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December 1924

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December 20, 1924: Adolf Hitler (far left) and Hermann Kriebel (center) released from Landsberg Prison after 13 months incarceration, followed by Rudolf Hess (fourth) on December 30

The following events occurred in December 1924:

December 1, 1924 (Monday)

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December 2, 1924 (Tuesday)

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December 3, 1924 (Wednesday)

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December 4, 1924 (Thursday)

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Pitts and Gowland in Greed
  • The silent film Greed, written and directed by Erich von Stroheim, premiered at the Cosmopolitan Theatre in New York.[24] The psychological thriller, starring Gibson Gowland and ZaSu Pitts, with Jean Hersholt, was edited to 22 reels[25] and eventually to 10 reels (2 hours and 10 minutes) for general audiences.[26][27] It would be described by later filmmakers as a major influence on their technique, and by many critics as one of the greatest films ever made.[24]
  • Portuguese swindler Alves dos Reis carried out one of the largest frauds in history against the Bank of Portugal, approaching the currency printer Waterlow and Sons of London with a letter of introduction from the Joh. Enschedé currency printing company of the Netherlands and arranging for the printing of 200,000 bank notes, each with a face value of 500 Portuguese escudos, with the same serial numbers as a previous Waterlow printing. The first notes were delivered in February by accomplices of Reis.[28]
  • The 85-foot (26 m) high Gateway of India monument, designed by architect George Wittet, was inaugurated in Bombay (now Mumbai) in British India in a ceremony by the Governor-General, the Earl of Reading.[29]
  • The ocean liner SS Belgenland departed from New York City with at least 350 passengers to begin a cruise around the world that would last for more than four months.[30] Only 235 of the passengers remained aboard on the Belgenland for the entire cruise.[31]
  • The trial of confessed serial killer Fritz Haarmann began in Germany. Haarmann would be convicted of 24 murders on December 19.[32]
  • Died: Cipriano Castro, 66, president of Venezuela from 1899 to 1908

December 5, 1924 (Friday)

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December 6, 1924 (Saturday)

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  • France rounded up over 300 communists in raids on their headquarters, including some 70 of foreign nationality that were to be deported. "There are too many foreign communists in France who forget their duty to the country that has given them asylum", Prime Minister Édouard Herriot told the Chamber of Deputies. "They are indulging in political demonstrations, and we will not tolerate it, we will not let them meddle in our political life. If we meet with resistance we will break it, and we will deport as many as necessary."[39]
  • Born:
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December 7, 1924 (Sunday)

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December 8, 1924 (Monday)

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The Book-Cadillac Hotel
  • The 31-story Book-Cadillac Hotel, at the time the tallest hotel in the world, opened in Detroit.[49] J. Burgess Book, Frank Book and Herbert Book purchased the old Cadillac Hotel and closed it on June 26, 1923, then demolished it and had the new, 1,136-room luxury hotel built within less than a year and a half.
  • The longest continuous rivalry in the National Hockey League, between the Boston Bruins and the Montreal Canadiens, began at Boston Arena, with a come-from-behind 4-3 win by Montreal over the Bruins.[50] In their first 100 seasons, the teams met in the Stanley Cup finals seven times (1930, 1946, 1953, 1957, 1958, 1977 and 1978), with Montreal winning all seven finals.
  • Born: María Esther Zuno, Mexican women's rights activist and the wife of President Luis Echeverría during his term of office from 1970 to 1976; in Guadalajara, Jalisco state. During her husband's presidency, she declined to call herself primera dama ("First Lady"), choosing the title compañera ("comrade") (d. 1999)[51]
  • Died: Xaver Scharwenka, 74, German-Polish pianist, composer and teacher

December 9, 1924 (Tuesday)

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December 10, 1924 (Wednesday)

