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Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.
Native name
ダイハツ工業株式会社
Daihatsu Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryAutomotive
PredecessorHatsudoki Seizo Co., Ltd (1907–1951)
Founded1 March 1951; 73 years ago (1951-03-01)
FoundersSaneyasu Oka
Zenjiro Takeuchi
Yoshiaki Yasunaga
Seishiro Tsurumi
Masashi Kuwabara
Headquarters
Ikeda, Osaka
,
Japan
Area served
  • Japan
  • Indonesia
Key people
Masahiro Inoue (president)
ProductsAutomobiles, engines
Production output
Increase 1,787,991 vehicles (1,477,462 without counting Perodua production)[1][note 1] (FY2022)
RevenueIncrease ¥1,493 billion[2] (FY2022)
Decrease ¥38 billion[2] (FY2022)
Decrease ¥77 billion[2] (FY2022)
Total assetsIncrease ¥944 billion[2] (FY2022)
Total equityDecrease ¥387 billion[2] (FY2022)
Number of employees
12,508 (April 2023)[1]
ParentToyota Motor Corporation
Subsidiaries
Websitedaihatsu.com

Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd. (Japanese: ダイハツ工業株式会社, Hepburn: Daihatsu Kōgyō Kabushiki-gaisha) is a Japanese automobile manufacturer headquartered in Ikeda, Osaka Prefecture, Japan.[3]

Historically one of the oldest surviving Japanese internal combustion engine manufacturers, the company was known for building three-wheeled vehicles and off-road vehicles, while currently the company offers a range of kei car models, along with kei trucks, kei vans and other larger small cars in Japan. The company produces entry-level compact cars in Japan and Southeast Asia, which are supplied to global emerging markets under the Toyota brand.

As of 2023, Daihatsu's presence has been limited to Japan and Indonesia under the Daihatsu brand, and Malaysia under the Perodua brand, where the company has significant research and development resources, manufacturing facilities and sales operations.[4]

Since August 2016, the company has been a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Toyota Motor Corporation. As of 2021, Daihatsu accounts for four percent of Toyota Group's total vehicle sales.[4]

Name

[edit]

The name "Daihatsu" is a combination of the first symbol (kanji) of Ōsaka (大) and the first of the word "engine manufacture" (発動機製造, hatsudōki seizō). In the new combination the reading of the "大" is changed from ō to dai, giving dai hatsu.[5]

History

[edit]
Hatsudoki SA-6, 1937
Daihatsu Midget, 1957

Daihatsu was officially formed on March 1, 1951, as a successor to Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd, founded in 1907, as part of Hatsudoki's major restructuring. Hatsudoki's formation was largely influenced by the Engineering Department's faculty of Osaka University, to develop a gasoline-powered engine for small, stationary power plants. From the beginning of the company until 1930, when a prototype three-wheeler truck was considered and proposed, Hatsudoki's focus was largely steam engines for Japanese National Railways and included rail carriages for passenger transportation. The company then focused on railroad diesel engines, working with Niigata Engineering and Shinko Engineering Co., Ltd. Before the company began to manufacture automobiles, their primary Japanese competitor was Yanmar for diesel engines that were not installed in a commercial truck to provide motivation.

The company's decision to focus on automobile production and related technologies was influenced by the early days of automobile manufacturing in Japan during the late 1920s and 1930s, when both Ford and General Motors had opened factories in Japan and enjoyed a considerable market share. Ford opened a factory at Yokohama in March 1925 and in 1927 GM opened Osaka Assembly until both factories were appropriated by the Imperial Japanese Government before World War II.[6]

During the 1960s, Daihatsu began exporting its range to Europe, where it did not have major sales success until well into the 1980s. In Japan, the majority of Daihatsu models occupies the kei car segment.

