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Foreign relations of Haiti

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Haiti was one of the original members of the League of Nations, and was one of the original members of the United Nations and several of its specialized and related agencies. It is also a founding member of the Organization of American States. Haiti also has diplomatic relations with the Republic of China, commonly known as Taiwan, instead of the People's Republic of China. Taiwan is one of Haiti's major trading partners and the two countries maintain very friendly relations. Haiti has also re-established very warm relations with Cuba in which a major act of bilateral cooperation has resulted in Cuba's large contribution of doctors to the country. The Haitian government has publicly shown admiration to Fidel Castro and his administration.[citation needed]

The international community rallied to Haiti's defense during the 1991 to 1994 period of illegal military rule. Thirty-one countries participated in the U.S.-led Multinational Force (MNF) which, acting under UN auspices, intervened in September 1994 to help restore the legitimate government and create a secure and stable environment in Haiti. At its peak, the MNF included roughly 21,000 troops, mostly Americans, and more than 1,000 international police monitors. Within six months, the troop level was gradually reduced as the MNF transitioned to a 6,000 strong peacekeeping force, the UN Mission in Haiti (UNMIH). UNMIH was charged with maintaining the secure environment, which the MNF had helped establish, as well as nurturing Haiti's new police force through the presence of 900 police advisors. A total of 38 countries participated in UNMIH.

In order to spur Haiti's social and economic recovery from three years of de facto military rule and decades of misrule before that, international development banks and donor agencies pledged in 1994 to provide over US$2 billion in assistance by 1999. Disbursements were largely conditioned on progress in economic reform. Parliamentary inaction, principally as a result of the political struggles and gridlock that plagued Haiti since 1996, resulted in the blockage of much of this assistance as disbursement conditions were not met. The electoral crisis that has brewed in the aftermath of the 21 May 21, 2000 local and parliamentary elections has resulted in the blockage of most multilateral and bilateral assistance. Major donors are led by the United States, with the largest bilateral assistance program, and also include Canada, People's Republic of China, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, South Korea, Republic of China (Taiwan) and the United Kingdom. Multilateral aid is coordinated through an informal grouping of major donors under the auspices of the World Bank which, in addition to the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the European Union, is also a major source of Haitian development assistance.

Visas are required for citizens of Colombia and Panama due to the actions of nationals of those two countries in using Haiti as a drop-off point for narcotic drugs bound for the United States. Panama's proximity to Colombia and their thriving off-shore banking industry has lured many traffickers to use that nation and Haiti as bases for their activities. Citizens of the Dominican Republic also require visas to visit Haiti, not only due to the hostile, sometimes volatile relations between both nations, but also because since the late 1990s, the Dominican Republic has become another base for illicit drugs bound for the United States, which usually enter illegally via Puerto Rico. Once in Puerto Rico, drugs can easily reach the United States due to the absence of both immigration and customs between that island and the mainland.[1]

Disputes – international: claims US-administered Navassa Island

Illicit drugs: major Caribbean transshipment point for cocaine en route to the US and Europe (see Illegal drug trade in Haiti)

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Haiti maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  France 12 February 1838[2]
2  United Kingdom 13 May 1859[3]
3  United States 1 October 1862[4]
4  Venezuela 10 June 1864[5]
5  Dominican Republic 26 July 1867[6]
—  Holy See 1881[2]
6  Italy 24 February 1898[7]
7  Belgium 15 January 1902[8]
8  Cuba 3 February 1904[9]
9  Netherlands 21 November 1912[10]
10  Brazil 1928[11]
11  Mexico 11 July 1929[12]
12  Poland 18 November 1933[13]
13  Colombia 7 August 1936[14]
14  Argentina 1 February 1939[15]
15  Spain 20 September 1939[16]
16  Peru 13 December 1939[17]
17  Sweden 31 March 1941[18]
18   Switzerland 29 September 1941[19]
19  Chile 7 June 1943[20]
20  Norway 28 October 1943[21]
21  Uruguay 5 September 1945[22]
22  Panama 11 October 1945[23]
23  Philippines 6 July 1946[24]
—  Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1947[25]
24  Guatemala 1948[26]
25  Ecuador 14 November 1949[27]
26  Turkey 1950[28]
27  Liberia 29 June 1952[29]
28  Nicaragua 6 August 1952[30]
29  Germany 23 September 1953[31]
30  Denmark 1 November 1953[32]
31  Canada 12 May 1954[33]
32  Costa Rica 29 September 1955[34]
—  Republic of China 25 April 1956[35]
33  Japan April 1956[36]
34  Paraguay 2 October 1956[37]
35  Bolivia 24 November 1957[38]
36  Israel 12 September 1958[39]
37  Ethiopia 5 April 1959[40]
38  Lebanon 21 May 1959[41]
39  Egypt 30 November 1960[42]
40  Benin December 1960[43]
41  Senegal 4 February 1962[44]
42  Mali 21 August 1962[45]
43  South Korea 22 September 1962[46]
44  Portugal 1965[47]
45  Finland 29 September 1966[48]
46  Guyana 6 October 1970[49]
47  Barbados 5 August 1972[50]
48  Trinidad and Tobago 31 January 1974[51]
49  Iran 16 April 1974[52]
50  Zambia 6 March 1975[53]
51  Bahamas 26 August 1977[54]
52  Nigeria 28 January 1978[55]
53  Suriname 1 March 1979[56]
54  Libya 18 January 1979[54]
55  Saint Lucia 1979[57]
56  Romania 9 May 1980[58]
57  Cameroon 11 January 1981[59]
58  Jamaica 26 August 1981[60]
59  Gabon 14 October 1981[61]
60  Niger 17 December 1981[62]
61  Belize 1982[63]
62  Guinea 10 January 1983[64]
63  Austria 16 December 1983[65]
64  Serbia 20 January 1984[66]
65  Morocco 22 August 1985[67]
66  Bahrain 15 September 1985[68]
67  Democratic Republic of the Congo 1 October 1986[54]
68  Thailand 30 October 1986[54]
69  Ivory Coast 4 September 1987[69]
70  Russia 2 June 1996[54]
71  India 27 September 1996[70]
72  Antigua and Barbuda 11 June 1997[71]
73  Mozambique 25 September 1997[54]
74  Turkmenistan 26 September 1997[54]
75  Slovakia 26 September 1997[72]
76  Vietnam 26 September 1997[54]
77  South Africa 9 December 1997[54]
78  Armenia 21 January 1999[54]
79  Slovenia 30 March 1999[54]
80  Croatia 15 October 1999[54]
81  Belarus 29 October 1999[54]
82  Saudi Arabia 17 January 2000[54]
83  Seychelles 15 October 2000[54]
84  Australia 2000[73]
85  Singapore 16 February 2001[54]
86  North Macedonia 11 April 2001[54]
87  Malaysia 2001[74]
88  Azerbaijan 9 May 2003[54]
89  Hungary 11 July 2005[54]
90  Iceland 18 November 2005[54]
91  Czech Republic 15 December 2005[54]
92  Latvia 14 December 2006[54]
93  Andorra 19 January 2007[54]
94  Burkina Faso 25 January 2007[75]
95    Nepal 23 May 2007[54]
96  Luxembourg 24 February 2008[76]
97  Equatorial Guinea 24 June 2008[77]
98  United Arab Emirates 21 October 2009[54]
99  Estonia 31 March 2010[54]
100  Lithuania 4 May 2010[54]
101  Bosnia and Herzegovina 5 May 2010[54]
102  Ukraine 23 September 2010[54]
103  Georgia 16 December 2011[54]
104  Ireland 26 January 2012[54]
105  Moldova 7 June 2012[54]
106  Kuwait 5 September 2012[54]
107  Fiji 16 October 2012[78]
108  Montenegro 17 October 2012[54]
109  Tuvalu 7 November 2012[79]
110  Indonesia 21 November 2012[54]
111  Sri Lanka 14 December 2012[54]
112  East Timor 2012[80]
113  Qatar 5 August 2013[54]
114  Kazakhstan 20 September 2013[81]
—  State of Palestine 27 September 2013[54]
115  Pakistan 10 January 2014[82]
116  Mongolia 14 January 2014[54]
117  New Zealand 4 September 2014[83]
118  Namibia 24 October 2014[84]
119  Tajikistan 9 March 2016[54]
120  Mauritius 13 February 2018[54]
121  Rwanda 15 August 2018[54]
122  Kenya 20 September 2023[85]
123  Bangladesh Unknown
124  Dominica Unknown
125  El Salvador Unknown
126  Greece Unknown
127  Grenada Unknown
128  Ghana Unknown
129  Honduras Unknown
131  Saint Kitts and Nevis Unknown
132  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Unknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Benin December 1960 See Benin–Haiti relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in December 1960 with opened Embassy of Haiti in Dahomey. It was closed in 1963 and reopened in Cotonou in February 2004. Embassy Haiti in Benin was finally closed on 11 December 2018.[43]