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  • The 1924 Nobel Prizes were awarded. The honorees were Manne Siegbahn of Sweden for Physics, Willem Einthoven of the Netherlands (Medicine), and Władysław Reymont of Poland (Literature). No Prize was awarded for Chemistry or Peace this year.[36][54]
  • The Society for Human Rights (SHR), the first gay rights organization in the United States, was founded in Chicago by Henry Gerber. On December 24, 1924, the U.S. state of Illinois granted the SHR a charter to operate as a non-profit corporation, which listed its mission as one "to promote and protect the interests of people who by reasons of mental and physical abnormalities are abused and hindered in the legal pursuit of happiness which is guaranteed them by the Declaration of Independence and to combat the public prejudices against them by dissemination of factors according to modern science among intellectuals of mature age."[55] The SHR lasted only a few months before the arrest of Gerber and the Society's other members in 1925.[56]
  • Near the village of Boliden in Sweden, the first gold from what would become the largest and richest gold mine in Europe, was discovered by prospectors led by Oscar Falkman, founder of Boliden AB. Mining would continue for more than 50 years before the exhaustion of the gold by 1967.
  • Died: August Belmont, Jr., 71, American financier who financed the Interborough Rapid Transit Company that constructed and operated the original New York City Subway, as well as creating the Belmont Park thoroughbred horse racing venue in the New York suburb of Elmont, New York.[57]

December 11, 1924 (Thursday)

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120px|thumb|Duke

December 12, 1924 (Friday)

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December 13, 1924 (Saturday)

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Ahmet Zogu, later King Zog the First
Gompers

December 14, 1924 (Sunday)

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December 15, 1924 (Monday)

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Chancellor Marx

December 16, 1924 (Tuesday)

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  • The Spanish confiscation (Desamortización española) law, authorizing the government of Spain to expropriate land and personal property received by the Roman Catholic Church and various religious orders from wills and grants, was repealed after being promulgated in 1766.[80]
  • The Supreme Court of Hungary confiscated the property of former president Mihály Károlyi for high treason. Károlyi was convicted of negotiating with Italy in 1915 to keep the Italians out of the war in exchange for Austrian territory, and for allowing a communist revolution to happen in 1919 by deserting his position.[81]
  • Born:

December 17, 1924 (Wednesday)

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Patriarch Constantine VI

December 18, 1924 (Thursday)

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  • Pope Pius XI made his first statement against communism after an abandoned pontifical relief mission returned from Russia. He said the Vatican would continue to make efforts to help needy Russians, but "nobody certainly can have thought by our efforts on behalf of the Russian people we intended in any way to lend our support to a system of government which we are so far from approving."[86]
  • Born: Ilya Darevsky, Soviet Russian zoologist and herpetologist known for describing 34 species of amphibians and reptiles, for whom the genus Darevskia, comprising 35 species of Caucasian rock lizards, is named; in Kiev, Ukrainian SSR (d. 2009)[87]
  • Died: Julius Kahn, 63, German-born U.S. Representative for California since 1905, and the longest serving Jewish member of Congress up to that time, died of a cerebral hemorrhage and complications of diabetes.[88][89]

December 19, 1924 (Friday)

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December 20, 1924 (Saturday)

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  • Adolf Hitler was released from Landsberg Prison as part of a general amnesty for political prisoners, after having served 13 months of a five-year prison sentence.[94] He returned to his small Munich apartment where his friends threw him a party.[95]
  • By royal decree of King Alfonso XIII and legislation passed by the government of Prime Minister Miguel Primo de Rivera, Spanish law was amended to allow descendants of the Sephardi Jews, expelled from Spain in 1492, to attain Spanish nationality after two years of residence.[96][97]
  • The longest running children's broadcast program, Lørdagsbarnetimen, made its debut, playing on Norway's Kringkastningsselskapet A/S radio network. It would continue every Saturday afternoon for more than 85 years, with a final show on September 11, 2010.[98]
  • Benito Mussolini presented legislation repealing the much-criticized Acerbo Law, which had cemented control by the Fascist Party of parliament by providing that the party which got the largest share of votes (25% or more) would be guaranteed two-thirds of the seats in parliament, with the other one-third to be apportioned to the other parties.[99]
  • With Austria's currency, the krone (crown), having declined in value because of inflation, Austria's parliament enacted the Schillingrechnungsgesetz, creating the Austrian schilling, worth 10,000 kronen, with exchange to take place up until March 1.
  • Born:

December 21, 1924 (Sunday)

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  • The string of murders by German serial killer and cannibal Karl Denke came to an end when a homeless drifter, Vincenz Olivier, narrowly escaped being killed after being lured into Denke's home and alerted police in Münsterberg (now Ziębice in Poland).[103] Denke hanged himself in his jail cell the next day, and police searched his house, finding a ledger with the names of 30 victims (and a 31st entry for Olivier) and a large number of body parts deemed to have come from 42 or more people.[104]
  • In the Republic of China, the "New National Pronunciation", a standardized pronunciation for the character sounds of the Chinese language, was set by delegates of a Commission established for the purpose of reforming the "Guóyīn Zìdiǎn". The delegates recommended the usage of Beijing, and later incorporated the new standard in 1932 in the "Guóyīn Chángyòng Zìhuì" (國音常用字匯, "Vocabulary of National Pronunciation for Everyday Use").[105][106]
  • Roughly 100 people were injured in rioting between communists and police in Berlin as a group of 50,000 German communists turned into a crushing mob when they gathered to greet Erich Mühsam upon his release from prison in the same general amnesty that freed Hitler.[107]
  • Born: Dankwart Rustow, German-born professor of political science and sociology, known for his research on democratization; in Berlin (d. 1996)
  • Died: Francesco Negri, 83, Italian photographer known for his development of the telephoto lens and improvements in photomicroscopy[108]

December 22, 1924 (Monday)

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December 23, 1924 (Tuesday)

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December 24, 1924 (Wednesday)

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December 25, 1924 (Thursday)

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December 26, 1924 (Friday)

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  • Soviet ambassador Leonid Krassin said that Russia would not pay any outstanding debts accrued in the days of the Tsar.[125]
  • Judy Garland made her show business debut at the age of 2+1⁄2, singing "Jingle Bells" at her parents' theater in Grand Rapids, Minnesota.[126]
  • Died: William Emerson, 81, British architect

December 27, 1924 (Saturday)

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  • An explosion killed 94 persons in Japan, and injured more than 300 persons, as 600 cases of dynamite were being transferred from the cargo ship Shoho Maru to a freight car, at the Temiya railway station at Otaru on the island of Hokkaido.[127] The official figures came from a Japanese government official report.[128][129]
  • Three months after the last U.S. troops left the Dominican Republic and allowed the nation to govern itself independently, Dominican representatives signed an agreement allowing the U.S. to control the Republic's customs revenues, which would continue until 1941.[130]
  • An editorial written by the estranged Fascist politician Cesare Rossi ran in Giovanni Amendola's newspaper Il Mondo, simultaneously published in other opposition papers. In it, Rossi claimed that Benito Mussolini had directly ordered the Fascists to carry out several crimes.[131][132]

December 28, 1924 (Sunday)

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December 29, 1924 (Monday)

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Captain Hook (Ernest Torrence) and Peter Pan (Betty Bronson)

December 30, 1924 (Tuesday)

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  • Benito Mussolini called an unexpected cabinet meeting and requested a show of support from all present, which he received from a majority.[132] The two Liberal ministers in Mussolini's cabinet were convinced to withdraw their resignations.[147] The meeting prompted other members of the Fascist party to confront Mussolini the next day in his office.
  • German Foreign Minister Gustav Stresemann told international media that peace in Europe and fulfillment of the Dawes Plan were in danger unless a compromise was reached on the Cologne evacuation issue.[148]
  • Died: Kate Elinore, 47, American vaudeville entertainer[149]

December 31, 1924 (Wednesday)

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References

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