Daihatsu Compagno, 1960s

Daihatsu was an independent automaker until Toyota Motor Corporation became a major shareholder in 1967 as the Japanese government intended to open up the domestic market.[7] According to Toyota, it was first approached by Sanwa Bank, banker of Daihatsu.[8] In 1995, Toyota increased its shareholding in the company from 16.8% to 33.4% by acquiring shares from other shareholders: banks and insurance companies.[7] At the time, the company was producing mini-vehicles and some small cars under contract for Toyota.[7] Toyota, by owning more than a one-third stake, would be able to veto shareholder resolutions at the annual meeting.[7] In 1998, Toyota increased its holding in the company to 51.2% by purchasing shares from its major shareholders including financial institutions.[9]

Following the financial crisis of 2007–2008 Daihatsu's sales in Europe plummeted, from 58,000 in 2007 to 12,000 in 2011.[10] Daihatsu pulled out of the European market by 2013, citing the persistently strong yen, which makes it difficult for the company to make a profit from its export business.[11]

In August 2011, Daihatsu invested 20 billion yen ($238.9 million) in Indonesia to build a factory that produces low-cost cars under the Low Cost Green Car scheme.[12] The construction had been initialized on 70,000 square meters on May 27, 2011 and started operations at the end of 2012, producing up to 100,000 cars per year.[13]

In August 2016, Daihatsu became a wholly owned subsidiary of Toyota Motor Corporation. In January 2017, Daihatsu and Toyota jointly established an internal company to develop compact vehicles for emerging markets called the 'Emerging-market Compact Car Company'. Under the internal company, Daihatsu is responsible of product planning and quality planning of the vehicles, while both Toyota and Daihatsu are jointly responsible of product and business planning. To support the company, Toyota Motor Asia Pacific Engineering and Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (TMAP-EM) in Thailand was renamed to Toyota Daihatsu Engineering and Manufacturing Co., Ltd. (TDEM).[14]

In October 2016, Daihatsu and Toyota announced a new vehicle architecture called the Daihatsu New Global Architecture (DNGA) was being developed.[15] The second-generation Mira e:S was revealed as the first DNGA model in 2017,[16] although the company later revised the definition of DNGA and launched the fourth-generation Tanto claiming it as the first DNGA model instead.[17]

From 2020 to 2022, Daihatsu trained employees from less-profitable sister company Toyota Motor East Japan to improve the latter's systems on development and production of small cars.[18]

In April 2023, Daihatsu was found to have rigged safety tests for 88,000 cars, most of which were sold as Toyota Yaris to Thailand, Mexico and Gulf Cooperation Council countries. The door trim of side-collision test cars was notched in order to minimize the risk of injury, but the modification was not applied to production vehicles.[19]

In December 2023, the company halted shipments of 64 models, including kei, Mazda, Subaru, and two dozens branded as Toyota, after safety investigations uncovered misconduct far greater in scope than previously expected. In some models, the airbag control unit used in testing was different from the part installed on vehicles sold to the public. Results of speed tests and headrest impact tests had also been falsified. The cases went back as far as 1989 and became particularly prevalent after 2014. Affected markets included Japan as well as Bolivia, Cambodia, Chile, Ecuador, Indonesia, Malaysia, Mexico, Peru, Thailand, Uruguay, and Vietnam.[20] The company announced that it would shut down all four of its manufacturing plants in Japan until the end of January 2024.[21]

Company timeline

[edit]
Daihatsu Atrai, 1989
Daihatsu Terios, 2011, Indonesian market
  • 1907 – Hatsudoki Seizo Co., Ltd. founded
  • 1951 – On March 1, Hatsudoki Seizo, Co. Ltd, is officially incorporated as Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.
  • 1963 – Daihatsu Compagno which utilized multiple bodystyles on one platform was presented. The long running D logo introduced.
  • 1964 – The millionth Daihatsu is built on September 1.[22]
  • 1965 – The Daihatsu Compagno Berlina went on sale in the United Kingdom, the first Japanese car to be marketed there.[23]
  • 1967 – Starts cooperation with Toyota Motor Corporation
  • 1968 – In August, the one millionth Daihatsu kei car is built.[24]
  • 1969 – The two millionth Daihatsu is built.[25]
  • 1971 – First generation of the Daihatsu Delta Truck model launched in Japan, a Toyota influenced four wheeled six ton cargo lorry.
  • 1975 – Begins to supply diesel engines to the original SEMAL motor vehicle company of Portugal for the new PORTARO 4X4 and TAGUS 4X4 offroad vehicles.
  • 1980 – Daihatsu builds its three millionth kei car[26]
  • 1987 – Daihatsu enters the US automotive market with the Hijet
  • 1988 – Daihatsu introduces the Rocky and Charade in the US market
  • 1992 – Daihatsu shuts down US sales in February and ceases production of US-spec vehicles
  • 1998 – Toyota gains a controlling interest (51.2%) in Daihatsu Motor Co., Ltd.
  • 2011 – Daihatsu states that sales of Daihatsu motor cars will cease across Europe on January 31, 2013
  • 2011 – Daihatsu invests 20 billion yen ($238.9 million) in Indonesia to build a factory that produces low-cost cars.[12]
  • 2016 – Toyota purchases Daihatsu's remaining assets, and therefore makes Daihatsu a wholly owned subsidiary[27]

