Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal
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The Communist Party of India (Marxist), West Bengal is the West Bengal state wing of Communist Party of India (Marxist) and a recognised national party. The party has been the longest formally the governing party in West Bengal Legislative Assembly from 1977 to 2011 and has significant representation of the state in Rajya Sabha.[2] It leads the Left Front and Secular Democratic Alliance along with Indian National Congress.
History
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Formation of CPI(M)
[edit]In the following period the Communist Party underwent a vertical a split in the Communist Party of India in 1964 with a section of the party including Muzaffar Ahmad, Jyoti Basu, Promode Dasgupta and Hare Krishna Konar going on to form the Communist Party of India (Marxist). There were several ongoing ideological conflicts between sections within the Communist Party about the nature of the Indian State and the characterisation and method of interaction with the Indian National Congress, about the approach towards the ongoing debate between the Soviet Union and China and with regards to the handling of the border disputes between India and China.
These debates were further exacerbated by the food movement in West Bengal and brought to the forefront by the rising border tensions between India and China.[3] The Communist Party had also become the second largest party in the Lok Sabha following the 1962 Indian general election with nearly 10% vote share which is described to have brought prominence to the internal divisions of the party.[4]
In the West Bengal Legislative Assembly election of 1967, fourteen opposition parties contested through two pre-poll political alliances;[5] the CPI-M led United Left Front and the CPI and Bangla Congress (splinter of the Congress party formed in 1966) led People's United Left Front.[6] The CPI-M became the second largest party outstripping its former party, the CPI.
Basu Era (1977-2000)
[edit]For the 1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election, negotiations between the Janata Party and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) broke down.[7] This led to a three sided contest between the Indian National Congress, the Janata Party and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) led Left Front coalition. The results of the election was a surprising sweep for the Left Front winning 230 seats out of 290 with the CPI-M winning an absolute majority on its own, Jyoti Basu became the chief minister of West Bengal.
The state saw rapid developments in this period, with the Land Reforms and the Panchayat System being two of the many notable ones. In this time, the state had become one of the leaders in agricultural output, being the leading producer of rice and the second leading producer of potatoes.[8] In the first term of the coming to power, the Left Front government under Basu initiated a number of agrarian and institutional reforms which resulted in reduction of poverty rates, an exponential rise in agricultural production and decrease in political polarisation.[9][10][11] It also enabled the large scale adoption of technological advancements which had earlier been brought in through the Green Revolution in India in the 1960s.[9][10] The agricultural growth jumped from an annual average of 0.6% between 1970–1980 to over 7% between 1980–1990 and the state was described as an agricultural success story of the 1980s.[10][12] During this period, the state of West Bengal moved from being a food importer to a food exporter and became the largest producer of rice outstripping the states of Andhra Pradesh and Punjab which had previously held the status.[12] The Human Development Index was also noted to have improved at a much faster rate than in other states, growing from being the lowest in the country in 1975 to above the national average in 1990.[13]
Buddhadeb Era (2000-2011)
[edit]
In 2000, Jyoti Basu resigned as the chief minister. He was succeeded by Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee.[14] Unlike other orthodox leaders, Buddhadeb was more open to market and technological reforms. He attempted to industrialize West Bengal by bringing a Tata motors plant in Singur but this erupted a huge controversy. Buddhadeb's government requested farmers to give the land, which sparked huge protests. Later Tata Group ultimately backed out of the project. There was also violence in Nandigram as well, in which many protesters died due to police firing.[15]
Violence, economic stagnation, the surge of Mamata Banerjee and her TMC led to the decline of support of Buddhadeb and the CPI(M), even among the core voters like peasants and workers. A demand for change started, which eventually led to the fall of the 34-years long Left Front government in 2011.
