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Expulsion of Muslims from the Northern Province of Sri Lanka

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The expulsion of the Muslims from the Northern province was an act of ethnic cleansing[1][2] carried out by the Tamil militant Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) organization in October 1990. Yogi, the LTTE's political spokesman, stated that this expulsion was carried out in retaliation for atrocities committed against Tamils in the Eastern Province by Muslims, who were seen by the LTTE as collaborators with the Sri Lankan Army.[3][4] As a consequence, in October 1990, the LTTE forcibly expelled 72,000 Muslims from the Northern Province.[5][6][7]

Background

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In the early years of Tamil political struggle for linguistic parity, a few Sri Lankan Muslims as a Tamil-speaking people identified with the Tamil cause and participated in it. Even during the early years of Tamil militant struggle for separatism, a few Muslim youth joined Tamil militant groups, though there has also been forced recruitment of Muslim youths by Tamil militants.[8] However, despite being a Tamil-speaking group, the Muslims see themselves as a different ethnicity or use their religious identity as their primary identity.[9] With the creation of the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) on 21 September 1981, the idea of the Muslim people of Sri Lanka being separate from the Tamils was being reinforced.[10] Due to this they felt that if the goal of Tamil Eelam was reached they would be a "minority in a minority state",[11] and the SLMC were strongly opposed to the idea of Tamil Eelam. The situation was further aggravated with the creation of the Muslim Home Guard by the Sri Lankan Government, leading to violent clashes between the two communities.[11] Tensions between the Tamils and Muslims were at an all-time high.[12]

Expulsion

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The first expulsion was of 1,500 people in Chavakachcheri. After this, many Muslims in Kilinochchi and Mannar were forced to leave their homeland. The turn of Jaffna came on 30 October 1990, when LTTE trucks drove through the streets ordering Muslim families to assemble at Osmania College. On October 30 early morning, the LTTE ordered,the northern Muslims to leave in two hours and leave behind every material possession that belonged to the community or face death.[13] Each person was allowed only 150 rupees each and only one set of clothes. Feeble protests were raised by Muslims. However, the brandishing of sophisticated weapons and threats in aggressive tones quickly silenced them. Women and girls were stripped of jewels. Some LTTE women cadres were brutal even pulling out ear studs with blood spurting in the ear lobes. At least 35 wealthy Muslim businessmen were abducted. They were detained by the LTTE. Some Muslim jewellers were tortured for details of hidden gold. One jeweller was killed by the beatings in front of the others. Later huge sums of money were demanded for their release. Some paid up to 3 million. The abducted persons were released in stages over the years. 13 people however never returned and were presumed dead.[14] Moreover, the LTTE had expropriated Muslim homes, lands, and businesses and threatened Muslim families with death if they attempt to return.[15]

The entire Muslim population was expelled from Jaffna. According to a 1981 census (the last official count), the total Muslim population in Jaffna was 14,844. In total, over 14,400 Muslim families, roughly 72,000 people, were forcibly evicted from LTTE-controlled areas of the Northern Province.[16] This includes 38,000 people from Mannar, 20,000 from Jaffna and Kilinochchi, 9,000 from Vavuniya and 5,000 from Mullaitivu.[17] The flight to government-controlled areas was dangerous. Muslims found themselves in the crossfire between the LTTE and the army, and some were killed and injured.[18]

Most of the Muslims were resettled in Puttalam district, though the Jaffna Muslim refugees can be found in other parts of Sri Lanka as well.

Tareek, a former resident of Jaffna, recounted the expulsion as follows:[19]

"People believed you could take what you could carry, but at every junction the LTTE took things from us. At that time my eldest son was not even one year old, and they took even the milk packets that we had for him. As they did so, they told us, “If you ever talk about this, we will shoot you.” In the end, we had only the clothes we were wearing … My younger sisters couldn't even keep the jewellery they were wearing; they even took earrings from their ears. For us Muslims, it's a big thing when these young men are touching our women's ears and necks to take the jewellery off. When the women cadres searched our young women, they took them behind a screen … Inside, they took all the money … We came here with bare pockets. That's like everybody behind us."

Aftermath

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Apologies and resettlement by LTTE

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The expulsion still carries bitter memories amongst Sri Lanka's Muslims. In a press conference in Kilinochchi in 2002, the LTTE negotiator and political strategist Anton Balasingham appeared alongside the LTTE leader Vellupillai Prabhakaran and explained that they had already apologized to the Muslims and that the Tamil homeland also belonged to the Muslim people.[20][21] Balasingham also expressed that the expulsion of the Muslims from Jaffna was a political blunder which could not be justified and said that the LTTE leadership would be willing to re-settle them in the northern district.[22] There has been a stream of Muslims travelling to and from Jaffna since the ceasefire.[when?] Some families have returned and the re-opened Osmaniya College now has 450 students enrolled. 11 Mosques are functioning again. According to a Jaffna Muslim source, there is a floating population of about 2000 Muslims in Jaffna. Around 1500 are Jaffna Muslims, while the rest are Muslim traders from other areas. About 10 Muslim shops are functioning and the numbers are thought to have grown.[citation needed]

Hindrances for the return of internally displaced individuals to their traditional lands

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On October 10, 2012, the government of Sri Lanka published several gazettes that effectively expanded the Wilpattu National Park's boundary to include northern provinces' regions.[23][24] The original boundary of the park had enclosed the Puttalam District in the south and Anuradhapura District in the east.[25][26] However, this expansion of the boundary prevented many people from returning to their homes and traditional lands within the newly designated park boundaries. The move was made under section 3 of the Forest Conservation Ordinance, chapter 451.[27][28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Sri Lanka's Muslims: out in the cold". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 31 July 2007. Archived from the original on 29 October 2007.
  2. ^ "Northern Muslim Expulsion & Tamil Leadership". Colombo Telegraph. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
  3. ^ UTHR (J), 6.1.2 Yogis’ speech http://www.uthr.org/Reports/Report7/chapter6.htm
  4. ^ "Northern Muslim Expulsion & Tamil Leadership". Colombo Telegraph. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  5. ^ Amnesty International, Sri Lanka: The Northeast: Human rights violations in a context of armed conflict August 31, 1991, Index Number: ASA 37/014/1991 p8
  6. ^ "Separating The Issues Concerning Muslim Resettlement". Colombo Telegraph. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 27 April 2021.
  7. ^ Imtiyaz, A.; Iqbal, M. (2011). The Displaced Northern Muslims of Sri Lanka: Special Problems and the Future. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 46(4), 375–389. doi:10.1177/0021909611399733
  8. ^ "Muslim Perspectives on the Sri lankan Conflict" (PDF). Dennis B. McGilvray and Mirak Raheem.
  9. ^ Imtiyaz, A. R. M.; Iqbal, M. C. M. (13 June 2011). "The Displaced Northern Muslims of Sri Lanka: Special Problems and the Future" (PDF). Journal of Asian and African Studies. 46 (4): 376–379. doi:10.1177/0021909611399733. ISSN 0021-9096. S2CID 145186560.
  10. ^ "A pioneering leader". Archived from the original on 15 October 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  11. ^ a b "Singing the same tune". Archived from the original on 28 October 2007. Retrieved 9 June 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  12. ^ "Report 6 Chapter 3". Retrieved 9 June 2007.
  13. ^ "Northern Muslim Expulsion & Tamil Leadership". Colombo Telegraph. 1 November 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  14. ^ "How and Why the LTTE Evicted Muslims from the Northern Province in "Black October 1990"". dbsjeyaraj.com. 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  15. ^ "1996 Human Rights Report: Sri Lanka". 1997-2001.state.gov.
  16. ^ Farook, Latheef (17 August 2008). "Seeking peaceful solutions to Muslims' grievances in East". The Sunday Times. Wijeya Newspapers Ltd. Colombo, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 9 February 2009.
  17. ^ Imtiyaz, AMR (12 August 2011). "The Displaced Northern Muslims of Sri Lanka (2)". Sri Lanka Guardian. Retrieved 12 August 2011.
  18. ^ Haniffa, Farzana. "The Citizens' Commission on the Expulsion of the Muslims from the Northern Province by the LTTE in October 1990". Groundviews. Retrieved 29 December 2021.
  19. ^ "The right of return to Jaffna - The eviction and the exodus". Himal Southasian. 24 January 2008.
  20. ^ Subramanian, T.S. (10 May 2002). "Prabakaran in First Person". Frontline. Archived from the original on 12 March 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
  21. ^ "Hon. V. Prabhakaran : Press Conference at Killinochi 2002". EelamView. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016.
  22. ^ "Pirapaharan to meet Muslim leaders". TamilNet. 5 April 2002.
  23. ^ "Separating The Issues Concerning Muslim Resettlement". Colombo Telegraph. 2015-06-01. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  24. ^ BARRETTE, Cyrille (1977). "Some aspects of the behaviour of muntjacs in Wilpattu National Park". Mammalia. 41 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1515/mamm.1977.41.1.1. ISSN 0025-1461. S2CID 85200104
  25. ^ "Survey Online Store". www.survey.gov.lk. Retrieved 2021-04-25
  26. ^ "Future of the displaced in Musali South – Ilankai Tamil Sangam". sangam.org. Retrieved 2021-04-25.
  27. ^ H., Hasbullah, S. (2015). Denying the right to return : resettlement in Musali South and the Wilpattu controversy. Kandy Forum. ISBN 978-955-7902-00-5. OCLC 986423834
  28. ^ "Muslims Caged In Musali." Colombo Telegraph. 2017-04-09. Retrieved 2021-04-26.
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