Jump to content

China–Singapore relations

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

China–Singapore relations
Map indicating locations of China and Singapore

China
Singapore
Diplomatic mission
Embassy of China, SingaporeEmbassy of Singapore, Beijing
Envoy
China Ambassador to Singapore Cao ZhongmingSingapore Ambassador to China Peter Tan Hai Chuan

China–Singapore relations (Chinese: 中国–新加坡关系; pinyin: Zhōngguó–Xīnjiāpō Guānxì), also known as Chinese–Singaporean relations or Sino–Singaporean relations, are the bilateral relations between the People's Republic of China and the Republic of Singapore. Singapore recognized the PRC in 1990.[1]: 117  Diplomatic missions were established in the early 1990s based on trade and the warming of ties from other ASEAN countries towards mainland China.

Singapore and China have maintained a long-standing and close relationship, partly because of the latter's growing influence and essentiality in the Asia-Pacific region, specifying that "its common interest with China is far greater than any differences". Furthermore, Singapore has positioned itself as a strong supporter for China's engagement and development in the region. It has engaged co-operation with other ASEAN members and China to strengthen regional security and fight terrorism, while participating in the organisation's first maritime exercise with the latter.[2][3][4][5] Singapore has also participated in China's waves of industrialization by sharing experiences via state level cooperations in the establishment of China-Singapore Suzhou Industrial Park, Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city, Sino-Singapore Guangzhou Knowledge City, Singapore-Sichuan Hi-Tech Innovation Park and the Sino-Singapore Jilin Food Zone.[6]

While the relationship between the two countries remains strong, it has been strained during numerous recent high-profile events, including Singapore's stance against China regarding the South China Sea dispute, Singapore's support for the United States' military presence and alliance system in Asia, and the seizing of Singapore Armed Forces' vehicles by Hong Kong authorities in November 2016.[7]

Despite the disputes, Singapore and Beijing have consistently affirmed their close relationship and bilateral ties, deepening their co-operation in numerous areas, including defense, economy, culture and education, as well as the One Belt One Road Initiative. Singapore has also vowed to fully support and promote China's position in ASEAN, while managing the differences between the Chinese state and the organisation.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][excessive citations]

History

[edit]
See also: Foreign relations of Singapore

Singapore as a British colony and as a part of Malaysia

[edit]

Historic links between the two nations' people began much earlier than the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 1949. Most early Chinese migrants came as labourers to what was known as Nanyang to escape poverty and war. Many ethnic Chinese Singaporeans derived their ancestral roots in southern China from Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan.[19]

Many ethnic Chinese people in Malaya and Singapore had supported China in the Second Sino-Japanese War (that became a part of the Second World War). This support extended to aiding the Kuomintang and the Chinese Communist Party against the Japanese. Much like the Viet Minh, the Malayan People's Anti-Japanese Army guerrilla force turned into the Malayan National Liberation Army, associated with the Malayan Communist Party. The Malayan National Liberation Army fought in the Malayan Emergency and the Second Malayan Emergency as communist guerrillas, and China was accused of exporting revolution to Southeast Asia during this time.[20] China's support for the Malayan Communist Party ended when Malaysia and China established diplomatic relations in 1974.

The ethnic Chinese people were major supporters of the Malayan Communist Party, and Chinese-language secondary schools and Nanyang University were viewed hotbeds of communism (see Operation Cold Store and Chinese middle schools riots). Because of this association, Nanyang University was reorganised. It eventually merged with the University of Singapore to form the National University of Singapore.[21][22]

Post-Singapore independence

[edit]

Lee Kuan Yew, the first Prime Minister of Singapore was very careful to avoid giving any impression to the other countries in Southeast Asia that Singapore, three-quarters ethnic Chinese, was a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China). This was due to Singapore's experience with communists, the backdrop of the ongoing Vietnam War, as well as domestic political considerations. As a result, Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the other countries in Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so, to avoid portraying a pro-China bias.[23][20] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other Southeast Asian countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China".[24]

