the Declaration of Independence balanced by General George Washington Resigning His Commission. Trumbull recommended the painting of George Washington resigning, and Madison responded, "I believe you are right; it was a glorious action".[2]

Description

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General George Washington is shown in full military uniform, illuminated in the middle of the painting as he addresses the Continental Congress. Standing behind him are his aides-de-camp Col. David Humphreys and Col. Benjamin Walker. Standing on the left are President of the Continental Congress Thomas Mifflin and Secretary of the Continental Congress Charles Thomson. Martha Washington and her three grandchildren are shown in the gallery on the right, although they were not actually in attendance.[5] Future Presidents Thomas Jefferson, James Monroe, and James Madison are shown among the delegates. Trumbull told Madison that he had used artistic license to include him in the painting.[6] Other congressional delegates include Elbridge Gerry, Hugh Williamson, Samuel Osgood, Eleazer McComb, George Partridge, Richard Dobbs Spaight, and Benjamin Hawkins. Also standing behind Washington are General William Smallwood, General Otho Holland Williams, Col. Samuel Smith, Col. John Eager Howard, and Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, spectators from Maryland, and Maryland delegate Charles Carroll with his two daughters.[1]

Trumbull used his 1792 portrait General George Washington at Trenton as the model for Washington in this work. He used several of his miniature portraits from 1790 to 1793 for the other people in attendance, including Thomas Mifflin, William Smallwood, and Martha Washington.[7]

Other versions

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Trumbull painted a smaller version (20 by 30 inches (51 cm × 76 cm)) entitled The Resignation of General Washington, December 23, 1783 (1824–1828) that is now on view at the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut.[8] An engraving from the central portion of the full-sized painting was used on the reverse of the $1,000 National Bank Note, Series 1875, and the $5,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1918.[9]

Critical reception

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Trumbull described the painting in the catalogue for his exhibited works at Yale University in 1835:[10]

What a dazzling temptation was here to earthly ambition! Beloved by the military, venerated by the people, who was there to oppose the victorious chief, if he had chosen to retain that power, which he had so long held with universal approbation? The Caesars, the Cromwells, the Napoleons, yielded to the charm of earthly ambition, and betrayed their country; but Washington aspired to loftier, imperishable glory, – to that glory which virtue alone can give, and which no power, no effort, no time, can ever take away or diminish.

Historian Matthew Moten wrote about this painting in the conclusion to his 2014 book on the American history of command in war:[11]

Let us return once more to examine Trumbull’s General George Washington Resigning His Commission. Washington stands before a chair, one a little larger than all the rest and draped with a cloak—the throne will go unoccupied. Returning his commission, Washington becomes not Caesar but Cincinnatus, forsaking command, the military life, and a potential claim on executive, perhaps dictatorial, power. Like Cincinnatus, Washington has sheathed his sword and will return to the plow at his Mount Vernon estate.

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  • The Resignation of General Washington, December 23, 1783, by John Trumbull, 1824–1828
    The Resignation of General Washington, December 23, 1783,
    by John Trumbull, 1824–1828
  • Key to the painting
    Key to the painting
  • Washington Resigning His Commission $1,000 National Bank Note, Series 1875
    Washington Resigning His Commission
    $1,000 National Bank Note, Series 1875
  • Washington Resigning His Commission $5,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1918
    Washington Resigning His Commission
    $5,000 Federal Reserve Note, Series 1918

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b "General George Washington Resigning His Commission". Architect of the Capitol. Archived from the original on 2017-07-31.
  2. ^ a b Trumbull, John (1841). Autobiography, Reminiscences and Letters of John Trumbull, from 1756 to 1841. New York: Wiley and Putnam. p. 263.
  3. ^ Allen, William C. (February 22, 2002). "The Bulfinch Years, 1818–1829". History of the United States Capitol: A Chronicle of Design, Construction, and Politics (PDF). Architect of the Capitol. p. 134. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 15, 2017.
  4. ^ Trumbull (1841), p. 262.
  5. ^ "Attendees at George Washington's Resignation of his Commission Old Senate Chamber, Maryland State House, December 23, 1783" (PDF). Maryland State Archives. February 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 29, 2017.
  6. ^ Trumbull, John (October 1, 1823). "To James Madison from John Trumbull, 1 October 1823 (letter not found)". Founders Online, National Archives. Archived from the original on January 16, 2018.
  7. ^ Cooper, Helen A. (2008). "The Resignation of General Washington, December 23, 1783". Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness: American Art from the Yale University Art Gallery. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Art Gallery. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-0-300-12289-3.
  8. ^ Trumbull, John. "The Resignation of General Washington, December 23, 1783". Yale University Art Gallery. Archived from the original on February 19, 2018.
  9. ^ "U.S. Currency: $5,000 Note (Blue Seal)". Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Archived from the original on 2011-10-14.
  10. ^ Trumbull, John (1835). "No. 27.–Resignation of Gen. Washington – December 23, 1783". Catalogue of Paintings, by Colonel Trumbull; Including Eight Subjects of the American Revolution, with Near Two Hundred and Fifty Portraits of Persons Distinguished in That Important Period. Painted by Him from the Life. Gallery of Yale College. pp. 27–30. Archived from the original on February 19, 2018.
  11. ^ Moten, Matthew (2014). Presidents and Their Generals: An American History of Command in War. Harvard University Press. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-674-05814-9. OCLC 876010386.
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