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Durio zibethinus

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Durio zibethinus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malvales
Family: Malvaceae
Genus: Durio
Species:
D. zibethinus
Binomial name
Durio zibethinus
Native distribution of D. zibethinus, the common durian
  Native distribution of D. zibethinus[1]
  Exotic distribution of D. zibethinus[2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Durio acuminatissimus Merr.
  • Durio stercoraceus Noronha nom. inval.

Durio zibethinus is the most common tree species in the genus Durio that are known as durian and have edible fruit also known as durian.

As with most other durian species, the edible flesh emits a distinctive odour that is strong and penetrating even when the husk is intact. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance; others find the aroma overpowering and revolting. The persistence of its odour has led to the fruit's banishment from certain hotels and public transportation in Southeast Asia.

There are 30 recognised Durio species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. D. zibethinus is the only species available in the international market: other species are sold in their local regions. There are hundreds of cultivars of D. zibethinus; many consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market.

Description

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The wood of D. zibethinus is reddish brown.[4]

Ecology

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See also: List of durian diseases and pests

D. zibethinus flowers are visited by bats which eat the pollen and pollinate the flowers.[4] The flowers open in the afternoon and shed pollen in the evening. By the following morning, the calyx, petals, and stamens have fallen off to leave only the gynoecium of the flower.[4]

Food uses

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Different cultivars of durian often have distinct colours. D101 (right) has rich yellow flesh, clearly distinguishable from another variety (left).
Genomic information
NCBI genome ID57226
Ploidydiploid[5]
Genome size715.23[5]
Number of chromosomes56[5]
Year of completion2017[5]

Over the centuries, numerous durian cultivars, propagated by vegetative clones, have arisen in southeast Asia. They used to be grown with mixed results from seeds of trees bearing superior quality fruit, but now are propagated by layering, marcotting, or more commonly, by grafting, including bud, veneer, wedge, whip or U-grafting onto seedlings of randomly selected rootstocks. Different cultivars may be distinguished to some extent by variations in the fruit shape, such as the shape of the spines.[4] Durian consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market.[6]

Most cultivars have a common name and a code number starting with "D". For example, some popular clones are Kop (D99 Thai: กบ – "frog" [kòp]), Chanee (D123, Thai: ชะนี – gibbon [tɕʰániː]), Berserah or Green Durian or Tuan Mek Hijau (D145 Thai: ทุเรียนเขียว – Green Durian [tʰúriːən kʰǐow]), Kan Yao (D158, Thai: ก้านยาว – Long Stem [kâːn jaːw]), Mon Thong (D159, Thai: หมอนทอง – Golden Pillow [mɔ̌ːn tʰɔːŋ]), Kradum Thong (Thai: กระดุมทอง – Golden Button [kràdum tʰɔːŋ]), and with no common name, D24 and D169. Each cultivar has a distinct taste and odour. More than 200 cultivars of D. zibethinus exist in Thailand.

Mon thong is the most commercially sought after for its thick, full-bodied creamy and mild sweet tasting flesh with relatively moderate smell emitted and smaller seeds, while Chanee is the best in terms of its resistance to infection by Phytophthora palmivora. Kan Yao is somewhat less common, but prized for its longer window of time when it is both sweet and odorless at the same time. Among all the cultivars in Thailand, five are currently in large-scale commercial cultivation: Chanee, Mon Thong, Kan Yao, Ruang, and Kradum.[7] There have been more than 100 registered cultivars since the 1920s in Malaysia[8] and up to 193 cultivars by 1992.[9] Many superior cultivars have been identified through competitions held at the annual Malaysian Agriculture, Horticulture, and Agrotourism Show. In Vietnam, the same process has been achieved through competitions held by the Southern Fruit Research Institute. A recently popular variety is Musang King.[10]

By 2007, Thai government scientist Songpol Somsri had crossbred more than ninety varieties of durian to create Chantaburi No. 1, a cultivar without the characteristic odour.[11] Another hybrid, Chantaburi No. 3, develops the odour about three days after the fruit is picked, which enables an odourless transport yet satisfies consumers who prefer the pungent odour.[11] On 22 May 2012, two other cultivars from Thailand that also lack the usual odour, Long Laplae and Lin Laplae, were presented to the public by Yothin Samutkhiri, governor of Uttaradit Province, from where these cultivars were developed locally, and announced the dates for the yearly durian fair of Laplae District, and the names given to both cultivars.[12]