During this period, Lee believed in the need to resist communism as part of the domino theory.[25] Between the failure of the British to defend Singapore in the Second World War and the belief that the United States was too war-weary to defend Singapore from communism, Lee welcomed American presence in the region to act as a counterweight to the Soviet Union and China.[23]

In the 1970s, People's Republic of China and Singapore began unofficial relations.[26] This led to the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981.[27] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced.[28] On 3 October 1990, the two countries formally established diplomatic relations.[29] Singapore was the last country in Southeast Asia to formally recognize the People's Republic of China.[30]

Relations between the two countries gradually improved as China and Singapore forged agreements in free trade, education, foreign investment, modern armament and technology.[28] Examples include the Suzhou Industrial Park and the Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-city, which were constructed with the help of Singapore.

Despite strong ties with the People's Republic of China, Singapore still maintains unofficial relations with Taiwan, including the continuation of a controversial military training and facilities agreement from 1975,[31] with official annual military exercises known as Exercise Starlight (星光計畫).[32] This is due to a lack of usable space in built-up Singapore.[31] The People's Republic of China has officially offered Singapore to shift its training facilities from Taiwan to Hainan Island.[33][34]

In 2004, shortly before Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong took office from the then incumbent Goh Chok Tong, he made a visit to Taiwan to familiarise himself with the latest developments there.[35] The People's Republic of China took offence to the trip due to the complicated political status of the region[36] Later in 2004, Chinese government put bilateral relations on hold.[37] In his maiden National Day Rally speech, Lee criticised the Taiwanese leadership and populace of overestimating the support they would receive if they were to declare Taiwan independent.[38]

Diplomatic events and perspectives

[edit]

China has its embassy on Tanglin Road in Singapore, while Singapore's embassy in Beijing on Jianguomen Wai Avenue, Chaoyang District was established in 1990,[39] and it has Consulates-General in Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Xiamen, as well as Hong Kong, known during the era of British rule as the Singapore Commission.[40]

South China Sea dispute

[edit]

While Singapore is not a party to the territorial disputes in the South China Sea, it has an interest in the outcome of these disputes since they have implications for international law, freedom of navigation, and ASEAN unity.[41] In 2016, China's Global Times accused Singapore of supporting the Philippines v. China ruling in favour of the Philippines during the Non-Aligned Movement meeting in Venezuela, based on unnamed sources.[42] The Global Times' account was disputed by Singapore's ambassador to China, Stanley Loh.[43] The same year, Yin Jinnan of the PLA National Defence University commented that "Beijing should make Singapore pay the price for seriously damaging China's interests" with sanctions.[44]

2016 Terrex seizure incident

[edit]

In November 2016, nine Singapore Army Terrex ICV armoured personnel carriers and associated equipment were seized by the Hong Kong Customs and Excise Department at the Kwai Tsing Container Terminal (formerly Kwai Chung Container Terminal).[45] The vehicles and equipment were being shipped back to Singapore from Taiwan after a military exercise in Taiwan.[46]: 56–57  The shipment was allegedly seized because American President Lines (APL), the private shipping company engaged by the Singapore military to handle the shipment, did not have the appropriate permits for the vehicles equipment,[47] though it has been alleged that China manufactured the incident to protest against the Singaporean Army's use of Taiwan for training against the backdrop of worsening ties between both states then.[48] The shipment was later moved to the Hong Kong Customs depot at Hong Kong River Trade Terminal and kept indoors since 6 December 2016. This was Hong Kong's biggest seizure of such equipment in the past twenty years.[49][50] On 24 January 2017, Hong Kong Customs announced that the military vehicles would be returned to Singapore.[46]: 56  Commissioner of the Customs and Excise Department, Roy Tang Yun-kwong, said that shipping company American President Lines would likely face criminal charges over the incident for suspected breach of the Hong Kong Law.[51] In 2019, American President Lines and the captain of the involved ship was charged with violating the Import and Export (Strategic Commodities) Regulations, which they both pleaded not guilty to. In April 2019, they were found guilty,[52] with American President Lines sentenced to 90,000 HKD in fines (10,000 HKD for each vehicle), and the captain sentenced to 9,000 HKD in fines (1,000 HKD for each vehicle) and 3 months of jail time (suspended for 1.5 years).[53]

