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Eelam War III

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Eelam War III
Part of the Sri Lankan Civil War
Date19 April 1995 – 22 February 2002
Location
Sri Lanka
Result Cease fire
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam tactical victory[1]
Belligerents

 Sri Lanka

Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
Commanders and leaders
Chandrika Kumaratunga (1994–2005) Velupillai Prabhakaran
Strength
130,000 13,500
Casualties and losses
10,838 2,746
Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War

Eelam War III is the name given to the third phase of armed conflict between the Sri Lankan military and the separatist Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE).

After the period of 100 days cease-fire the hostilities broke out on 19 April 1995. The LTTE - Sea Tigers planted explosives in two gun boats known as SLNS 'Sooraya' and 'Ranasuru', and blew them up.

Also, a new weapon "Stinger", a shoulder-launched anti-aircraft missile was used in this conflict by the LTTE. This was used to take down two Sri Lankan Air Force AVRO aircraft flying over the Jaffna peninsula.

Eelam War III also marked the rising success of the LTTE, as they managed to capture key districts such as Kilinochchi and Mullaitivu, and took over the Elephant Pass base. With the path clear towards the Muhumalai and Nagarkovil FDLs, the LTTE launched Operation Unceasing Waves IV in efforts to capture the Jaffna peninsula.

By the end of Eelam War III, the LTTE had control of nearly 30% of the entire island.

Major military operations (in chronological order)

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Main article: Bombing of SLNS Sooraya and SLNS Ranasuru
Main article: Battle of Mandaitivu
  • 28 June 1995: The LTTE overruns the Sri Lankan military base at Mandaitivu.
Main article: Battle of Weli Oya (1995)
  • 28 July 1995: The LTTE attack the Sri Lankan military base at Weli Oya and is repulsed with heavy loses.
Main article: Operation Riviresa
  • 17 October - 5 December 1995 : Government launches Operation Riviresa -recapturing the Jaffna peninsular from the LTTE.
Main article: Battle of Mullaitivu (1996)
  • July 18, 1996 : The LTTE overruns the Sri Lankan military base at Mullaitivu, the attack carried out after midnight. The number of killed in action and missing in action were around 1600 as per military sources. There were more than 4000 LTTE cadre's participated the attack and captured large quantity of arms and military equipment. The base was used as Sri Lanka Army's 215 Brigade Headquarters. One of the major encounters broke out between the LTTE and the Special Forces (SF) commando reinforcements Lt. Col. Laphir and 36 others were killed and 60 more were wounded. Sri Lanka Air-force pilots landed the second batch of Commando's in the same location and also taken the dead body of Lt. Col.Laphir by rope pulled down from the helicopter under heavy LTTE gunfire. The code name given by the LTTE "Oyatha Alaikal" (Endless Waves) to attack the Mullaitivu Military base and SLA code was named as "Operation Thrivida Pahara" for the rescue mission.
  • Operation Sathjaya 1997: SLA launched Operation Sathjaya to capture Kilinochchi from LTTE. After 70 days of siege Army finally captured Kilinochchi.
  • Operation Jayasikurui (1997–1998): In May 1997 SLA launched Operation Jayasikurui (Sure Victory) to open land route to Jaffna Peninsula. The main objective of the operation was to liberate A9 Highway from Vavuniya to Kilinochchi. The total distance was approximately 70 km. Army abandoned this operation after 18 months without achieving its main goal.
  • Operation Unceasing Waves II: LTTE launched Operation Unceasing Waves II also known as 1998 Battle of Kilinochchi. . LTTE recaptured Kilinochchi town from Army after 3 days of intense battle.
  • Operation Ranagosha (Battle cry): It was carried out in 4 phases. Army captured more than 500sq.km. of LTTE territory in Vanni (Sri Lanka).
  • Operation Rivibala: It was a secret operation launched by Army to capture Oddusuddan. It was an important LTTE base near LTTE's stronghold Mullaitivu.
  • Operation Unceasing Waves III: LTTE launched Operation Unceasing Waves III on the first week of November 1999. On first day LTTE began Oddusuddan offensive (1999). After capturing the base they attacked Kanakarayankulam Army HQ. After the fall of the base LTTE recaptured most part of Vanni .
    • Second Battle of Elephant Pass: LTTE after liberating Vanni launched their attack to liberate Jaffna Peninsula. Known as Second Battle of Elephant Pass LTTE stepped up operation inside Jaffna Peninsula. Under the leadership of Brig. Balraj LTTE launched SL Civil War's largest behind enemy line operation. After 34 days long battle Elephant Pass base fell to Tamil Tigers.
  • Operation Unceasing Waves IV: On 26 September 2000 LTTE launched Operation Unceasing Waves IV. The objective of the operation was to capture Jaffna.
  • LTTE's Unilateral ceasefire: On 24 December 2000 LTTE declared Unilateral ceasefire. It was ended on 24 April 2001.
  • Operation Agni keela: Army launched Operation Agnikeela on 25 April 2001within few hours after LTTE ended their unilateral ceasefire. Its main objective was to retake Elephant Pass Garrison which they lost to LTTE one year back. LTTE had Booby trap whole paths and effectively positioned their artillery and mortar units. Due to heavy casualties, the army abandoned the operation.
  • 2002 Peace Process: After few rounds of talks Sri Lankan Government and LTTE signed permanent ceasefire on 22 February 2002. Thus Eelam War III came to an end.

