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February 1923

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February 16, 1923: Archaeologist Howard Carter enters the tomb of Egypt's King Tutanakhamun
February 9, 1923: Australia's Prime Minister Billy Hughes (left) resigns and his succeeded by Stanley Bruce (on right, shaking hands with Hughes)

The following events occurred in February 1923:

February 1, 1923 (Thursday)

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  • The first nationwide "football pool" in the United Kingdom, a legal betting pool for gamblers betting money on the outcome of soccer football matches, was launched as bookmakers John Moores, Colin Askham and Bill Hughes created the Littlewood Football Pool in Liverpool. Only 35 out of 4,000 printed betting coupons were sold for the first trial of the wagering service.[1]
  • The Milizia Volontaria per la Sicurezza Nazionale (MSVN), the Italian Fascist Party's "Blackshirts" paramilitary organization, began operations as a government-supported militia. Field Marshal Emilio De Bono, a retired Italian Army general and one of the Fascist Party organizers, became the Blackshirts' first commander.
  • Mexican troops stormed the headquarters of streetcar operators that continued to hold out on strike after the majority of them had returned to work. A shootout ensued in which 14 of the strikers were reportedly killed.[2]
  • Inflation worsened in Germany as the mark dropped to 220,000 against a British pound.[3]
  • Died: Ernst Troeltsch, 57, German theologian

February 2, 1923 (Friday)

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February 3, 1923 (Saturday)

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  • A magnitude 8.3 to 8.5 earthquake struck the Kamchatka Peninsula in the Soviet Union, generating a twenty-five foot tsunami that raced across the Pacific Ocean.[8][9][10] The quake caused a series of seven waves over the Hawaiian Islands territory, killing at least 12 people at Kahalui on the island of Maui.[11]
  • Sovnarkom, the ruling executive body of the Soviet Union, approved plans to create a civil aviation authority for passenger air travel, which would lead to the foundation of the Soviet national airline, Aeroflot.MacDonald, Hugh (1975). Aeroflot: Soviet air transport since 1923. Putnam. ISBN 978-0-370-00117-3.
  • Born:
  • Died: Kuroki Tamemoto, 79, Japanese general

February 4, 1923 (Sunday)

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February 5, 1923 (Monday)

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February 6, 1923 (Tuesday)

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February 7, 1923 (Wednesday)

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February 8, 1923 (Thursday)

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  • An explosion killed 123 miners at the Stag Canon #1 mine in Dawson, New Mexico when a train jumped its track, slammed into the supporting timbers near the mine entrance, and touched off an explosion. Some of the victims were the sons of men who were killed in a 1913 mine disaster at the same site.[25][26][27]
  • A gas explosion killed 33 men at a mine near Cumberland, British Columbia.[28][29][30]
  • The Irish Free State proclaimed a 10-day amnesty for rebel Irish republicans, granting them a chance to surrender without consequence, after Liam Deasy, the Deputy Chief of the Irish Republican Army, had been captured and persuaded to issue a statement urging other rebels to surrender. Richard Mulcahy, the Minister of Defence and commander-in-chief of the Free State Army, sent a notice that said. "Bearing in mind Liam Deasy's acceptance of the immediate unconditional surrender of all arms and men, the Government offers amnesty to all in arms against the Government who will surrender with their arms on or before Feb. 18."[31]
  • Norman Albert called the first live broadcast of an ice hockey game, the third period of an Ontario Hockey League Intermediate playoff game on the Toronto station CFCA.[32][33]
  • Died: W. Bourke Cockran, 69, Irish-born U.S. Congressman, died in Washington two days before he would have been inaugurated to another term. Cockran had overwhelmingly won re-election in 1922 with 70% of the vote.

February 9, 1923 (Friday)

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February 10, 1923 (Saturday)

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An illustration of Roentgen and his discovery, made by Jackie Sleper for display at Roentgen's home in Utrecht [42]
  • Died: Wilhelm Röntgen (spelled Roentgen outside of Germany), 77, German physicist who was the first to discover and reproduce x-rays and, in 1914, won the first Nobel Prize in Physics. Named in his honor (in addition to the official name of x-ray radiation, "Roentgen rays"; the "roentgenogram" image, commonly called "an x-ray"; and the roentgen as the unit of measure of exposure to radiation) is the element Roentgenium, atomic number 111.