In addition to the pulp being edible, the seeds can be eaten after being roasted.[13]

Nutrition

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Raw durian (Durio zibethinus)
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy615 kJ (147 kcal)
27.09 g
Dietary fiber3.8 g
5.33 g
1.47 g
Vitamins and minerals
VitaminsQuantity
%DV†
Vitamin A44 IU
Thiamine (B1)
31%
0.374 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
15%
0.2 mg
Niacin (B3)
7%
1.074 mg
Pantothenic acid (B5)
5%
0.23 mg
Vitamin B6
19%
0.316 mg
Folate (B9)
9%
36 μg
Vitamin C
22%
19.7 mg
MineralsQuantity
%DV†
Calcium
0%
6 mg
Copper
23%
0.207 mg
Iron
2%
0.43 mg
Magnesium
7%
30 mg
Manganese
14%
0.325 mg
Phosphorus
3%
39 mg
Potassium
15%
436 mg
Sodium
0%
2 mg
Zinc
3%
0.28 mg
Other constituentsQuantity
Water65 g
Link to USDA database entry
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[14] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[15]

Raw durian is 65% water, 27% carbohydrates, 5% fats, and 1% protein (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw durian supplies 147 calories of food energy, and is a rich source (20% or more of the Daily Value, DV) of vitamin C (22% DV), thiamine (31% DV), and the dietary mineral, copper (23% DV) (table). Raw durian is a moderate source (10-19% DV) of the B vitamins, riboflavin and vitamin B6, and the minerals, manganese and potassium (table).

See also

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  • Breadfruit, an unrelated fruit that looks similar
  • Jackfruit, an unrelated fruit that looks similar

References

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  1. ^ Durio zibethinus at worldagroforestry.org
  2. ^ A traveler´s guide to Durian Season at yearofthedurian.com
  3. ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved July 3, 2014.
  4. ^ a b c d Brown, Michael J. (1997). Durio – A Bibliographic Review. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI). ISBN 978-92-9043-318-7. Retrieved 2014-06-03.
  5. ^ a b c d Teh, Bin Tean; Lim, Kevin; Yong, Chern Han; Young, Cedric Chuan; Rao, Sushma Ramesh; Rajasegaran, Vikneswari; Lim, Weng Khong; Ong, Choon Kiat; Chan, Ki; Cheng, Vincent Kin Yuen; Soh, Poh Sheng; Swarup, Sanjay; Rozen, Steven G.; Nagarajan, Niranjan; Tan, Patrick (9 October 2017). "The draft genome of tropical fruit durian (Durio zibethinus)". Nature Genetics. 49 (11): 1633–1641. doi:10.1038/ng.3972. ISSN 1546-1718. OCLC 7155266222. PMID 28991254.
  6. ^ "ST Foodies Club – Durian King". The Straits Times. 2006. Archived from the original on 2007-12-15. Retrieved 2007-07-25.
  7. ^ "Durian Exporting Strategy, National Durian Database (กลยุทธการส่งออกทุเรียน)" (in Thai). Department of Agriculture, Thailand. Archived from the original on 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2010-07-26.
  8. ^ "Comprehensive List of Durian Clones Registered by the Agriculture Department (of Malaysia)". Durian OnLine. Archived from the original on 2007-04-07. Retrieved 2006-03-05.
  9. ^ "Boosting Durian Productivity" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-06-16. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  10. ^ Teo, Wan Gek (2009-06-23). "Durian lovers head north on day tours". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2009-09-19.
  11. ^ a b Fuller, Thomas (2007-04-08). "Fans Sour on Sweeter Version of Asia's Smelliest Fruit". The New York Times. Retrieved 2008-11-20.
  12. ^ "Odourless durians to hit the market – The Nation". Archived from the original on 2012-06-25. Retrieved 2014-07-03.
  13. ^ Hargreaves, Dorothy; Hargreaves, Bob (1970). Tropical Trees of the Pacific. Kailua, Hawaii: Hargreaves. p. 19.
  14. ^ United States Food and Drug Administration (2024). "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels". FDA. Archived from the original on 2024-03-27. Retrieved 2024-03-28.
  15. ^ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). ISBN 978-0-309-48834-1. PMID 30844154. Archived from the original on 2024-05-09. Retrieved 2024-06-21.
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