Out of power and decline (2011-Present)
[edit]Structure and composition
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List of state secretaries
[edit]| No | Portrait | Secretary | Term | Total years as secretary |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Promode Dasgupta | 1964 - 1982 | 18 Years | |
| 2 | 
|
Saroj Mukherjee | 1982 - 1990 | 8 Years |
| 3 | 
|
Sailen Dasgupta | 1991 – 1998 | 7 Years |
| 4 | Anil Biswas | 1998 - 2006 | 8 Years | |
| 5 |
|
Biman Bose | 2006 - 2015 | 9 Years |
| 6 | 
|
Surjya Kanta Mishra | 2015 - 2022 | 7 Years |
| 7 | 
|
Mohammed Salim | 2022–present | Incumbent |
Current state committee members
[edit]| No | Secretary |
|---|---|
| 1 | Mohammed Salim |
| 2 | Sujan Chakraborty |
| 3 | Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya |
| 4 | Samik Lahiri |
| 5 | Deblina Hembram |
| 6 | Pulin Bihari Baske |
| 7 | Saman Pathak |
| 8 | Anwarul Haque |
| 9 | Goutam Ghosh |
| 10 | Shyamali Pradhan |
| 11 | Alakesh Das |
| 12 | Minakshi Mukherjee |
| 13 | Sushanta Ghosh |
| 14 | Pradip Sarkar |
| 15 | Shaikh Ibrahim |
| 16 | Shatarup Ghosh |
| 17 | Srijan Bhattacharyya |
| 18 | Amiya Patra |
| 19 | Ram Chandra Dome |
| 20 | Abhas Roy Choudhury |
| 21 | Anadi Sahoo |
| 22 | Kallol Majumdar |
| 23 | Sumit De |
| 24 | Palash Das |
| 25 | Amal Halder |
| 26 | Sukhendu Panigrahi |
| 27 | Jibesh Sarkar |
| 28 | Debasish Chakrabarty |
| 29 | Rama Biswas |
| 30 | Achintya Mallick |
List of Chief Minister's from CPI(M) in West Bengal
[edit]| No. | Name | Portrait | Term of office | Days in office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Jyoti Basu | 
|
21 June 1977 | 23 May 1982 | 23 years 137 days |
| 24 May 1982 | 29 March 1987 | ||||
| 30 March 1987 | 18 June 1991 | ||||
| 19 June 1991 | 15 May 1996 | ||||
| 16 May 1996 | 5 November 2000 | ||||
| 2 | Buddhadeb Bhattacharya | 
|
6 November 2000 | 14 May 2001 | 10 years 188 days |
| 15 May 2001 | 17 May 2006 | ||||
| 18 May 2006 | 13 May 2011 | ||||
Results in West Bengal State Assembly elections
[edit]| Election Year | Party leader | Overall votes | % of overall votes | Total seats | seats won/ seats contensted |
+/- in seats | +/- in vote share | Sitting side | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| As Communist Party of India (Marxist) | ||||||||||||
| 1967 |
Jyoti Basu | 2,293,026 | 18.11% | 280 | 43 / 135
|
new | new | Opposition | ||||
| 1969 |
2,676,981 | 20.00% | 280 | 80 / 190
|
 37
|
1.9%
|
Opposition | |||||
| 1971 |
N/A | 27.45% | 294 | 113 / 200
|
33
|
N/A | Opposition | |||||
| 1972 |
5,080,828 | 27.45% | 294 | 14 / 209
|
 99
|
N/A | Opposition | |||||
| 1977 |
5,080,828 | 35.46% | 294 | 178 / 224
|
164
|
8.01
|
Government | |||||
| 1982 |
8,655,371 | 38.49% | 294 | 174 / 209
|
4
|
3.03
|
Government | |||||
| 1987 |
10,285,723 | 39.12% | 294 | 187 / 212
|
13
|
0.89
|
Government | |||||
| 1991 |
11,418,822 | 36.87% | 294 | 182 / 204
|
2
|
2.43
|
Government | |||||
| 1996 |
13,670,198 | 37.16% | 294 | 153 / 213
|
32
|
1.05
|
Government | |||||
| 2001 |
Buddhadeb Bhattacharya | 13,402,603 | 36.59% | 294 | 143 / 211
|
14
|
1.33
|
Government | ||||
| 2006 |
14,652,200 | 37.13% | 294 | 176 / 212
|
33
|
0.54
|
Government | |||||
| 2011 |
14,330,061 | 30.08% | 294 | 40 / 213
|
136
|
7.05
|
Opposition | |||||
| 2016 |
Surjya Kanta Mishra | 10,802,058 | 19.75% | 294 | 26 / 148
|
14
|
10.35
|
Opposition | ||||
| 2021 |
2,837,276 | 4.73% | 294 | 0 / 136
|
26
|
15.02
|
— | |||||
Results of Indian general elections in West Bengal
[edit]| Election Year | Overall Votes | % of overall votes | Total seats | Seats won/ Seats contested |
+/- in seats | +/- in vote share | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| As Communist Party of India (Marxist) | |||||||||||||
| 1967 | 2,012,522 | 15.6 % | 40 | 5 / 16
|
New | New | |||||||
| 1971 | 4,485,105 | 34.3 % | 20 / 38
|
15
|
18.7
| ||||||||
| 1977 | 3,839,091 | 26.1 % | 42 | 17 / 20
|
3
|
8.2%
| |||||||
| 1980 | 8,199,926 | 39.9 % | 28 / 31
|
11
|
13.8%
| ||||||||
| 1984 | 9,119,546 | 35.9 % | 18 / 31
|
10
|
4%
| ||||||||
| 1989 | 12,150,017 | 38.4 % | 27 / 31
|
9
|
2.5%
| ||||||||
| 1991 | 10,934,583 | 35.2 % | 27 / 30
|
|
3.2%
| ||||||||
| 1996 | 13,467,522 | 36.7 % | 23 / 31