Civilian killings

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Kallarawa massacre

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Main article: Kallarawa massacre

The Kallarawa massacre is an incident on May 25, 1995, during which LTTE cadres massacred 42 Sinhalese men, women and children in Kallarawa.[2] All the remaining civilian survivors fled the village after this incident leading to its depopulation.[3] However survivors from the Sinhalese, Tamil and Muslim communities have returned to Kallarawa under the protection of the Sri Lankan Army.[3]

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Main article: Navaly church bombing

On 9 July 1995, the Sri Lankan Air Force using the Pucará aircraft dropped 8 to 13 bombs around the St. Peter and Paul Catholic Church, the Sri Kathirkama Murugan Hindu Temple and in surrounding residential areas of Navaly in the Jaffna Peninsula. It is estimated that at least 147 Tamil civilians who had taken refuge from the war inside the church as instructed by the government died as a result of the bombings and many more were injured.[4][5][6]

Kumarapuram massacre

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Main article: Kumarapuram massacre

On February 11, 1996, the Sri Lankan Army soldiers massacred 26 Sri Lankan Tamil civilians in the village called Kumarapuram located in the Trincomalee district.[7][8] According to several survivors interviewed by Amnesty International, 13 women and 7 children below the age of 12, were killed by soldiers from the 58th mile post and Dehiwatte army camps.[9] Among the victims was a 15-year-old girl who was gang-raped before being shot dead.[10][9] Among the villagers who survived the massacre were 28 individuals who were severely injured and they stated that the soldiers had attacked them with axes. Children as young as 3 and 6 years of age had axe injuries on their face.[11]

Gonagala massacre

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Main article: Gonagala massacre

The Gonagala Massacre was a massacre that occurred on September 18, 1999, in the small village of Gonagala, located in the Ampara District of Sri Lanka. According to reports, over 50 men, women and children were hacked to death in the middle of the night. The massacre is attributed to the LTTE, which is banned as a terrorist organization by a number of countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, India and the European Union.

The Gonagala massacre is one of several such attacks believed to have been carried out by the LTTE. However these murders gained notoriety because, unlike previous attacks, most of the LTTE cadres who took part in it were women. According to survivors, there was a significant presence of female cadres among the 75 LTTE cadres who took part in the killings

Controversy over the Army's handling of its casualties and their families

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In August 2001, S. P. Thamilselvan, the leader of the political wing of the Tamil Tigers, accused the Sri Lankan Army of intentionally abandoning the bodies of nearly a thousand soldiers on the battlefields since May, despite the Tamils’ request that the Red Cross act as an intermediate.[12] He told visiting relatives of missing servicemen that the military had only accepted 55 bodies to return to their families, while burying the rest with full military honors on the spot. Thamilselvan did not offer a reason for the army's refusal, but did note that several hundred decomposing bodies remained in a minefield due to the danger of extracting them. A Sri Lankan military spokesman, Brigadier Sanath Karunaratne, acknowledged that the army cannot always retrieve a body because it might cost more lives, but denied the Tamil accusations, saying they were propaganda aimed at demoralizing the parents of the missing soldiers.

However, this was not the first time issues had arisen over reclamation of soldiers’ remains and the Army's responsiveness to the requests of families of missing soldiers for information regarding their fate. In April 2003, a group of parents of some of the 619 soldiers reported missing from a battle fought 27 September 1998 obtained permission from the LTTE to travel to the battle site. The families’ previous inquiries at the Defense Ministry, the Sri Lankan Army, and the International Committee of the Red Cross for information on their sons’ fates had been fruitless. At the battlefield they learned that some 500 bodies had been piled together, doused with kerosene, and burnt on the spot by the Sri Lankan Army. Upon their return, a lawsuit was filed on the families’ behalf requesting a mass funeral and DNA testing so Buddhist, Muslim and Christian families could collect their sons’ remains and give them proper burials. The Ministry of Defence organized funeral in 2006, but declined to perform the requested DNA testing.[13]

Killing of prisoners by the LTTE

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Although it had stated that it abides by the Third Geneva Convention for the treatment of prisoners of war, it has been accused of mass execution and torture of captured soldiers in the Battle of Mullaitivu and in the Battle of Vavunathivu.[14][15][16]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ The Tamil Tigers inflicted heavier casualties to the Sri Lankan Army despite being outnumbered 10 times. They also conquered large chunks of territory in 2000-2002.
  2. ^ "Sri Lanka Human Rights Practices, 1995". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 24 September 2003.
  3. ^ a b Ltd., Information Laboratories (Pvt.). "The Sunday Times News and Comments". sundaytimes.lk. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
  4. ^ "Navaly Church Bombing – 25 Years On". Groundviews. 7 July 2020. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  5. ^ 1995 Human Rights report – South Asia Archived 20 March 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Somasundaram, D. (1997). "Abandoning Jaffna hospital: Ethical and moral dilemmas". Medicine, Conflict and Survival. 13 (4): 333–347. doi:10.1080/13623699708409357.
  7. ^ "Impunity Reigns in Sri Lanka: The Kumarapuram Massacre and Acquittals" (PDF). People for Equality and Relief in Lanka (PEARL). 20 March 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  8. ^ "Sri Lanka: President urged to retry acquitted suspects in Tamil massacre". Journalists for Democracy in Sri Lanka (JDS). 30 July 2016. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  9. ^ a b "Sri Lanka: Wavering commitment to human rights". Amnesty International. 13 August 1996.
  10. ^ "Impunity Reigns in Sri Lanka: The Kumarapuram Massacre and Acquittals" (PDF). People for Equality and Relief in Lanka (PEARL). 20 March 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  11. ^ "Trincomalee District in February 1996: Focusing on the Killiveddy Massacre". UTHRJ. 2 March 1996. Retrieved 17 May 2023.
  12. ^ "Dead Sri Lankan soldiers 'abandoned'". 16 August 2001. Retrieved 16 April 2018 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
  13. ^ Boustany, Nora (19 April 2006). "Nora Boustany - Sri Lankan Steers Parents to Peace After Loss in War". Retrieved 16 April 2018 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  14. ^ "The Sunday Times Situation Report". sundaytimes.lk.
  15. ^ "Account Suspended". crimesofwar.org. Archived from the original on 31 December 2008.
  16. ^ Taraki (9 March 1997). "Forward march: many more miles to go yet". Sunday Times. Retrieved 1 October 2021.
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