Export markets

[edit]

Daihatsu's first export was in 1953, and by 1980 half a million Daihatsu vehicles had been exported.[28] In 1979 a European main office was established in Brussels, tasked with controlling and expanding Western European exports.[26] Since the late 1990s, its exports have been steadily contracting. This has been partially offset by the sale of Daihatsu vehicles through the Toyota channel, and the sale of technology to Malaysia's Perodua. Daihatsu has also supplied cars under different badges to various automakers in the past. The company currently provides engines and transmissions to Malaysia's Perodua, which manufactures and markets rebadged Daihatsu cars locally, and sold a small number of Perodua cars in the United Kingdom and Ireland until 2012.

Asia and Oceania

[edit]
1999 Daihatsu Mira in New Zealand
Gathering of Daihatsu Charade GTti hot hatches in Malaysia

Following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, Daihatsu closed their plants in Thailand and withdrew from the market entirely.[29] Until withdrawing in March 1998 they had mostly been selling the Mira range in Thailand; the Mira was also built there with certain local modifications.

After the launch of Perodua, Daihatsu's Malaysian operations were scaled down to concentrate exclusively on the commercial vehicles market, selling its Delta and Gran Max commercial truck chassis; Daihatsu had formerly sold Charades and Miras in the country since it first began operations in Malaysia as a joint venture in 1980. In Indonesia, Daihatsu remains a major player.

It was reported on March 31, 2005 that Toyota would withdraw Daihatsu from the Australian market after sales fell heavily in the years leading up, in spite of the overall new-car market in Australia growing 7%. Daihatsu ended its Australian operations in March 2006 after almost 40 years there.[30] At the time the marque sold the Charade, Copen, Delta, Sirion and Terios models.[31]

Toyota New Zealand announced on April 8, 2013 that sales of new Daihatsu vehicles in the country would cease by the end of the year, citing a lack of products that would comply with future NZ regulatory standards. No additional new vehicles were being imported as of the announcement date.[32]

The Americas

[edit]
1992 Daihatsu Rocky in Chile

Daihatsu's operations in Chile, where Daihatsu is well known for its 1970s models such as the Charade or Cuore, were also threatened after low sales in 2004 and 2005. Toyota has stated that it intended to persist in the Chilean market, where only the Terios model was available until it was rebranded as the Toyota Rush in August 2016, as Daihatsu left that market.[33][34]

In Trinidad and Tobago, Daihatsu has had a market presence since 1958 when its Mark I Midget was a popular choice among market tradesmen. From 1978 until 2001, a local dealer marketed the Charmant, Rocky, Fourtrak, and then later, the Terios and Grand Move which were popular. The Delta chassis remained popular from its introduction in 1985 until today. Toyota Trinidad and Tobago Ltd. (a wholly owned subsidiary of Toyota Japan) now markets Daihatsu Terios, YRV and Sirion under stiff competition.

In the United States, Daihatsus were marketed from 1988 until 1992 but were hampered by the 1990s recession, and that their products had very little impact as the company's compact and fuel economic cars did not align with the perceived needs of American customers. Only the Charade and the Rocky were sold. Beginning in 1987, Daihatsu also sold the Hijet in the United States as an off-road only utility vehicle.

Daihatsu and Bombardier Inc. had been planning to open an assembly plant for the Charade in Canada in 1989, with the ultimate goal of building a small car of Bombardier's design to market in North America.[35] These plans didn't eventuate. After Daihatsu's withdrawal from the US market, Toyota, which had recently purchased a controlling interest in Daihatsu, continued to provide after-sales support for existing Daihatsu customers through at least 2002.

Europe

[edit]
2007 Daihatsu Copen in the UK

European imports began in 1979. The company had little or no presence in countries with protectionist barriers such as France and Spain - where local manufacturers also targeted the same market segment as Daihatsu. Daihatsu sold mainly in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the Netherlands.[36] In Italy, Daihatsu partnered with local small car experts Innocenti in 1982 as a backdoor to several continental markets.[37] The Italian manufacturer used Daihatsu drivetrains in their cars from 1983 until 1993.[38]

Beginning in 1992, Piaggio manufactured the Hijet microvan and truck locally, as the Piaggio Porter, Innocenti Porter, or Daihatsu Hijet. It remains available as of 2020 and is also built in India. In the mid-1980s Daihatsu also briefly imported Charades assembled by Alfa Romeo's South African subsidiary to Italy, in another effort to circumvent import restrictions.[38]

Daihatsu announced on January 13, 2011, that sales of Daihatsu motor cars would cease across Europe on January 31, 2013. This was due to the increasing strength of the Japanese yen, which had increased prices beyond competitive levels. Daihatsu had no stock of new Daihatsu cars in the UK at the time, and did not intend to import any more cars in the interim period.[39]

Africa

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From 1983 until 1985, Alfa Romeo's South African branch assembled the Charade for local sales and for export to Italy.[38] In April 2015, Daihatsu pulled out of South Africa.[40]

Electrics and hybrids

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Daihatsu has had a long-running development program for electric vehicles, beginning with the production of "pavilion cars" for the 1970 Osaka World Expo and continuing with the production of golf carts and vehicles for institutional use, such as the DBC-1.[41] An electric version of the company's Fellow Max kei car also followed, the beginning of a series of prototypes. The 1973 oil crisis provided further impetus and at the 20th Tokyo Motor Show (1973) Daihatsu displayed a 550 W electric trike (TR-503E),[42] the BCX-III electric car prototype and daihatsu's own EV1.[43]

Daihatsu showed more prototypes through the 1970s, for instance at the 1979 Sydney Motor Show, and then joined the Japanese Electric Vehicle Association's PREET program (Public Rent and Electronic Towncar) with an electric version of the Max Cuore kei car. The program allowed registered users access to the cars with a magnetized card and charged according to mileage used.[44]

In November 1974, Daihatsu released the Hallo (ES38V), a tilting trike powered by an electric motor and two 12V batteries.[45]

In December 2011, Daihatsu released the Pico EV Concept, a quadricycle powered by an electric motor.

The company released a mild hybrid technology called the Daihatsu Mild Hybrid System in 2007,[46] and is used in the Hijet/Atrai Hybrid-IV.

In November 2021, Daihatsu released their first mass-produced full hybrid system. Marketed as the "e-Smart Hybrid", it is a series hybrid system as opposed to Toyota's more advanced parallel hybrid technology. The technology was first used by the hybrid version of the A200 series Rocky. It is also used by the Toyota-branded model, the Raize under the common "Hybrid Synergy Drive" branding.[47]

Motorcycles

[edit]

In 1973, Daihatsu presented an electric tilting trike at the Tokyo Motor Show. This entered production in 1975 as the Hallo.[48] Daihatsu also released a petrol powered version using a 50 cc two-stroke engine.

[edit]

Daihatsu is well known with its signature stylized D logo. It debuted in September 1963 on the Compagno as the first automobile with the Daihatsu D logo. From its establishment in 1951 until 1969, Daihatsu also used a Ford-like logo, with Daihatsu vintage-style cursive wordmark (outside Japan) and Daihatsu wordmark in katakana, written inside an ellipse. Daihatsu had a secondary logo, based on a stylized drawing of Osaka Castle, as installed on its three-wheeler trucks during the 1950s to 1960s. The script logo remained in use as Daihatsu's corporate logo and appeared on Daihatsu product catalogues and brochures until November 1969. Hence in the 1950s and 1960s Daihatsu was commonly referred to as Japan's Ford, and as the Japanese equivalent to Ford. In December 1969, this logo was discontinued and Daihatsu officially used the D logo as its corporate logo. Except in Indonesia, the first Daihatsu logo was used in brochures until about 1977 or 1978.

The famous D logo is a stylized, modernized version of the D in the earlier logo and resembles the da in katakana, as well as rocket shape and right arrow, representing Daihatsu's spirit to keep moving forward and growing for excellence. The stylized D is also an initialism for Daihatsu. Beginning in January 1970, the Daihatsu wordmark was written in Eurostile font and placed below the D logo.

The D logo as the corporate logo, the white D placed inside the red rectangle, has been used from late 1969 onwards. The first version of the D logo, surrounded with circle, was used on Daihatsu automobiles from 1963 until 1979. From 1979 to 1989, the D logo was surrounded by a dark grey rectangle. In November 1989, following the launch of Toyota's famous current logo, the D logo was surrounded by an oval, and made in chrome. The chrome D logo is used today, with several revisions, the most recent is a bolder and bigger chrome D logo introduced in 2004.

Mascot

[edit]

The mascot for Daihatsu Motors is Kakukaku Shikajika (カクカクシカジカ), an anthropomorphic deer character. Created by illustrator Chiharu Sakazaki [ja] (who also designed the mascot for the Suica smart card system),[49] he wears a white shirt as well as black pants, and is drawn in a lineless artstyle.[50] According to a Daihatsu representative, he has a "cool and slightly cynical" personality.[51]

He has appeared in plenty of animated commercials for the company, as well as various merchandise and promo items primarily in Japan.[50] Originally used to advertise the Daihatsu Move Conte (including his own special edition of the vehicle[52]), he's been used on and off in marketing materials since 2008.[51]

He has also appeared in commercials aired during New Year's Day discussing the company's sales. In 2018, they had the most commercials running for a single company within the first three days of the year on Japanese TV. Due to the 2023 emissions scandal, this was temporarily halted which led to disappointment from television viewers in the country.[53]

Kakukaku also has a cult following in the furry community, affectionately called the Kakukult, who has drawn fanart of the character.

There is also a lesser known mascot named Tufton, a blue bird character designed to advertise the Daihatsu Taft line.[54]

Vehicles

[edit]
Main article: List of Daihatsu vehicles

Plants and production

[edit]

Japan

[edit]

Daihatsu's first, and oldest factory, called Ikeda Plant 1 was built in May 1939 in Ikeda, Osaka.[55] The second factory was built May 1961 and is called Ikeda Plant 2. It houses the Osaka HQ office that was established March 1965. The company maintains an office in Tokyo, that was originally opened as Hatsudoki Seizo Co. Ltd. in June 1933 the Daihatsu Building.

Daihatsu currently has two factories in Ryūō, Shiga. The first factory was opened in April 1974, and the second one in January 1989. Daihatsu opened a factory in April 1973 in Ōyamazaki, Kyoto. Daihatsu opened two factories in Nakatsu, Ōita starting in November 2004 with Nakatsu Plant 1, followed by Nakatsu Plant 2 in November 2007. The Kurume Plant was opened in August 2008 in Kurume. It houses the Daihatsu Group Kyushu Development Center which opened in 2014.

As of May 2021, the following vehicles are built by Daihatsu in Japan:

Daihatsu Mazda Subaru Toyota Body style Kei Plant
Atrai Sambar Dias MPV Yes Nakatsu 1
Boon Passo Hatchback No Ikeda 2
Cast Pixis Joy Hatchback Yes Nakatsu 2
Copen Roadster Yes Ikeda 2
Hijet Cargo Sambar Van Pixis Van Van Yes Nakatsu 1
Hijet Truck Sambar Truck Pixis Truck Truck Yes Nakatsu 1
Mira e:S Pleo Plus Pixis Epoch Hatchback Yes Nakatsu 2
Mira Tocot Hatchback Yes Nakatsu 2
Move Stella Hatchback Yes Nakatsu 2
Move Canbus MPV Yes Kyoto, Ryūō 2
Rocky Rex Raize Crossover No Ryūō 2
Taft Crossover Yes Nakatsu 2
Tanto Chiffon MPV Yes Ryūō 2
Thor Justy Roomy MPV No Ikeda 2
Wake Pixis Mega MPV Yes Nakatsu 1
Familia Van Probox Station wagon No Kyoto 2

Overseas

[edit]
Daihatsu Perodua Mazda Toyota Body style Plant
Ayla Axia Agya/Wigo Hatchback Karawang (ADM)
Serendah (PGMSB)
Bezza Sedan Serendah (PGMSB)
Gran Max Bongo TownAce/LiteAce Van/truck Sunter (ADM)
Luxio MPV Sunter (ADM)
Rocky Ativa Raize Crossover Karawang (ADM)
Rawang (PMSB)
Sigra Calya MPV Karawang (ADM)
Sirion Myvi Hatchback Rawang (PMSB)
Terios Aruz Rush SUV Karawang (ADM)
Rawang (PMSB)
Xenia Alza Avanza/Veloz MPV/SUV Karawang (ADM)
Rawang (PMSB)

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The FY (Fiscal Year) 2022 as reported by Daihatsu is from April 1, 2022 to March 30, 2023.

References

[edit]
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  3. ^ "Corporate Info Archived January 27, 2010, at the Wayback Machine." Daihatsu. Retrieved on February 5, 2010.
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  24. ^ Kobori, Kazunori (2007), ダイハツ 日本最古の発動機メーカーの変遷 [Daihatsu: The History of Japan's Oldest Engine Company] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Miki Press, p. 54, ISBN 978-4-89522-505-2
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  26. ^ a b Kießler, p. 42
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  35. ^ Stark, Harry A., ed. (1987). Ward's Automotive Yearbook 1987 (49th ed.). Detroit: Ward's Communications. p. 155. ISBN 0910589007. OCLC 173365445.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ignored ISBN errors (link)
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  40. ^ "Daihatsu Pulls Out of South Africa". cars.co.za. 16 April 2015.
  41. ^ Kobori, Kazunori (2007). ダイハツ 日本最古の発動機メーカーの変遷 [Daihatsu: The History of Japan's Oldest Engine Company] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Miki Press. p. 56. ISBN 978-4-89522-505-2.
  42. ^ Kobori, Daihatsu, p. 60
  43. ^ Kobori, Daihatsu, pp. 67–68
  44. ^ Lösch, Annamaria, ed. (1981), "Electric Cars", World Cars 1981, Pelham, NY: The Automobile Club of Italy/Herald Books: 44, ISBN 0-910714-13-4
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  46. ^ "DAIHATSU:Motor Show". Archived from the original on July 4, 2007.
  47. ^ "「ダイハツ・ロッキー」に28.0km/リッターの燃費を実現したハイブリッドモデルが登場 【ニュース】" [Introducing a hybrid model that achieves fuel efficiency of 28.0km / liter in "Daihatsu Rocky"]. webCG (in Japanese). 2021-11-01. Archived from the original on 2021-11-01. Retrieved 2021-12-03.
  48. ^ Kießler, p. 78
  49. ^ "【大丸福岡天神店】坂崎 千春『ペンギンFUKUOKA・春の宴』アート＆グッズ展が九州初出展 (2023年4月5日)". エキサイトニュース (in Japanese). 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  50. ^ a b "カクカクシカジカ ファンサイト | ダイハツ". www.daihatsu.co.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-09-29.
  51. ^ a b "ダイハツ「カクシカ」TVCMで4年ぶりイケボ復活で話題！ 10年以上愛されるシカの正体は？". くるまのニュース (in Japanese). 2021-07-08. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  52. ^ "ダイハツ ムーヴコンテ にカクカク・シカジカ特別仕様". レスポンス（Response.jp） (in Japanese). 2010-05-06. Retrieved 2024-11-04.
  53. ^ "ダイハツ不正報道で正月恒例の"アレ"が見られない？ 「一体どうなるの」「寂しい…」の声". Sirabee (in Japanese). 2023-12-20. Retrieved 2024-11-05.
  54. ^ "デリ丸だけじゃない!! イプーもいたしカクシカは評論家だった!? クルマのCMキャラ一気見". 自動車情報誌「ベストカー」 (in Japanese). 2023-11-19. Retrieved 2024-11-02.
  55. ^ "Facilities｜Company｜DAIHATSU". DAIHATSU Global Website. Retrieved 2020-12-02.
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