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China–Palestine relations

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China–Palestine relations
Map indicating locations of Palestine and China

Palestine
China

China–Palestine relations, also referred to as Sino–Palestinian relations, encompass the long bilateral relationship between China and Palestine dating back from the early years of the Cold War.

During the era of Mao Zedong, China's foreign policy was in support of Third World national liberation movements, with China extending support towards the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). In this period, China supported both Fatah, and smaller militant organizations such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) and the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP). In the post-Mao era, China continued to support the PLO in international forums, though it dropped its support for militant organizations. China has recognized the State of Palestine since 1988. Since 1992, China also established formal diplomatic relations with Israel and has maintained a cordial relationship with both entities.

Palestinian leaders Yasser Arafat and Mahmoud Abbas have both visited China in official capacities, and relations between the two countries have been considered as cordial. China does not consider Hamas ruling the Gaza Strip as a terrorist organization, and officially supports the creation of a "sovereign and independent Palestinian state" based on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital.

History

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After the victory of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed under CCP chairman Mao Zedong. The PRC recognized the State of Israel, but during the 1950s and 1960s, the PRC began to support the Arabs and Palestinians.[1]

During the 1960s the PRC had strongly supported the destruction of Israel and its replacement with a Palestinian Arab State. Mao Zedong linked the existence of Israel to Taiwan, and described them as "bases of imperialism in Asia."[2] The PRC strongly supported Yasser Arafat and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), providing arms and training.[1] China had also established close relations with the Fatah party as well. The CCP also supported Palestinian armed groups such as the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) as well as the Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP). The PLO established a diplomatic office in China on 22 March 1965.[3][4] After the PRC was admitted to the United Nations as a member in 1971, it continued to support the Palestinian cause. An embassy of the PLO was opened in Beijing during the summer of 1974.[4]

The PRC supported UN General Assembly Resolution 3379 which had equated Zionism with racism in 1975.[5] The resolution, however, was later revoked with Resolution 4686 in 1991, a vote for which China was absent.[citation needed]

After the death of Mao Zedong in 1976 and the gradual rise of Deng Xiaoping to power, China reduced support for Palestinian militant groups, eventually cutting off support, and later supported the Camp David Accords in 1978. The PRC still supported the Palestinians and their cause, albeit in a more limited fashion, and it strongly supported the 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence by Yasser Arafat in Algiers, Algeria despite the objections by both Israel and the United States. The PRC recognised the new State of Palestine on 20 November 1988 and had established full diplomatic relations with it by the end of 1989.[citation needed]

China has assigned formal diplomatic staff to Palestine since 1990. Initially diplomatic affairs were conducted through the Chinese embassy in Tunisia. In December 1995, China has established a foreign office located in the Gaza Strip that acted as a de facto embassy and liaison office to the Palestinian Liberation Organization; however, the Ambassador to Tunisia continued to act as the main diplomatic officer to Palestine until 2008. In May 2004, the office, officially named Office of the People's Republic of China to the State of Palestine, was moved to Ramallah. The director of the office is accorded ambassadorial ranks in the Chinese foreign service.[6][non-primary source needed]

Contemporary relations

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Under Deng's successors, the PRC has continued its relations with both Israel and the Arab States. Under President Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao, China has supported the Middle East peace process and the Oslo Accords in principle. Yasser Arafat visited China on 14 occasions.[3]

After the victory of Hamas, a Palestinian Islamic militant group, in the 2006 Palestinian legislative elections, China refused to call the group a terrorist organization and called them elected representatives of the Palestinian people. The PRC invited the Hamas Foreign Minister Mahmoud al-Zahar to attend the China-Arab Cooperation Forum in June 2006 ignoring protests by both the United States and Israel but received praise from Mahmoud Abbas.[7] After the 2008–2009 Gaza War, Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Qin Gang urged both parties to solve disputes through dialogue and denounces the use of military force in solving conflicts.[8] After the May 31, 2010 Gaza flotilla raid the Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokersperson Ma Zhaoxu strongly condemned Israel and urged Israel to seriously implement the UN Security Council resolutions and to improve the situation in the Gaza Strip by lifting the blockade.[9]

During the November 2012 Operation Pillar of Defense in the Gaza Strip, a Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokersperson told reporters in a news conference that China expressed "concern" to the clashes and urge all sides, particularly Israel, to display restraint and avoid civilian casualties.[10] On November 29, 2012, China voted in favor of UN General Assembly Resolution 67/19 Palestine to non-member observer state status in the United Nations.[11] During the 2014 Gaza War, Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei on 9 July 2014 in response to the violence said: "We believe that to resort to force and to counter violence with violence will not help resolve problems other than pile up more hatred. We urge relevant parties to bear in mind the broader picture of peace and the lives of the people, immediately realize a ceasefire, stick to the strategic choice of peace talks and strive for an early resumption of talks."[12]

China voted in favor of UN Security Council Resolution 2334 condemning Israeli settlement building on the West Bank and typically takes positions sympathetic to the Palestinian cause at the United Nations. In early 2016, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping reasserted China's support for "the establishment of a Palestinian state with its capital being eastern Jerusalem" in a meeting with the Arab League. Xi also announced an aid project of 50 million yuan ($7.6 million) for a solar power stations in the Palestinian territories.[13]

Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi called the lack of "an independent [Palestinian] state with full sovereignty" a "terrible injustice" in an April 2017 meeting between Palestinian Foreign Minister Riyad al-Maliki. Wang went on to say that China supports Palestinians' efforts to create an independent state based on the borders set before the 1967 Six-Day War as well as the establishment of its future capital in East Jerusalem.[14] In July 2017, Xi delivered a further formalization of China's positions in his "Four Points" on the "issue of Israel-Palestine conflict", the first of which was that China supported the establishment of an independent, sovereign Palestine within the framework of the two-state solution based on the 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital.[15][16]

In July 2019, Palestine was one of the 54 countries which issued a joint statement supporting China's policies in Xinjiang at the United Nations (UN).[17] A year after in June 2020, Palestine also backed the Hong Kong national security law at the UN.[18] After Palestinian ambassador to China Fariz Mehdawi [ar] visited Xinjiang in 2021, he praised China's upkeep of mosques on Chinese state media,[19] saying in an interview with CGTN anchor Liu Xin: "if you have to calculate it all, it’s something like 2,000 inhabitants for one mosque. This ratio, we don’t have it in our country. It’s not available anywhere."[20] His response was criticised by Radio Free Asia journalist Shohret Hoshur who cited a past interview with Uyghur mother Patigul Ghulam saying the Uyghurs were in a worse situation than the Palestinians.[21]

Palestine's President Mahmoud Abbas has visited China on five occasions as of June 2023[22] and has voiced support for Beijing's policies toward Muslim minorities in Xinjiang.[23] During his fifth visit on 13 June 2023, he met with president Xi Jinping and premier Li Qiang to discuss the latest developments in Palestine as well as other regional and international issues. China has stated its willingness to assist in facilitating peace talks between Israel and Palestine.[24] During the trip, China announced a "strategic partnership" with the Palestinian Authority[25] and Xi proposed a three-point proposal to solve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, calling for a Palestinian state on the basis of 1967 borders, with East Jerusalem as its capital; humanitarian aid to Palestine; and the convening of a “larger, more authoritative, more influential international peace conference” to promote talks.[22][26]

On 11 October early into 2023 Israel–Hamas war, China reiterated its support for a two-states solution and called for a ceasefire in the fighting.[27] Following Russia and China's veto against a US draft resolution on 25 October in the UN Security Council, Hamas leader Ismail Haniyeh issued a statement praising the two countries' position.[28][29] In January 2024, Israel reported that it discovered a big stockpile of Chinese weaponry used by Hamas.[30][31]

Following talks mediated by China, on 23 July 2024, Palestinian factions including Hamas and Fatah reached an agreement to end their divisions and form an interim unity government, which they announced in the "Beijing Declaration".[32]

Relations in the China-Arab States Cooperation Forum

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Throughout the development of China-Arab States Cooperation Forum, Arab states have urged China to use the forum to strengthen its support for Palestine; CASCF's statements of support for Palestine have grown stronger over time.[33]: 61–62 

CASCF's founding declaration in 2004 states, "China stresses support for the Middle Eastern peace process, land for peace principle and the Beirut Summit Arab Peace Initiative."[33]: 61  The action plan from the 2004 summit called for strengthening the UN's peace process role and an independent state for Palestinians.[33]: 61  The 2008 CASCF declaration went further, calling on Israel to end the occupation of lands occupied since 1967, for the work of the international community to lift the blockade on Palestinians, and for Israel to stop building settlements.[33]: 62  In response to united pressure from the Arab states, CASCF agreed in 2010 to call specifically for an end of Israel's occupation in East Jerusalem.[33]: 62  The 2012 CASCF declaration called for Palestine to become a full member of the UN and of UNESCO.[33]: 62 

Subsequent CASCF declarations have echoed these positions.[33] : 63–64  The 2018 declaration calls on all states to implement UN Security Council Resolution 2334 (2016) (which condemns measures designed to change the demographic make-up of occupied Palestinian territory, including East Jerusalem) and explicitly criticizes the United States for moving its embassy in Israel to Jerusalem.[33]: 63 

During the 2024 CASCF Summit, Xi stated that a two-state solution must be upheld and that war must not continue indefinitely.[34] China pledged a further US$69 million in emergency humanitarian relief for Palestine and US$3 million to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East.[34]

Economic relations

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Palestine and China began negotiating a free trade agreement in 2019.[33]: 176  The discussions coincided with China's beginning of free trade agreement negotiations with Israel.[33]: 176  According to academic Dawn C. Murphy, China likely proceeded concurrently with both countries in order to avoid perceptions of favoritism.[33]: 176  As of at least 2022, Palestine and China had not yet concluded their free trade agreement discussions.[33]: 173 

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Oppenheimer, Shaina (August 4, 2019). "Weapons and Ideology: Files Reveal How China Armed and Trained the Palestinians". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2023-01-01. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  2. ^ Harris, Lillian Craig (1977). "China's Relations with the PLO". Journal of Palestine Studies. 7 (1). Taylor & Francis: 123–154. doi:10.2307/2536531. ISSN 0377-919X. JSTOR 2536531. FLP leader George Habbash declared in 1970: 'Our best friend is China. China wants Israel erased from the map because as long as Israel exists, there will remain an aggressive imperialist outpost on Arab soil.'
  3. ^ a b "中国同巴勒斯坦的关系". Office of the People's Republic of China in Palestine. July 17, 2017.
  4. ^ a b Kuttab, Daoud. "Palestinian president favors China in Taiwan dispute in dig at Washington". Al-Monitor. Archived from the original on 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
  5. ^ "United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379 (November 10, 1975)". Archived from the original on February 1, 2009. Retrieved June 30, 2010.
  6. ^ "驻巴勒斯坦国办事处". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, PRC. Archived from the original on 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2017-12-18.
  7. ^ "China's Palestine Policy". China Brief. Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 2019-12-01. Retrieved 2023-10-07.
  8. ^ "UN Security Council calls for immediate halt to Gaza violence". Haaretz. Archived from the original on 2019-10-24. Retrieved 2020-10-23.
  9. ^ PRC Foreign Ministry Spokesman
  10. ^ "外交部:中方严重关切以色列对加沙发动军事行动". China Daily. China. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 13 December 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2012.
  11. ^ "UN General Assembly Resolution 67/19". Archived from the original on 2012-11-30. Retrieved 2017-06-28.
  12. ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on July 9, 2014". www.fmprc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on January 23, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2020.
  13. ^ "China's Xi calls for creation of Palestinian state". Al Jazeera. 22 January 2016. Archived from the original on 24 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  14. ^ "China Says Lack of Palestinian State 'A Terrible Injustice'". Haaretz. 13 April 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 15 April 2017.
  15. ^ "China pushes four-point Israeli-Palestinian peace plan". The Times of Israel. 1 August 2017. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2017.
  16. ^ Yellinek, Roie (2018). Chinese-Palestinian Relations: What's Really Going On? (Report). Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. JSTOR resrep16848.
  17. ^ Yellinek, Roie; Chen, Elizabeth. "The "22 vs. 50" Diplomatic Split Between the West and China Over Xinjiang and Human Rights". Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 7 May 2020. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  18. ^ Lawler, Dave (2 July 2020). "The 53 countries supporting China's crackdown on Hong Kong". Axios. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
  19. ^ "Saudi And Palestinian Ambassadors Following Visit To Xinjiang: China Knows How To Handle Its Internal Affairs; Liberal Democracies Are Not Suitable For Everyone". Middle East Media Research Institute. Phoenix Television. 19 March 2021.
  20. ^ Flounders, Sara (2023-06-09). "A visit to Xinjiang, China - Accomplishments belie U.S. propaganda". Workers World. Retrieved 2023-11-03.
  21. ^ Hoshur, Shohret (2021-08-08). "Those who ignore Uyghur genocide". Taipei Times. Archived from the original on 2021-08-14.
  22. ^ a b Wang, Vivian (2023-06-14). "Hosting Palestinian Leader, Xi Pushes China as a Peacemaker for Israel". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 2023-06-17. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
  23. ^ "Palestinian leader Abbas ends China trip after backing Beijing's crackdown on Muslim minorities". AP News. 2023-06-16. Retrieved 2023-10-16.
  24. ^ "Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas arrives in China". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2023-10-03. Retrieved 2023-10-11.
  25. ^ "China inks 'strategic partnership' with Palestinan Authority as it expands Middle East presence". Associated Press. 2023-06-14. Archived from the original on 2023-06-14. Retrieved 2023-06-14.
  26. ^ "China's Xi Jinping backs 'just cause' of Palestinian statehood". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 2023-06-14. A solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict lies in the establishment of an 'independent Palestinian state based on the 1967 borders with East Jerusalem as its capital', Xi was quoted as saying by Chinese state media
  27. ^ Special Envoy of the Chinese Government on the Middle East Issue Zhai Jun Has a Phone Call with First Deputy Foreign Minister of Palestine Amal Jadou on the Palestine-Israel Situation
  28. ^ MEMANAS! Rusia dan China KEROYOK AS, Pentagon Dinilai Dukung Pembunuhan oleh Zionis di Gaza (in Indonesian), Tribunnews.com, 2023-10-26, retrieved 2024-02-26 – via Youtube, Kepala biro politik gerakan perlawanan Islam Hamas, Ismail Haniyeh memuji posisi Rusia dan Cina.
  29. ^ "Haniyeh praises position of Russia, China in Security Council". Saba News Agency. 2023-10-26. Archived from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
  30. ^ Hamas Using Chinese Weapons Against Israeli Forces In Gaza? IDF Makes This Big Revelation | Watch, Hindustan Times, 2024-01-01, retrieved 2024-02-27 – via Youtube
  31. ^ Swan, Melanie (2024-01-05). "Hamas 'using massive stockpile of Chinese weaponry' in Gaza". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2024-01-12.
  32. ^ Chen, Laurie; Al-Mulgrabi, Nidal (23 July 2024). "Palestinian Factions Agree to Form Unity Government after Talks in China". Reuters. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Murphy, Dawn C. (2022). China's Rise in the Global South: the Middle East, Africa, and Beijing's Alternative World Order. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-1-5036-3060-4. OCLC 1249712936.
  34. ^ a b "Xi Says China Wants to Work with Arab States to Resolve Hot Spot Issues". Reuters. May 30, 2024.
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