Political status of Taiwan

[edit]

On 14 January 2024, Singapore congratulated the newly elected President of Taiwan, Lai Ching-te, which was criticised by China.[54]

On 4 November 2021, Defense Minister Ng Eng Hen described Taiwan's political status as an issue that for the People's Republic of China, "goes to the heart of the political legitimacy of the leader, of the party of the party and it's a deep red line. I can think of no scenario which there are winners if there is an actual physical confrontation over Taiwan ... So, I would advise us to stay very far away from that."[55]

Economics

[edit]

The bilateral trade between China and Singapore developed rapidly in recent years and Singapore has maintained the first position among ASEAN countries in their trade with China.[28] China's transformation into a major economic power in the 21st century has led to an increase of foreign investments in the bamboo network, a network of overseas Chinese businesses operating in the markets of Southeast Asia that share common family and cultural ties.[56][57]

In 1998, volume of trade was US$8.154 billion[28] In 1999, the trade value has increased to US$8.56 billion.[28] In 2000, the amount increased to US$10.821 billion.[28] In 2009, the total trade volume was SGD 75.1 billion (US$58.4 billion).[58]

Singapore is China's 9th largest trading partner,[59] while China is Singapore's 3rd largest trading partner which consisted of 10.1 percent of Singapore's total external trade from the previous year.[citation needed]

China's exports to Singapore were textiles, clothing, agriculture produce, petrochemical, metals, electromechanical equipment, feed, coking coal, shipping, machinery supplier, communication equipment and electronic components.[28]

Companies such as Capitaland and Breadtalk have made substantial inroads into China's domestic economy.[60][61][62] Others such as Temasek Holdings, Singapore Airlines have each invested in China Eastern Airlines.

Singapore is a significant destination for Chinese outbound foreign direct investment.[1]: 49 

Culture and education

[edit]

One of the most visible symbols of China's efforts to export its soft power is the Confucius Institute. Confucius Institute in Singapore was established in 2005 as a collaboration with Nanyang Technological University, successor to the former Chinese-language Nanyang University. Its stated mission is to provide Singapore with a platform for learning the Chinese language and its culture, and enhancing communication with other Chinese communities.[63] In November 2015, China opened the China Cultural Centre in Singapore, to facilitate exchanges in arts and culture.[64] Current difficulties notwithstanding, Singapore's economically successful dominant party system has led its political system to be studied and cited as a potential model for China's government.[65][66] Such a viewpoint has been institutionalised: Nanyang Technological University offers master's degree programs that are well-attended by Chinese public officials.[67]

Outside of programs for public officials, Singapore is a popular destination for Chinese students due to its education standards, its proximity to home, its perceived cultural similarities, and the cost of an education as opposed to the US or UK.[citation needed] Paradoxically, while some Chinese students like Singapore for its cultural similarity, its meritocratic culture in contrast with the mainland Chinese concept of guanxi (connections) is also viewed in a positive light.[68] A study in 2016 of Singaporean locals and (mostly mainland) Chinese students found that most respondents in both groups said they had pleasant interactions with each other (despite most Singaporeans saying the students tended to hang out in their own clique).[69]

Aside from bilateral exchanges, Singapore's Chinese-language Lianhe Zaobao newspaper has been cited by Chinese officials as a symbol of Singapore's soft power through its reporting on China to the world. Zaobao.com was the first Chinese-language newspaper website to be available in 1995.[70] In 2009, access to Lianhe Zaobao was reportedly blocked by China's Great Firewall for a period, presumably due to Lianhe Zaobao's reporting on China's internet censorship.[71]

Chinese immigration to Singapore

[edit]
See also: Immigration to Singapore and Chinese nationals in Singapore

Chinese people have immigrated to what is known as Singapore since Zheng He's voyages in the 15th century; those early immigrants integrated into the host societies, and their descendants are now known as Peranakans. Modern Chinese immigration is defined here as that occurring after Singapore's independence in 1965. Chinese immigrants to Singapore range from university students, skilled and unskilled labourers, professionals, and investors.

The majority of Singaporeans are ethnic Chinese (74.3% in 2015),[72] causing some people in China to view Singapore as a Chinese society that should consequently be sympathetic to China's interests.[73][74] Addressing and coordinating mutual interests and expectations has always been central to the China–Singapore relations from their first government-to-government contacts. In fact, in one these early meetings, Chinese officials spoke of their affinity toward visiting Singaporean officials, referring to the latter as "kinsmen", to which Prime Minister of Singapore Lee Kuan Yew remarked, while acknowledging "a very special relationship", "We are different like the New Zealanders and the Australians are different from the British. Well, I think I am very intrigued by that word 'kinsmen' because it implies a special empathy, and I have no ideological empathy. Therefore, I hope the empathy will be in some other field like economic development or comparing notes on how we could help each other's economies."[23] In 2012, some netizens from China took to describing Singapore as "Po County" (坡县).[75] While some Chinese netizens saw the term as an endearing nickname—with Singapore being part of a Chinese family—other netizens as well as some Singaporeans felt that it implied Singapore was a small part of China, as a county, belittling the country's identity.[75]

The Singaporean Chinese today are largely Singapore-born and bred with the exception of some first-generation Chinese, and have no loyalty to either the People's Republic of China or to the Republic of China (Taiwan).[76] Singapore is especially sensitive to racial strife due to past riots (see list of riots in Singapore),[77] so Singapore's nation-building efforts have focused on building a multicultural Singaporean identity on top of Singaporeans' racial identities.[78]

The differing Singaporean and Chinese expectations lead to misunderstandings when China and Singapore's foreign policies are in conflict, as described above. These misunderstandings also occur when Chinese citizens migrate to Singapore and conflict with the existing multicultural Singapore-centric society.[79] Examples of this conflict include a curry dispute that pointed to an immigrant family's difficulty with accepting the local culture,[80] an illegal bus driver strike in 2013 that challenged Singapore's sense of law and order,[81] and a traffic collision by a Chinese immigrant driving at 178 km/h killing several people that angered Singaporeans.[82] Some Singaporeans view these instances as manifestations of Chinese immigrants' lack of respect of the local culture, and an unwillingness to integrate.[83] Similar backlash has been reported towards Indian,[84][85] Filipino,[86][87] and Bangladeshi immigrants.[88] Such views have been exacerbated by immigrants in general competing for opportunities and resources.[83]

A study in 2016 of 10 PRC wives and 20 PRC students in Singapore found that 100% of the former and 90% of the latter said being polite to strangers was important. Of the 20 Chinese Singaporeans surveyed, 45% agreed with the view that mainland migrants were rude (although only 15% expressed negative attitudes towards mainland Chinese in general).[89]

In sports, the Singaporean identity has been big enough to the point that Olympic medals won by China-born Singaporean athletes in 2008 and 2012 who had freshly received citizenship from the city-state (such as Feng Tianwei, Wang Yuegu, and Li Jiawei) were not considered Singaporean victories by many locals.[90][91]

Security and military relations

[edit]

In 2002, it was revealed that China had officially offered Singapore to shift its training facilities from Taiwan to Hainan Island.[33][34]

In 2008, China and Singapore signed an agreement, Agreement on Defense Exchanges and Security Cooperation, for military visits, exchanges, port calls, and exercises between the two countries.

In 2009, China and Singapore held its first bilateral army exercise, Exercise Cooperation, in Guilin, China.[92]

China and Singapore conducted their second joint counterterrorism exercise in 2010.[46]: 159 

In November 2014, the Singapore and China held their third bilateral military training exercise.[46]: 164 

In 2019, Exercise Cooperation was conducted in Singapore with the Singapore Army’s 3rd Singapore Division and 1st Commando Battalion, and the People's Liberation Army's Southern Theater Command Army's 74th Army Group.[92] In October, both countries' defence ministers signed an enhanced Agreement on Defence Exchanges and Security Cooperation.[93]

Military exercises and exchanges were suspended during the COVID-19 pandemic.[93]

In June 2022, both countries' defence ministers signed two agreements to cooperate in military education and academic exchanges with officials from Singapore Armed Forces and the People's Liberation Army being able to attend courses conducted by each other.[93]

Public opinion

[edit]

Singaporean journalist Maria Siow[94] wrote in July 2020 that in line with China's media narratives, the mainland Chinese she met tended to see Singapore as a one-party state that tolerates no dissent, but also as efficient and corruption-free, and responsible for teaching China a lot during its reform process, with Lee Kuan Yew also viewed as an amazing leader.[95]

According to a November 2020 survey conducted by scholars from the Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy and the University of British Columbia, 69% of Chinese respondents held a favourable view of Singapore.[96] A March 2022 survey funded by the European Regional Development Fund and run by the Central European Institute of Asian Studies also had most mainland Chinese respondents viewing Singapore positively and viewing Singaporeans as friendly to Chinese travellers.[97] According to a 2022 survey conducted by Renmin University of China and the Global Times Research Center on Chinese views of ASEAN, Singapore was rated the most appealing ASEAN member by local respondents.[98]