|
4
|
1.5%
| ||||||||
| 1998 | 12,931,639 | 35.4 % | 24 / 32
|
1
|
1.3%
| ||||||||
| 1999 | 12,553,991 | 35.6 % | 21 / 32
|
3
|
0.2%
| ||||||||
| 2004 | 14,271,042 | 38.6% | 26 / 32
|
5
|
3.0%
| ||||||||
| 2009 | 14,144,667 | 33.1 % | 9 / 32
|
17
|
5.5%
| ||||||||
| 2014 | 11,720,997 | 23.0% | 2 / 32
|
7
|
10.1%
| ||||||||
| 2019 | 3,594,283 | 6.3 % | 0 / 31
|
2
|
16.7%
| ||||||||
| 2024 | 3,416,941 | 5.7 % | 0 / 23
|
|
0.6%
| ||||||||
CPI(M) in West Bengal Municipal Corporations
[edit]| Corporation | Election Year | Seats won/ Total seats |
Per. of votes | Sitting side |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Asansol Municipal Corporation | 2022 | 2 / 106
|
1.89% | Opposition |
| Bidhannagar Municipal Corporation | 2022 | 0 / 41
|
10.95% | — |
| Chandernagore Municipal Corporation | 2022 | 2 / 33
|
26.40% | Main Opposition |
| Howrah Municipal Corporation | 2013 | 2 / 66
|
N/A | Opposition |
| Kolkata Municipal Corporation | 2021 | 1 / 144
|
9.65% | Opposition |
| Siliguri Municipal Corporation | 2022 | 4 / 47
|
14.41% | Opposition |
CPI(M) in West Bengal Local Elections
[edit]| Election Year | Gram Panchayats won | Panchayat Samitis | Zilla Parishads | Per. of votes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 1,483 / 63,229
|
110 / 9,730
|
1 / 928
|
6% |
| 2023 | 3,242 / 63,229
|
196 / 9,730
|
2 / 928
|
14% |
See also
[edit]- Left Front (West Bengal)
- Communist Party of India (Marxist), Kerala
- Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tripura
References
[edit]- ^ https://x.com/BanglaPokkho/status/1250018041498177538?t=tgVZlvuS6XufOWx7Wv-iMw&s=19
- ^ Bhaumik, Subir (2011-05-13). "Defeat rocks India's elected communists - Features". Al Jazeera English. Archived from the original on 2011-10-05. Retrieved 2011-10-16.
- ^ Doctor, Vikram (7 October 2012). "1962 India-China war: Why India needed that jolt". The Economic Times.
- ^ "General Election, 1962 (Vol I, II)". Election Commission of India.
- ^ Chaudhuri, Amiya Kumar (1993). "Control, Politics and Perspective of a State Legislature". The Indian Journal of Political Science. 54 (1): 98–102. ISSN 0019-5510. JSTOR 41855642.
- ^ Mayers, James (8 May 2007). "Economic reform and the urban/rural divide: Political realignment in West Bengal 1977–2000". South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies. 24 (1). Taylor & Francis: 20–23. doi:10.1080/00856400108723422. ISSN 0085-6401. S2CID 145773403.
- ^ Mahaprashasta, Ajoy Ashirwad (4 May 2016). "Why Has Nobody Called It Yet? An Analysis of the West Bengal Elections". The Wire.
- ^ West Bengal Human Development Report 2004. Development and Planning Department, Government of West Bengal. May 2004. ISBN 81-7955-030-3. Retrieved 2021-07-11.
- ^ a b Lieten, G. K. (1996). "Land Reforms at Centre Stage: The Evidence on West Bengal". Development and Change. 27 (1). The Hague: International Institute of Social Studies: 111–130. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1996.tb00580.x. ISSN 1467-7660.
- ^ a b c Bandyopadhyay, D. (2003). "Land Reforms and Agriculture: The West Bengal Experience". Economic and Political Weekly. 38 (9): 879–884. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 4413274.
- ^ Besley, Timothy; Burgess, Robin (1 May 2000). "Land Reform, Poverty Reduction, and Growth: Evidence from India". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 115 (2). Oxford Academic: 389–430. doi:10.1162/003355300554809. ISSN 0033-5533. S2CID 4811684.
- ^ a b Saha, Anamitra; Swaminathan, Madhura (1994). "Agricultural Growth in West Bengal in the 1980s: A Disaggregation by Districts and Crops". Economic and Political Weekly. 29 (13): A2–A11. ISSN 0012-9976.
- ^ Indrayan, A.; Wysocki, M. J.; Chawla, A.; Kumar, R.; Singh, N. (1999). "3-Decade Trend in Human Development Index in India and Its Major States". Social Indicators Research. 46 (1). Springer Publishing: 91–120. doi:10.1023/A:1006875829698. ISSN 0303-8300. S2CID 142881301 – via JSTOR.
- ^ "END OF AN ERA". Frontline. 2000-11-10. Retrieved 2023-08-20.
- ^ " Exit Buddhadeb, man who saw beyond ideological convictions", The Economic Times, May 14, 2011. Archived 19 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine