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Salwa Judum

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Salwa Judum
LeaderMahendra Karma
Dates of operation2005–2011
Country India
Active regionsBastar and Dantewada districts of Chhattisgarh
IdeologyAnti-Naxalite
Anti-communism
StatusInactive
Size4,000
AlliesChhattisgarh Police
Central Reserve Police Force
Indian Army
OpponentsNaxalites

Salwa Judum (meaning "peace march" in the Gondi language) was a militia that was mobilised and deployed as part of counterinsurgency operations in Chhattisgarh, India, aimed at countering Naxalite activities in the region. The militia, consisting of local tribal youth, received support and training from the Chhattisgarh state government. It was outlawed and banned by a Supreme Court court order but continues to exist in the form of armed auxiliary forces, District Reserve Groups, and other vigilante groups.[1][2]

Tribal Salwa Judum volunteers in southern Chhattisgarh

On 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court of India, in a case filed by Nandini Sundar and others, declared the militia to be illegal and unconstitutional and ordered its disbanding. The court directed the Government of Chhattisgarh to recover all of its firearms, ammunition, and accessories. The use of Salwa Judum by the government for anti-Naxal operations was criticised for its violations of human rights and poorly trained youth acting in counter-insurgency roles. The court also ordered the government to investigate all instances of alleged criminal activities by Salwa Judum.[3]

On 25 May 2013, the group's founder, Mahendra Karma, who had become a senior Congress party leader, was killed in a Naxalite attack, along with other party members, in Darbha Valley of Chhattisgarh, 400 km south of Raipur and 50 km from Jagdalpur.[4]

Origins

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Salwa Judum was formed in 2005 as a state-sponsored vigilante movement against the Naxalites, a far-left movement with Maoist ideology in some states in rural India that is designated by the government as a terrorist organisation on account of its violent activities.[5] Salwa Judum later received bipartisan support from both the ruling and opposition parties.[5][6]

In 2008, Chhattisgarh state, along with neighbouring Jharkhand, accounted for over 65% of total Naxal violence in the country. Chhattisgarh had trained a number of 'Special Police Officers' or SPOs (also commonly referred to as Koya Commandos), from amongst the tribespeople who were part of Salwa Judum.[7][8]

History

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Bastar and Dantewada districts of Chhattisgarh have traditionally been sparsely populated and rich in natural resources, but also include some of the poorest tribal regions. The Naxalites progressively achieved influence and control over local tribespeople through a combination of political mobilisation—around poor governance, land rights, livelihoods, and social inequity—and force.[9]

The first movement against the Naxalites was the Jan Jagran Abhiyan, launched in 1991 by local tribal leader Mahendra Karma. This movement was mostly led by local traders and businesspeople.[10] When it collapsed, the leaders had to seek police protection. However, the second time around, the state had signed mining agreements with the Tata and Essar groups and was eager to cleanse the region of Naxalites to permit mining operations to run smoothly. This was the beginning of police and military support for the movement. Mahendra Karma, a Congress Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and the leader of the opposition in the State Legislative Assembly, became the public front and took the Bijapur-based movement to Dantewada, Katreli, and other parts of the region.[11][12]

Salwa Judum herded villagers and tribal people into makeshift camps, where human rights abuses were rife, and the movement became increasingly violent and out of control.[13] Salwa Judum has also been accused of burning more than 600 villages, forcing 300,000 people to flee their homes.[14] As the situation further escalated, Human Rights Watch reported atrocities on both sides and large-scale displacement of the civilian population. By early 2008, at least 100,000 civilians caught in the conflict between the Naxalites and Salwa Judum militia had fled to camps in southern Chhattisgarh or to neighbouring Andhra Pradesh.[15][16] By mid-2008, that figure had grown to 150,000.[17][18]

Since the inception of the movement in 2005, over 800 people have been killed by the Naxalites and security forces. This includes 300 security personnel, of which SPO deaths total 98—one in 2005; 29 in 2006; 66 in 2007; and 20 in 2008.[12][19] By 2008, the Maoist rebels had altered their tactics. Operating in smaller groups, they now targeted Salwa Judum leaders and security personnel, ambushing them and stealing their weapons. Posters threatening Salwa Judum leaders continued to appear in villages across Dantewada and Bijapur districts.[20] By mid-2008, however, Mahendra Karma announced that the movement would soon cease to exist.[17] By the end of 2008, Salwa Judum was losing its hold in the region. The number of people living in camps dropped from 50,000 to 13,000, and public support dwindled.[21] An NHRC report published in October 2008 stated that Salwa Judum had lost its earlier momentum and was now restricted to its 23 camps in the Dantewada and Bijapur districts of Chhattisgarh.[22]

Development of Special Police Officers

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Location of Dantewada and Bastar districts, the most affected regions in Chhattisgarh

The Chhattisgarh state police employed tribal youths as Special Police Officers (SPOs), essentially a militia force used to combat Naxalism. In February 2011, the Supreme Court of India declared such arming of civilians illegal, but the Chhattisgarh government continued to arm them under another name.[citation needed]

Former Union Minister of Home Affairs P. Chidambaram has praised the role of SPOs in fighting Naxalism and called for their appointment "wherever required",[23] while former Chief Minister of Chhattisgarh Raman Singh has stated that "Salwa Judum is the answer to get rid of the Naxal menace in the state."[24] On 5 July 2011, the Supreme Court of India ordered the state of Chhattisgarh to disband any militia force founded to combat Maoist guerrillas. As reported in The Hindu, the Supreme Court directed the Chhattisgarh Police to "immediately cease and desist from using SPOs in any manner or form in any activities, directly or indirectly, aimed at controlling, countering, mitigating or otherwise eliminating Maoist/Naxalite activities" and directed the police to recall all firearms issued to these men.[citation needed]

Controversies

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Child soldiers

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There have been numerous reports that Salwa Judum recruited underage boys for its armed forces. A primary survey evaluated by the Forum for Fact-finding Documentation and Advocacy determined that over 12,000 minors were being used by Salwa Judum in the southern district of Dantewada and that the Chhattisgarh government had recruited 4,200 SPOs, many of them easily identifiable as minors.[25] The Asian Centre for Human Rights also found that Salwa Judum had engaged in the recruitment of child soldiers.[26] Similar recruitment findings were also reported in the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers's "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – India".[27]

Human rights violations

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Some human rights organisations, such as the People's Union for Civil Liberties, have made allegations against Salwa Judum.[28][29][30] A fact-finding mission of the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC), appointed by the Supreme Court of India, reported that Salwa Judum was a "spontaneous reaction by the tribals to defend themselves against the reign of terror unleashed by the Naxalites." The report was submitted to the Supreme Court of India which, on the contrary, declared Salwa Judum to be illegal and unconstitutional, and ordered its disbanding.[citation needed]

State sponsoring of militias

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In April 2008, a Supreme Court bench directed the state government to refrain from supporting and encouraging Salwa Judum: "It is a question of law and order. You cannot give arms to somebody (a civilian) and allow him to kill. You will be an abettor of the offence under Section 302 of the Indian Penal Code." The state government had earlier denied Salwa Judum being a state-sponsored movement.[19][31] The Supreme Court later directed the state government to take up remedial measures suggested in the earlier NHRC report.[32] The Human Rights Commission alleged that security forces collaborated with Salwa Judum in their fight against the Maoists.[33]

In December 2008, replying to a petition filed with the Supreme Court, the state government acknowledged that Salwa Judum and security forces had burned houses and looted property.[34][35]

In an order, the Supreme Court mentioned that people take arms for survival and against inhuman implementation of law depriving the weak, and not senselessly. The court pointed out the importance of formalised state police actions, in ways that do not ignore constitutional values:[36]

"Given humanity's collective experience with unchecked power, which becomes its own principle and its practice its own raison d'etre, resulting in the eventual dehumanisation of all people, the scouring of the earth by the unquenchable thirst for natural resources by imperialist powers, and the horrors of two World Wars, modern Constitutionalism posits that no wielder of power should be allowed to claim the right to perpetrate the state's violence against any one, much less its own citizens, unchecked by law, and notions of innate human dignity of every individual."

Effects

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Encouraged by the highly positive results of the movement in the region, the government was planning to launch a people's movement in the insurgency-hit state of Manipur along similar lines. In 2006, Karnataka raised a similar force employing tribal youths to fight Naxalism in the state, as did Andhra Pradesh prior to it.[37] Jharkhand is another state that has been successfully using SPOs to counter left-wing terrorists.[23]

However, Salwa Judum appears to have been abandoned in Chhattisgarh state, with Chief Minister Raman Singh describing the movement as "over", because it was counterproductive and "innocent people were being killed" [38] Singh, however, said that a "peaceful campaign" to wean locals away from supporting Maoists would continue.

Darbha Ghat massacre

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Main article: 2013 Naxal attack in Darbha valley

On 25 May 2013, members of the Congress party running the Parivartan Yatra, projected as preparatory campaigning for the forthcoming state elections, travelling in a convoy of vehicles after addressing rallies in Sukma, were ambushed and killed by Naxalites. The deceased included Mahendra Karma, founder and leader of the outlawed and disbanded Salwa Judum; Vidya Charan Shukla, a prominent Congress state and ex-central minister; Nand Kumar Patel, president of the Chhattisgarh Pradesh Congress Committee; his son Dinesh Patel; and ex-MLA Uday Mudaliyar, while several others were injured, including ex-MLA Phulo Devi Netam. Shukla survived the attack and was airlifted to several hospitals before dying on 11 June 2013.[40]

In a public statement, the Naxalites claimed that they had specifically targeted Karma; he had been stabbed multiple times by a group of female Naxalites.[citation needed]

Further reading

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  • Let's call him Vasu: With Maoists in Chhattisgarh, by Shubhranshu Choudhary, Penguin, 2012
  • The Burning Forest: India's War in Bastar, by Nandini Sundar, Juggernaut Press, 2016
  • The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign, by Asian Centre for Human Rights. Published by Asian Centre for Human Rights, 2006.
  • Walking with the Comrades by Arundhati Roy New Delhi: Penguin, 2011. ISBN 978-0-670-08553-8

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Salwa Judum - menace or messiah?". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  2. ^ "Left in the lurch". 10 July 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  3. ^ J. Venkatesan. "Salwa Judum is illegal, says Supreme Court". The Hindu. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  4. ^ Bagchi, Suvojit (25 May 2013). "Mahendra Karma killed, V.C. Shukla injured in Maoist.because of Salwa Judoom more than 2 lac people forced to become homeless , more than 650 villages devastated, and Salwa judoom killed more than three thousand tribals attack". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 26 May 2013.
  5. ^ a b [1] Ramachandra Guha.
  6. ^ "The Pioneer > Online Edition : >> Mao's horsemen of the apocalypse". Archived from the original on 2 January 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2009. Kanchan Gupta.
  7. ^ Centre gives its tacit approval to Salwa Judum Times of India, 8 January 2009.
  8. ^ CoBRA reaches Bastar to join anti-Naxal ops Indian Express, 5 February 2009.
  9. ^ http://planningcommission.gov.in/reports/publications/rep_dce.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  10. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 10 October 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ^ Inside India's hidden war The Guardian, 9 May 2006.
  12. ^ a b 'Salwa Judum can't work in the long run' Chhattisgarh Director General of Police Vishwa Ranjan. Business Standard, 13 January 2008.
  13. ^ "Salwa Judum victims assured of relief". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 16 December 2008. Archived from the original on 19 December 2008.
  14. ^ "otherindia.org". Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2014.
  15. ^ 'Salwa Judum, forces too violating rights' The Times of India, 16 July 2008."The 182-page report — 'Being Neutral Is Our Biggest Crime: Government, Vigilante and Naxalite Abuses in India's Chhattisgarh State' — documents human rights abuses against civilians, particularly tribals, caught in a tug-of-war between government forces, Salwa Judum and Naxalites. "
  16. ^ Indian state 'backing vigilantes' BBC News, 15 July 2008.
  17. ^ a b How the Salwa Judum experiment went wrong The Mint, 10 July 2008.
  18. ^ Mukul, Akshaya. "'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary'". The Economic Times. Retrieved 18 February 2015.
  19. ^ a b Hearing plea against Salwa Judum, SC says State cannot arm civilians to kill Indian Express, 1 April 2008.
  20. ^ at least 18 people associated with Salwa Judum were killed during this period .. Indian Express, 23 July 2008.
  21. ^ Salwa Judum may stay in Bastar after polls Archived 13 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine NDTV, 13 November 2008.
  22. ^ 'Existence of Salwa Judum necessary' The Economic Times, 6 October 2008.
  23. ^ a b Chidambaram all praise for SPOs The Economic Times, 8 January 2009.
  24. ^ Salwa Judum is answer to naxal menace: Raman Singh Times of India, 10 January 2009.
  25. ^ Zemp, Ueli; Mohapatra, Subash (29 July 2007). "Child Soldiers in Chhattisgarh: Issues, Challenges and FFDA's Response" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  26. ^ The Adivasis of Chhattisgarh: Victims of the Naxalite Movement and Salwa Judum Campaign (PDF). New Delhi: Asian Centre for Human Rights. 2006. p. 42. ISBN 81-88987-14-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  27. ^ "Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – India". Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. 20 May 2008. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  28. ^ "Findings about the Salwa Judum in Dantewara district". 12 February 2005. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2009.
  29. ^ "Salwa Judum report". South Asia Intelligence Review of the South Asia Terrorism Portal.
  30. ^ "Salwa Judum report". Asian Council For Human Rights. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008.
  31. ^ SC raps Chhattisgarh on Salwa Judum Rediff.com, 31 March 2008.
  32. ^ Implement NHRC recommendations on Salwa Judum, Supreme Court asks Chhattisgarh government The Hindu, 20 September 2008.
  33. ^ India backing violent militia DAWN – 11 July 2008
  34. ^ "Politics/Nation". The Times of India. 6 October 2008.
  35. ^ Salwa Judum victims assured of relief The Hindu, 16 December 2008.
  36. ^ 'The horror! The horror!', 11 July 2011, rediff.com, an excerpt from the order of the Supreme Court of India
  37. ^ Tribal youths will now fight Naxals The Times of India, 11 May 2006
  38. ^ CM: Salwa Judum is over Archived 9 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Hindustan Times, 7 February 2011
  39. ^ India's Hidden War Channel 4, Friday 27 October 2006[dead link‍]
  40. ^ "V.C. Shukla (1929-2013)". The Hindu. Chennai, India.
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