February 11, 1923 (Sunday)

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  • France and Belgium announced they would bar all exports from the Ruhr region to unoccupied Germany starting at midnight.[43]
  • Born:
    • Noriko Sawada Bridges Flynn, Japanese American writer and civil rights activist (d. 2003);
    • Rosita Fornés, American-born Cuban singer and actress in film and on television in Cuba; in New York City (d. 2020)

February 12, 1923 (Monday)

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February 13, 1923 (Tuesday)

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  • Italy's ruling Grand Fascist Council passed a resolution stating that no member of the Fascist Party could also be a Freemason, and anyone who was a member of both had to resign from one organization or the other.[45] The resolution stated that the Grand Council "invites all Fascisti who are also Free Masons to choose between belonging to the Fascista National Party or to Freemasonry, because the Fascisti can only recognize a discipline which is the Fascista discipline."[46]
  • The New York Renaissance all-black professional basketball team, commonly called "The Rens", was established as a touring group that would eventually play both black and white players, and usually defeat them. The Rens would win the first World Professional Basketball Tournament, held annually from 1939 to 1948.[47]
  • The first radio station in Wales, 5WA Cardiff, went on the air at 5:00 in the afternoon. At 9:00 that evening, Mostyn Thomas, sang "Dafydd y Garreg Wen", which was the first Welsh language song to be broadcast. 5WA Cardiff would operate until 1933.[48]
  • Alfred E. Smith, the recently inaugurated governor of the U.S. state of New York issued pardons to the last four anarchists, whom he described as "political prisoners", still imprisoned for violating state law. The move came a few weeks after Smith had freed agitator "Big Jim" Larkin who had been convicted under the same rule against sedition. "Evidence upon which they were convicted was much the same as that urged upon the trial of Larkin," Smith said of the remaining four prisoners. "Their offense consisted of spreading literature concerning the Communist Party." He added, "They made the mistake of understanding liberty and freedom as a license. While they should not be encouraged, no good can come from their further punishment, and they undoubtedly understand by this time what is meant by the majesty and dignity of the law."[49]
  • The U.S. Senate voted, 63 to 6, to approve the proposal of Senator George W. Norris of Nebraska to amend the U.S. Constitution to change the date for inauguration of the U.S. president and of Congress from March to January, and to have newly elected officials take office less than three months after their election, rather than 13 months. Norris's initial proposal was to change the presidential and vice-presidential inauguration from March 4 to "the third Monday in January following their election", and for U.S. Representatives and Senators to take office on the first Monday in January.[50] The measure would fail to reach a vote in the House of Representatives, but Norris persisted and the 20th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (which sets the inauguration dates as January 20 for the president and January 3 for the Congress) would be ratified in 1933.[51] Senator Norris had first proposed an amendment that the U.S. Senate had approved, 63 to 6, on February 13, 1923, that would have set the beginning of the new presidential and vice-presidential terms on and for Congress to be the first Monday in January but the legislation had not been voted on in the House.
  • France fined the town of Recklinghausen 100 million marks for its disobedience. The public workers of Gelsenkirchen also went on strike in response.[52]
  • The Belgians occupied Emmerich am Rhein and Wesel, cutting the Ruhr off from the Netherlands.[53]
  • Born:

February 14, 1923 (Wednesday)

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February 15, 1923 (Thursday)

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Director Forbes
  • Charles R. Forbes, Director of the U.S. Veterans' Bureau, resigned at the request of U.S. President Warren G. Harding amid suspicions that he had been selling surplus supplies at absurdly low prices to private contractors in exchange for kickbacks.[58] Forbes tendered his resignation while in Europe, where he had gone after being angrily confronted by President Harding in a physical altercation.[59][60]
  • In order to accommodate the arrival of hundreds of thousands of Greek refugees from Turkey, the government of Greece expropriated the lands of the Cham Albanians, the Muslim minority in Epirus, which had been divided between Greece and Albania following the Treaty of Bucharest that ended the Second Balkan War. While the Cham Muslim families were able to keep one home and the land upon which it was built, additional dwellings were expropriated. Compensation for the value of the land was given, if at all, at the 1914 market price rather than that of 1923.[61]
  • French pilot Joseph Sadi-Lecointe flew faster than any person ever before, setting a new speed record in his Nieuport-Delage NiD 42 airplane and reaching 391.304 km/h (243.145 mph) by flying the first kilometer in 9.2 seconds on a 4 km course. His average speed over the course was 377.657 km/h or 234.064 mph.[62]
  • The first issue of the French literary magazine Europe was published.[63]
  • Born:

February 16, 1923 (Friday)

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  • After 32 centuries, the inner chamber of the Tomb of Tutankhamun was opened in Egypt near Luxor, as Howard Carter and his archaeological team broke the seal and went inside to find the sarcophagus of the boy pharaoh of Egypt.[64] Present were 20 invited witnesses, including the expedition sponsor, George Herbert. Inside the tomb were 5,398 separate items, most prominently Tutankhamun's solid gold coffin. In the Egyptian chronology, agreed upon by the majority of Egyptologists,[65] Tutankhamun is believed to have died in 1323 B.C.
  • The Conference of Ambassadors of the Allied Powers (the UK, France, Italy and Japan) approved the transfer of the Memel Territory, a mandate of the League of Nations, to the control of Lithuania in the aftermath of the Klaipėda Revolt and Lithuania's invasion of the area that had formerly been part of Germany.[66] The League subsequently withdrew its peacekeeping troops. The transfer was conditioned on the negotiation of a formal international treaty, which would be signed on May 8, 1924.
  • Under pressure from dictator Benito Mussolini, the Italian Senate voted to ratify both the Washington Naval Treaty on disarmament (signed in April) and the Treaty of Santa Margherita (signed in October to settle the territorial dispute with Yugoslavia). The treaties had previously been approved by the Italian Chamber of Deputies after two days of debate, while the Italian senators debated for less than one day before voting their approval.[67]

February 17, 1923 (Saturday)

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February 18, 1923 (Sunday)

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February 19, 1923 (Monday)

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  • The U.S. Supreme Court decided the case of United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, upholding a lower court determination that the definition of "white persons" did not extend to light-skinned persons who were not of European descent for purposes of naturalized U.S. citizenship.[74] The action had been brought by Bhagat Singh Thind, a native of Punjab who had served with the U.S. Army in World War One. The Naturalization Act of 1906 limited naturalization to "free white men" and to "persons of African nativity or persons of African descent". Bhagat remained in the U.S. despite the revocation of his citizenship and would later be made a citizen when war veterans were made eligible regardless of race.
  • The Supreme Court also decided in Moore v. Dempsey[75] that federal courts had the right to review the results of state criminal trials to determine whether the defendant's U.S. constitutional rights had been violated, and to reverse a state decision if the Constitution had not been followed. The 1919 conviction of 12 African American men in the U.S. state of Arkansas had been reviewed after the Court granted a petition for a writ of habeas corpus brought by one of the defense attorneys.
  • The sixth symphony of Finnish composer Jean Sibelius was performed for the first time. Sibelius himself conducted the premiere by the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra.[76]
  • Edward Terry Sanford of Tennessee was sworn in as the new Associate Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court and would serve until his death in 1930. Sanford's entry returned the Court to its full roster of nine justices for the first time since the new term began in October.[77]
  • The film The Gentleman from America, starring Hoot Gibson, was released.[78]

February 20, 1923 (Tuesday)

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February 21, 1923 (Wednesday)

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February 22, 1923 (Thursday)

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February 23, 1923 (Friday)

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  • U.S. President Warren G. Harding established the first strategic petroleum reserve in the nation, Naval Petroleum Reserve Number 4, by Executive Order #3797.[85]
  • Gene Tunney beat Harry Greb in a close match at Madison Square Garden to retake the American light heavyweight boxing championship.[86][87]
  • The Declaration of the Rights of the Child, written by Eglantyne Jebb, the English social worker who founded the Save the Children organization, was published in Geneva.[88] It would be adopted by the League of Nations on November 26, 1924, as the World Child Welfare Charter.
  • The Governor of the Mexican state of Yucatán sent notice to the American press, by way of a press release to all consulates in the U.S, that Yucatán's laws on divorce had been amended to make the legal dissolution of marriage easy and inexpensive. Governor Felipe Carrillo Puerto advertised that a divorce by mutual consent could be had for $45 costs and a contested divorce without cause could be obtained after a 30-day period for reconciliation. The only requirement for getting the divorce was for the petitioner to live in Yucatán for 30 days before an order could become final.[89]
  • The Freistaat Flaschenhals, literally the "Free State of the Bottleneck", was abolished by the French occupational government in the Ruhr.[90] The "free state", based in Lorch am Rhein in what is now the German state of Hesse, had been established in 1919 in an area between the occupational zones of the U.S. and France.
  • Major General Henry Allen, who had been the military governor of the U.S. occupation zone in Germany and commanded the American Expeditionary Force occupation troops that had recently withdrawn, left the fortress of Ehrenbreitstein in Koblenz, ending the first U.S. occupation of European territory.[91]
  • A fast-moving fire killed 13 residents of an 18-unit apartment building in Kansas City, Missouri, after starting in the H & H Garage on the ground floor of the structure. Another 21 were able to escape down stairways with less than 15 minutes between the sounding of the alarm and the building's destruction.[92]
  • The King Vidor-directed drama film The Woman of Bronze was released.[citation needed]
  • Born:
  • Died:

February 24, 1923 (Saturday)

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February 25, 1923 (Sunday)

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February 26, 1923 (Monday)

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February 27, 1923 (Tuesday)

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February 28, 1923 (Wednesday)

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References

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  1. ^ Keith Laybourn, The Football Pools and the British Working Class: A Political, Social and Cultural History (Taylor & Francis, 2022)
  2. ^ Cornyn, J.H. (February 2, 1923). "Troops Kill 14; Wound 50 in Street Fight". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  3. ^ Mercer, Derrik (1989). Chronicle of the 20th Century. London: Chronicle Communications Ltd. p. 303. ISBN 978-0-582-03919-3.
  4. ^ Chalk, Peter, ed. (2012-11-21). Encyclopedia of Terrorism. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-38535-3. ... the attempted killing of Bulgarian prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliiski on February 2, 1923;
  5. ^ Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). World War One. ABC-CLIO. p. 1721. ISBN 1-85109-879-8. IMRO members as well as other opponents of Stamboliyski's foreign and domestic policies murdered him... cutting off the hand that signed the Niš Treaty.
  6. ^ Clayton, John (February 3, 1923). "All Germany Feels French Thumbscrews". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  7. ^ Grange, William. Cultural Chronicle of the Weimar Republic. Scarecrow Press, 2008. p. 139.
  8. ^ Gunn, Angus M. (2008). Encyclopedia of Disasters: Environmental Catastrophes and Human Tragedies. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 288. ISBN 978-0-313-08747-9.
  9. ^ "Largest Earthquakes in the World Since 1900". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on November 7, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  10. ^ "Pacific Bed Is Torn by Terrific Quake; Waves Hit Hawaii", The New York Times, February 4, 1923, p. 1
  11. ^ "Earthquake Costs Hawaii $1,000,000— Seven Tidal Waves Sweep Islands, Kill Twelve, Toss Ships About and Leave Wreckage", The New York Times, February 5, 1923, p. 1
  12. ^ Wales, Henry (February 5, 1923). "British Quit Turk Parley". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  13. ^ "Chronology 1923". indiana.edu. 2002. Archived from the original on April 2, 2020. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  14. ^ Seldes, George (February 5, 1923). "French Invade Baden; Seize Rail Centers". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  15. ^ Goldschmidt Jr., Arthur (2003). Historical Dictionary of Egypt. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6586-0.
  16. ^ Katba, Kamal. "A Historical Account of the Prime Ministers of Egypt, 1878-1952". The Egyptian Chronicles. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
  17. ^ "Victoria v Tasmania: Other First-Class matches in Australia 1922/23". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 26 January 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2009.
  18. ^ Edward Twining, European Regalia (B. T. Batsford, 1967) p. 19
  19. ^ Steele, John (February 7, 1923). "Over Ocean 12 Hours". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
  20. ^ "Central Americans Adopt Arms Limit", The New York Times, February 8, 1923, p. 4
  21. ^ Anderson, Chandler P. (1925). "The Central American Policy of Non-Recognition". The American Journal of International Law. 19 (1). Cambridge University Press: 164–166. doi:10.2307/2189093. JSTOR 2189093. S2CID 146967913.
  22. ^ "'Wildflower' Is Melodius", The New York Times, February 8, 1923, p. 17
  23. ^ "Wildflower". Playbill Vault. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  24. ^ "Son and Heir Born to Princess Mary; King George's First Grandchild Is Only a Commoner Yet, but Is Sixth Heir to Throne", The New York Times, February 8, 1923, p. 1
  25. ^ Sharpe, Tom (October 25, 2013). "Remembering the Dawson mining disaster, 100 years later". The Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  26. ^ "Explosion Entombs 122 Mine Workers; 100 Reported Dead — Rescue Parties Penetrate a Mile Into Dawson (N.M.) Mine and Find Two Bodies", The New York Times, February 10, 1923, p. 15
  27. ^ "106 Bodies Recovered; Fourteen More Still Remain in New Mexican Mine", The New York Times, February 13, 1923, p. 18
  28. ^ "The long and exciting life of miner and railway man Micky Mitchell". B.C. Local News. September 26, 2011. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  29. ^ "Two Mine Blasts Trap 158". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 9, 1923. p. 1.
  30. ^ "Cumberland Death Roll 33; One Body Left in British Columbia Mine", The New York Times, February 11, 1923, p. 9
  31. ^ "Gives Irish Rebels Ten Days to Yield— Free State Grants Amnesty as Liam Deasy, Condemned Leader, Moves for Peace", The New York Times, February 9, 1923, p. 2
  32. ^ Albert, Norman (February 9, 1923). "Conacher Scored Six for North Toronto". Toronto Star. p. 12.
  33. ^ a b Kitchen, Paul (2008). Win, Tie, or Wrangle: The Inside Story of the Old Ottawa Senators – 1883–1935. Manotick, Ontario: Penumbra Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-1-897323-46-5.
  34. ^ "William Morris Hughes > In office". Australia's Prime Ministers. National Archives of Australia. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  35. ^ "Turks Lift the Ban on Allied Warships in Smyrna Harbor", The New York Times, February 10, 1923, p. 1
  36. ^ "Aeroflot celebrates its 60th anniversary" (PDF). Flight International. Moscow: 443. 19 February 1983. Archived from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  37. ^ (in Ukrainian) Uprising in Lukyanovka Prison: How the Last Battle of the Cold Yar Atamans took place, Espresso TV (9 February 2020)
  38. ^ Williams, Paul (February 10, 1923). "City on Strike; Defy French". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  39. ^ "How Harold Lloyd filmed the Safety Last! finale (at three places)". Silent Locations. June 20, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2015.
  40. ^ Brennan, Elizabeth A.; Clarage, Elizabeth C. (1999). Who's who of Pulitzer Prize Winners. Oryx Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-1-57356-111-2.
  41. ^ "Tech History". Texas Tech University. Archived from the original on April 7, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2008.
  42. ^ attribution:Brbbl
  43. ^ Wales, Henry (February 12, 1923). "Clamp Down Ruhr Embargo". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 1.
  44. ^ Williams, Paul (February 13, 1923). "Oppose Dictatorship". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  45. ^ De Santo, V. (February 15, 1923). "Fascisti Ouster of Freemasons Bow to Church". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  46. ^ "Fascisti Shut Out Masonic Members; Council Votes That They Must Choose Between One Organization and the Other", The New York Times, February 14, 1923, p. 9
  47. ^ Black History Month: Globetrotters weren't first B-ballers from Harlem "Black History Month: Globetrotters weren't first B-ballers from Harlem," Johnathan Gaines, Cleveland Call & Post, February 11, 2010 (retrieved June 27, 2018)
  48. ^ "5WA Cardiff Listings". Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  49. ^ "Smith Pardons Last Four Anarchists Held by State as Political Prisoners", The New York Times, February 14, 1923, p. 1
  50. ^ "Senate for Change of Congress Date; Norris Amendment, Which Ends 'Lame Ducks' Service, Also Advances Inauguration; Proposal Now Goes to House, but Passage at This Session Is Doubtful", The New York Times, February 14, 1923, p. 1
  51. ^ John R. Vile, Encyclopedia of Constitutional Amendments, Proposed Amendments, and Amending Issues, 1789-2002 (ABC-CLIO, 2003), p. 468
  52. ^ Seldes, George (February 14, 1923). "Another Ruhr Town Rebels; Crowds Riot". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 2.
  53. ^ "New Seizures in Ruhr". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 14, 1923. p. 2.
  54. ^ "French Strike Back at German Boycott War". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 15, 1923. p. 2.
  55. ^ "German Police Defy French". Chicago Daily Tribune: 1. February 18, 1923.
  56. ^ "French at Essen Break the Boycott; Collect by Force Gelsenkirchen's 100,000,000 Marks Fine and 5,000,000 in Addition", The New York Times, February 19, 1923, p.4
  57. ^ "Pittsburg Deal Removes Two Big Newspapers", The Fourth Estate: A Weekly Newspaper for Advertisers and Newspaper Makers, February 17, 1923 p. 2
  58. ^ Dean, John W. (2004). Warren G. Harding: The American Presidents Series: The 29th President, 1921–1923. New York: Times Books. pp. 139–140. ISBN 978-1-4299-9751-5.
  59. ^ Robert H. Ferrell, The Strange Deaths of President Harding (University of Missouri Press, 1996), p. 121
  60. ^ Scott B. MacDonald, Separating Fools from Their Money: A History of American Financial Scandals (Taylor & Francis, 2017)
  61. ^ Ktistakis, Giorgos (February 2006). Περιουσίες Αλβανών και Τσάμηδων στην Ελλάδα: Aρση του εμπολέμου και διεθνής προστασία των δικαιωμάτων του ανθρώπου' [Properties of Albanians and Chams in Greece: Nullification of the State of War and international protection of human rights] (PDF). Minorities in Balkans (in Greek). Athens, Greece: Center of Studying of Minority Groups. p. 53. Retrieved 24 March 2009.
  62. ^ "French Flier Breaks World's Speed Record In Flight at More Than 234 Miles an Hour" , The New York Times, February 16, 1923, p. 1
  63. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2024-03-21.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)(in French).
  64. ^ "Tut-Ankh-Amen's Inner Tomb Is Opened, Revealing Undreamed of Splendors, Still Untouched after 3,400 Years", The New York Times, February 17, 1923, p. 1
  65. ^ "The chronology of ancient Egypt", by K. A. Kitchen, World Archaeology (October, 1991), p. 202
  66. ^ "Memel Is Awarded to the Lithuanians; Ambassadors' Council Gives Them Sovereignty 'With Certain Conditions.'", The New York Times, February 17, 1923, p. 6
  67. ^ "Mussolini Speeds Treaty Acceptance— Italian Senate Ratifies the Washington and Santa Margherita Agreements", The New York Times, February 17, 1923, p. 6
  68. ^ "22 Madmen Die in Ward's Island Fire; 3 Attendants Perish in Rescue Work; Fire Apparatus Ancient and Inadequate", The New York Times, February 19, 1923, p. 1
  69. ^ "High Risk: The Manhattan State Hospital fire of 1923, New York City", by Angelo Verzoni, NFPA Journal (January 2, 2019)
  70. ^ Peter Semmens, Railway Disasters of the World: Principal Passenger Train Accidents of the 20th Century (Patrick Stephens Ltd, 1994) p. 78
  71. ^ "Irish Amnesty Ends; Fight Now to Finish", The New York Times, February 18, 1923, p. 5
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  73. ^ The AFI Catalog of Feature Films:Stormswept
  74. ^ "Court Rules Hindu Not a 'White Person'— Bars High Caste Native of India From Naturalization as an American Citizen", The New York Times, February 20, 1923, p. 21
  75. ^ Text of Moore et al. v. Dempsey, 261 U.S. 86 (1923) is available from: Findlaw Google Scholar Justia
  76. ^ Andrew Barnett, Sibelius (Yale University Press, 2007) pp.299–303
  77. ^ "Justice Sanford Seated— Supreme Court Has Full Bench First Time Since October", The New York Times, February 20, 1923, p. 21
  78. ^ "Progressive Silent Film List: The Gentleman from America". silentera.com. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
  79. ^ Huhn, Rick (2004). The Sizzler: George Sisler, Baseball's Forgotten Great. University of Missouri Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-8262-1555-0.
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  82. ^ "Mitsubishi Type 10 Carrier Fighter: Brief history of the Type 10", by Johan Myhrman.
  83. ^ "Remove Small Toes of Prince George of England". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 23, 1923. p. 2.
  84. ^ "Wheldale Colliery Explosion - Castleford - 1923". nmrs.org.uk. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  85. ^ "Moose Jaw Election Case (Johnson v. Yake) - SCC Cases (Lexum)". scc-csc.lexum.com. January 2001. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
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  87. ^ "Tunney Regains His Ring Honors— Beats Greb in Exciting Bout in Garden for Light-Heavyweight Title", The New York Times, February 24, 1923, p. 8
  88. ^ Trevor Buck, International Child Law (Routledge, 2014) page 89.
  89. ^ "Divorce Is Made Easy in Socialist Yucatan; Brief Residence, Low Cost, No Reason Asked", The New York Times, February 24, 1923, p. 1
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  91. ^ Baker, Anni P (2004). American Soldiers Overseas: The Global Military Presence. Praeger. p. 24. ISBN 978-0275973544.
  92. ^ "13 Die in Fire Trap Above a Garage; 21 Others Barely Escape When Swift Flames Raze a Two-Story Frame Building", The New York Times, February 24, 1923, p. 6
  93. ^ "Harding Wants America at the Hague". Chicago Daily Tribune. February 25, 1923. p. 1.
  94. ^ "Senators Shelve World Court Plan Until December", The New York Times, March 3, 1923, p. 1
  95. ^ "General Notes", Popular Astronomy (May, 1923) p.364
  96. ^ Williams, Paul (February 26, 1923). "New Land Along Rhine Taken by French Troops". Chicago Daily Tribune. p. 3.
  97. ^ "Pharaoh's Tomb Is Closed Till Autumn", The New York Times, February 27, 1923, p. 1
  98. ^ "Hundreds on Way to Luxor— Of 600 Aboard the Adriatic 250 Plan to See Tomb of Tut-ankh-Amen", The New York Times, February 25, 1923, p. 6
  99. ^ Malwinderjit Singh Waraich and Gurdev Singh Sidhu, The Babbar Akali Case Judgement: From Liberation of Gurdwaras to National Liberation (Unistar Books, 2007) p. 22
  100. ^ Warren, Beth Gates (2011). Artful Lives: Edward Weston, Margrethe Mather, and the Bohemians of Los Angeles. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 337. ISBN 978-1-60606-070-4.
  101. ^ Briggs, Asa (2000). The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom: Volume I: The Birth of Broadcasting. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-19-212926-0.
  102. ^ Theodossiou, E. Th.; Manimanis, V. N.; Mantarakis, P. (2007). "Demetrios Eginitis: Restorer of the Athens Observatory". Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage. 10 (2): 123–132. Bibcode:2007JAHH...10..123T. doi:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2007.02.05. S2CID 129260817.
  103. ^ "Harding Sings the British Debt Bill; Treasury Drafting Formal Indenture", The New York Times, March 1, 1923, p. 1
  104. ^ "Kansas Takes Valley Title in Close Game; Jaywhawks End Season Without Defeat", Wichita (KS) Eagle, March 1, 1923, p. 9
  105. ^ "Fear Revolt if Berlin Bows to Invaders". Chicago Daily Tribune. March 1, 1923. p. 1.
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