Haiti and Benin maintain diplomatic relations with a Haitian office in Cotonou, although Benin does not currently maintain an official diplomatic presence in the country due to the 2010 earthquake. Benin contributed a contingency of 32 police/civilian personnel to MINUSTAH.

The two countries share an extensive cultural history by a way of the Atlantic slave trade and the resulting importing of Haitian Vodou as a religious force in Haitian society. The devastating earthquake was followed, among many reactions, by an outburst of solidarity prayers in Benin with the victims.[86] Traditional ceremonies were organized to appease the spirits and seek the blessing of ancestors for the Haitians.[87]

In December 2018, Haiti closed its embassy in Cotonou.[88]

  • Benin does not have an accreditation for Haiti.
  • Haiti is accredited to Benin from its embassy in Paris, France.
 Burkina Faso 25 January 2007 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 January 2007 when first Ambassador of Burkina Faso to Haiti Salif Nebié, has presented his credentials to President René Préval.[75]
 Cameroon 11 January 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 January 1981 when Ambassador of Haiti (with residence in Nigeria) M. Antoine Victor Pierre-Louis has presented his credentials to President of Cameroon M. Ahmadou Ahidjo.[59]
 Cote d'Ivoire
  • Haiti has an honorary consulate in Abidjan.[89]
  • Ivory Coast has a liaison office in Port-au-Prince.
 Equatorial Guinea 24 June 2008 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 June 2008 when Ambassador of Equatorial Guinea Teresa Efua Asangono presented his credentials to President of Haiti, René Préval.[77]
 Gabon 14 October 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 October 1981 when first ambassador of Haiti to Gabon with residence in Dakar Mr Victor Pierre Louis presented his credentials to President Bongo[61]
  • Gabon is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Haiti has an honorary consulate in Libreville.[89]
 Guinea 10 January 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1983 when first Ambassador of Guinea to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Alpha Ibrahima Diallo presented his credentials to President Jean Claude Duvalier.[64]
 Kenya 20 September 2023

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 September 2023.[90]

Kenya offered to lead the Multinational Security Support Mission to Haiti with a force of 1,000 police officers, and this offer was accepted by the UN Security Council in October 2023.[91]

Haitian prime minister Ariel Henry visited Kenya in March 2024 to sign the agreement to deploy the police officers to Haiti.[92]

Haiti is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Pretoria. Kenya is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Havana.

 Liberia 1864
  • Haiti and Liberia recognized each other in 1864.[93]
  • The two countries established treaties of friendship and commerce the same year.[93]
 Namibia 23 October 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 23 October 2014 when first Ambassador of Namibia to Haiti Mr. Jerobeam Shaanika presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly[94]
 Senegal
  • Haiti has an honorary consulate in Dakar.[89]
  • Senegal is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
 Zambia 6 March 1975 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1975 when first Ambassador of Zambia to Haiti (resident in New York) Mr. Rupiah Bwezani Banda presented his credentials to Président Duvalier.[95]

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Argentina 1 February 1939 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 February 1939 when first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Argentina to Haiti (Resident in Havana) Mr. Victor Lascado presented his credentials.[96]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
  • Argentina has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Bahamas 26 August 1977 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1977[97]

See Bahamas-Haiti relations

  • Haiti has an embassy Nassau.
  • The Bahamas has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
  • There are over 80,000 Haitians living in the Bahamas.
 Brazil 1928 See Brazil–Haiti relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations in 1928.[98]

  • Haiti has an embassy in Brasília.
  • Brazil has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Canada 12 May 1954 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 May 1954[99]

See Canada–Haiti relations

During the unsettled period from 1957 to 1990, Canada received many Haitian refugees, who now form a significant minority in Quebec. Canada participated in various international interventions in Haiti between 1994 and 2004, and continues to provide substantial aid to Haiti,[100] the second poorest country in the western hemisphere.[101]

 Chile See Chile–Haiti relations

Chile sent 650 peacekeeping troops to the island as part of the United Nations peace keeping mission.[104] Praising the work of the Chilean policemen in Haiti, National Police official Javiera Blanco said, "Even though today there is a need for the key presence of this mission, which is in mid term, the exit should be prepared for, considering that the country (Haiti) must take those responsibilities and build their capacities to do what is done by our mission." The police are planned to withdraw from Haiti in 2011.[105]

  • Haiti has an embassy in Santiago.
  • Chile has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Colombia 7 August 1936 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 August 1936 when Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Colombia Ricardo Gutiérrez Lee has presented his credentials to Haiti.[106]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Bogotá.
  • Colombia is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
 Cuba 3 February 1904 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 February 1904, which were interrupted on September 28, 1959, and later resumed on February 6, 1996.[107]

See Cuba-Haiti relations

  • Haiti has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Dominican Republic 9 November 1874 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 November 1874[108]

See Dominican Republic–Haiti relations

Relations between Haiti and the Dominican Republic vacillated between barely tolerable and potentially combustible throughout the history of both countries' existences, reaching their lowest points in the Haitian invasion of the Dominican Republic, the aftermath of the Parsley Massacre, related Haitian-targeted ethnic cleansing campaigns by the Rafael Trujillo dictatorship and the 2010 earthquake in Port-au-Prince. The periodic influxes of Haitian economic (and, in times past, political) migrants across the border have also strained relations between the two countries at various recent times.

 Ecuador 14 November 1949 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 November 1949 when has been appointed Mr. Jorge Concha Enriquez as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Ecuador to Haiti with residence in Costa Rica.[27]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Quito.
  • Ecuador is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
 Guyana 6 October 1970
 Jamaica 26 August 1981 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1981[110]

See Haiti–Jamaica relations

  • Haiti has an embassy in Kingston, but later closed in 2012.[111]
  • Jamaica has an honorary consulate in Port-au-Prince.
 Mexico 11 July 1929 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 July 1929[12]

See Haiti–Mexico relations

 Panama 11 October 1945 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 October 1945[113]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Panama City.
  • Panama has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Paraguay 2 October 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 2 October 1956 when has been appointed first non-resident Minister Plenipotentiary of Paraguay to Haiti Manuel Montanaro.[114]
 Trinidad and Tobago 31 January 1974 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 January 1974 when first Ambassador of Trinidad and Tobago to Haiti Mr. Charles H. Archibald presented his credentials[115]
 United States 1 October 1862 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 1 October 1862[116]

See Haiti–United States relations

 Uruguay
  • Haiti is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
 Venezuela 10 June 1864 See Haiti–Venezuela relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1864.[119]

  • Haiti has an embassy in Caracas.
  • Venezuela has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.

Asia

[edit]
Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Bangladesh See Bangladesh–Haiti relations

The relations between the two countries have been largely influenced by the role of Bangladeshi peace keepers in Haiti.

 China

See China–Haiti relations

Haiti does not recognize China.

  • Haiti has a trade office in Beijing.
  • China has a trade office in Port-au-Prince.
 India 27 September 1996 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 September 1996[120]

See Haiti–India relations

 Israel 11 September 1958 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 September 1958[125]

See Haiti–Israel relations

Haiti recognized Israel's independence on 17 March 1949.

  • Israel is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Panama City.
 Pakistan 10 January 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 2014 when Ambassador of Pakistan M. Qazi M. Khalilullah has presented his credentials to President of Haiti Michel Martelly.[82]
 Philippines 3 April 1984 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 April 1984 when first Ambassador of Haiti to Philippines Mr. Raymond Perodin presented his credentials[126]
  • Haiti is accredited to the Philippines from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • Philippines is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
 Taiwan 25 April 1956 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 April 1956[35]

See Haiti-Taiwan relations

  • Haiti maintains an embassy in Taipei.
  • Taiwan maintains an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
  • Haitian President Jovenel Moise met with Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-Wen in Taipei since 2018.
  • Taiwan has offered US$150 million to Haiti for building up its rural power grid following its destruction in the 2010 earthquake.
 Turkey March 23, 1943[127] See Haiti–Turkey relations
  • Turkish Embassy in Santo Domingo is accredited to Haiti.[128]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$129.7 million in 2019 (Haitian exports/imports: 0.8/128.9 million USD).[128]
  • After the earthquake, Turkey provided financial aid and equipment worth US$124 million.[129]
  • Since 2004, Turkey has provided personnel to MINUSTAH.[130]

Europe

[edit]
Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Belgium 15 January 1902 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 January 1902 when has been appointed C. Renoz as Consul General and Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Haiti.[8]
  • Belgium is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Havana, Cuba.
  • Haiti has an embassy in Brussels.
 France 12 February 1838 See France–Haiti relations
 Germany See Germany–Haiti relations
  • Haiti has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.
 Holy See
  • Haiti has an embassy in Rome to the Holy See.
  • Holy See has an Apostolic Nunciature in Port-au-Prince.
 Italy 24 February 1898 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 24 February 1898 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Italy to Haiti Chicco Enrico.[133]
  • Haiti has an embassy in Rome.
  • Italy is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Panama City.
 Netherlands 21 November 1912 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 21 November 1912 when has been accredited first Chargé d'Affaires of Haiti to the Netherlands Mr. Stenio Vincent.[10]
  • Haiti has consulates-general in Oranjestad in Aruba and Willemstad in Curaçao.
  • Netherlands is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
 Poland See Haiti–Poland relations
  • Haiti is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Panama City, Panama, and there is an honorary consulate of Poland in Port-au-Prince.
 Russia
  • Haiti is accredited to Russia from its embassy in Caracas, Venezuela.
  • Russia is accredited to Haiti from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
 Spain 20 December 1939 See Haiti–Spain relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 20 December 1939 when first Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Spain to Haiti (Resident in Ciudad Trujillo) Mr. Rafael de los Casares Moya presented his credentials.[134]

  • Haiti has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Port-au-Prince.[135]
 Sweden 31 March 1941 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 31 March 1941 when first Chargé d'Affaires ad interim of Sweden to Haiti (Resident in Havana) Mr. Erik Wisen presented his credentials.[136]
  Switzerland 29 September 1941 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 September 1941 when accredited first Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Haiti to Switzerland Mr. Constantin Fouchard[19]
 United Kingdom 13 May 1859 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 May 1859 when has been appointed first British Chargé d'Affaires and Consul General to Haiti Thomas Neville Ussher.[137]

Oceania

[edit]
Country Formal relations began on Notes
 Australia 2000
  • Australia and Haiti established diplomatic relations in 2000.[138]
  • Australia is accredited to Haiti from its High Commission in Trinidad and Tobago.
  • Haiti has an honorary consulate in Melbourne.
  • After the 2010 Haitian earthquake, the Australian Government provided A$26.7 million in humanitarian assistance to Haiti which was matched by A$26 million from the Australian public. Australia has since provided further humanitarian aid to Haiti after subsequent natural disasters, including Hurricane Matthew in 2016.
 New Zealand 4 September 2014 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 September 2014 when first Ambassador of New Zealand to Haiti Mrs Caroline Beresford presented his credentials to President Michel Martelly[83]
  • Haiti is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Haiti from its high commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.

Multilateral membership

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Embassy of the Republic of Haiti in Washington: Visas
  2. ^ a b von Martens, Karl (1846). Recueil manuel et pratique de traités, conventions et autres actes diplomatiques: sur lesquels sont établis les relations et les rapports existant aujourd'hui entre les divers états souverains du globe (in French). F. A. Brockhaus. p. 649.
  3. ^ The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Year Book. Harrison. 1912. pp. 452–453.
  4. ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  5. ^ Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
  6. ^ Archives diplomatiques. Recueil de diplomatie et d'histoire, 31 (in French). Amyot. 1868. p. 453.
  7. ^ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Terza Serie: 1896-1907 Volume II (1 maggio 1897 - 23 giugno 1898)". farnesina.ipzs.it (in Italian). p. 369. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  8. ^ a b Recueil Consulaire Contenant les Rapports Commerciaux des Agents Belges a L'Etranger Volume 120 (in French). Belgium. Ministère des affaires étrangères. 1903. p. 12.
  9. ^ "Primer ministro de Haití inicia hoy visita oficial a Cuba" (in Spanish). 15 May 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  10. ^ a b Almanach de Gotha (in French). Gotha, Germany : Justus Perthes. 1914. p. 1055. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  11. ^ "Todos los países" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  12. ^ a b "Hoy conmemoramos el 92 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre Mexico y Haiti". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  13. ^ "SERIA WYDAWNICZA: POLSKA SŁUŻBA ZAGRANICZNA 1918–1945 – materiały źródłowe" (PDF) (in Polish). p. 271. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  14. ^ Ardila, Daniel Gutiérrez (November 2014). "Colombia y Haití: historia de un desencuentro (1819-1831)". Secuencia (in Spanish). 81.
  15. ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print From 1940 through 1945. Latin America. Part III. Series D. Great Britain. Foreign Office, James Dunkerley, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston. 1998. p. 115.
  16. ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: South and Central America, July 1942-December 1942. Great Britain. Foreign Office, James Dunkerley, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston. 1998. p. 169.
  17. ^ Boletin del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Vol. 137–138. Peru. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1940. p. 306.
  18. ^ British Documents on Foreign Affairs--reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: South and Central America, July 1942-December 1942. Great Britain. Foreign Office, James Dunkerley, Michael Partridge, Paul Preston. 1998. p. 169.
  19. ^ a b "Ordre de préséance de MM. les chefs de Mission". Département politique 1942 (in French). p. 79.
  20. ^ Memoria (in Spanish). Impr. Nacional. 1943. p. 1016.
  21. ^ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  22. ^ Martino Contu (2020). "Las relaciones consulares y diplomáticas entre Uruguay y Haití en los siglos xix y xx a través de las fuentes del archivo histórico-diplomático de Montevideo" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 47. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
  23. ^ "RELACIONES DIPLOMÁTICAS DE LA REPÚBLICA DE PANAMÁ" (PDF). p. 195. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2021.
  24. ^ "The Republic of the Philippines and the Republic of Haiti celebrate 77 years of formal diplomatic relations today, July 06!". 6 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  25. ^ de Béthencourt, Marcos Fernández (2019). La orden de Malta: Estatuto Jurídico internacional (in Spanish). Editorial Sanz Y Torres. p. 296.
  26. ^ "Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala" (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2021.
  27. ^ a b Informe a la nación que presenta el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Ecuador. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1949. p. 12.
  28. ^ "Relations between Turkey and Haiti". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkey.
  29. ^ "George Brewer, Jr., the new Liberian Minister to Haiti arrived in the Capital last Sunday and will present his credentials to the President in July". Haiti Sun. June 29, 1952. p. 4. Archived from the original on 1 November 2023. Retrieved 1 November 2023.
  30. ^ "La Gaceta - Diario Oficial de Nicaragua - No. 182 del 11 de agosto 1952" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 1679. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  31. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  32. ^ Udenrigsministeriets Tidsskrift (in Danish). 1953. p. 835.
  33. ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  34. ^ Jorge Francisco, Saenz Carbonell (2013). "LAS RELACIONES CON ISRAEL" (PDF). Historia Diplomatica de Costa Rica(1948-1970) (in Spanish). p. 122. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  35. ^ a b "Taiwan, Haiti celebrate 65 years of diplomatic relations". Taiwan Today. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  36. ^ "Countries & Regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 16 July 2023.
  37. ^ Yegros, Ricardo Scavone (2011). Representantes Diplomáticos Paraguayos : nómina de los jefes de Misiones Diplomáticas de la República del Paraguay (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 October 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2023.
  38. ^ "Haiti Sun Sunday, November 24th, 1957". Retrieved 13 November 2023.
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