A 2022 poll conducted by Pew Research Center had 67% of Singaporean respondents expressing a positive view of China.[99] Another survey conducted in 2022 by the Central European Institute of Asian Studies also had most Singaporean respondents viewing China positively.[100] According to Russell Hsiao, support for China in Singapore is nuanced, with the strongest support generally coming from older generations of Chinese Singaporeans while younger generations feel less affinity for China.[101]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Han, Enze (2024). The Ripple Effect: China's Complex Presence in Southeast Asia. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-769659-0.
  2. ^ "Asean to step up terror fight, hold naval drill with China". The Straits Times. 7 February 2018. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  3. ^ "Singapore, China leaders laud deep, growing ties". TODAYonline. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  4. ^ "Singapore and China's common interest 'greater than any occasional difference of views': DPM Teo". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  5. ^ "Singapore a 'strong supporter' of China's peaceful development". The Straits Times. 25 May 2017. Archived from the original on 24 February 2018. Retrieved 24 February 2018.
  6. ^ "The special relationship with China". TODAYonline. 25 March 2015. Archived from the original on 18 July 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2024.
  7. ^ Liang Fook Lye (8 December 2016). "Singapore-China relations hit another snag". Asia & The Pacific Policy Society. Archived from the original on 9 December 2016. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  8. ^ "Scope for greater Singapore-China cooperation in education and transport: Ng Chee Meng". The Straits Times. 1 August 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  9. ^ "Singapore, China to work together on Belt and Road projects". The Straits Times. 13 June 2017. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  10. ^ "Enhanced cultural co-operation between Singapore and China". Base. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  11. ^ "Singapore, China look to new areas of cooperation". The Straits Times. 21 September 2017. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  12. ^ "Singapore to promote stronger Asean-China cooperation: PM Lee Hsien Loong". The Straits Times. 19 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  13. ^ "Singapore, China reaffirm commitment to deepen defence ties". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  14. ^ "Singapore-China ties 'stable, in good state', PM Lee says after prominent visit". TODAYonline. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  15. ^ "Singapore, US affirm 'robust' bilateral ties". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  16. ^ "PM Lee, Chinese minister affirm strong ties". The Straits Times. 17 May 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  17. ^ "PM Lee and Chinese President Xi affirm bilateral ties". Channel NewsAsia. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  18. ^ "The way forward for Singapore-China relationship". The Straits Times. 23 September 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  19. ^ John Wong. "Sino-Singapore Relations: Looking Back and Looking Forward". Singapore China Friendship Association. Archived from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  20. ^ a b Tommy Koh (15 March 2016). "Taking stock of Singapore-China ties – past, present and future". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2017. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
  21. ^ "Nanyang University". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board. 9 September 2014. Archived from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  22. ^ Kartini Binte Saparudin; Lee Meiyu (9 April 2014). "Nanyang University's student activism". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  23. ^ a b c "Transcript of an interview with Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew by David Cox of London Weekend Television, recorded in Kingston, Jamaica, in May 1975" (PDF). National Archives of Singapore. 1975. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  24. ^ "Lee Kuan Yew's Legacy for China-Singapore Relations". The Diplomat. 5 December 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  25. ^ Lee, Kuan Yew (2000). From Third World to First: The Singapore Story – 1965–2000. New York: Harper Collins. p. 467,573. ISBN 978-0-06-019776-6.
  26. ^ Zheng, Yongnian; Lye, Liang Fook (6 November 2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years. National University of Singapore: World Scientific. p. 10. ISBN 978-981-4713-56-6.
  27. ^ Zheng, Yongnian; Lye, Liang Fook (6 November 2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years. National University of Singapore: World Scientific. p. 11. ISBN 978-981-4713-56-6.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g "Brief Introduction to Relations between China and Singapore". Xinhua News Agency. 17 May 2002. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  29. ^ "Singapore and China establish formal diplomatic ties". The Straits Times. 4 October 1990. Retrieved 15 October 2023 – via National Library Board, Singapore.
  30. ^ "Singapore: Foreign Policy, China". Singapore: A Country Study. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress Country Studies. 1989. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  31. ^ a b "Singapore military ties now a 'threat'". Taipei Times. 23 April 2002. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  32. ^ "星光計畫 – 台灣大百科全書 Encyclopedia of Taiwan". Taiwanpedia.culture.tw. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 18 April 2013. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  33. ^ a b "Singapore set to move training facilities from Taiwan to China". Agence France Presse. Singapore Window. 22 September 2002. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  34. ^ a b Barry Wain (5 August 2004). "A David-and-Goliath tussle". Far Eastern Economic Review. Archived from the original (archived at Singapore Window) on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  35. ^ "China warns Singapore officials against future visits to Taiwan". Singapore-window.org. Agence France Presse. 26 August 2004. Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  36. ^ "China opposes Lee Hsien Loong's visit to Taiwan" (Press release). Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. 12 July 2004. Archived from the original on 6 May 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  37. ^ BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific,1 (21 February 2005). "Chinese ambassador says ties with Singapore fully restored". 795797051.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  38. ^ "Prime Minister's Office – National Day Rally Videos & Speeches". Nettv.1-net.com.sg. Archived from the original on 20 September 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2012.
  39. ^ "Embassy of the Republic of Singapore, Beijing: About the Embassy". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 4 January 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  40. ^ Consulate-General of the Republic of Singapore, Hong Kong: About the Consulate-General Archived 29 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Singapore
  41. ^ "NDR 2016: Singapore must choose its own place to stand on South China Sea issue, says PM Lee". Channel NewsAsia. 21 August 2016. Archived from the original on 7 June 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  42. ^ "Global Times: Singapore raises South China Sea arbitration at NAM summit of heads of state despite opposition". The Straits Times. 27 September 2016. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  43. ^ "Singapore accuses Chinese paper of fabricating South China Sea story". Reuters. 27 September 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  44. ^ Chan, Minnie (1 October 2016). "Chinese defence adviser turns up heat on Singapore over South China Sea row". South China Morning Post. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  45. ^ "China-Singapore Relations in Seizure". Foreign Brief. 30 November 2016. Archived from the original on 6 January 2019. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  46. ^ a b c d Loh, Dylan M.H. (2024). China's Rising Foreign Ministry: Practices and Representations of Assertive Diplomacy. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9781503638204.
  47. ^ Adrian Lim (31 December 2016). "Terrex seizure: SAF will learn from incident, says Ng Eng Hen". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  48. ^ "China pressures Singapore with seizure of military hardware". Lowy Institute. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  49. ^ "Singapore military vehicles still detained, says Hong Kong customs". Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  50. ^ Phila Siu (3 January 2017). "Terrex vehicles seized by Hong Kong moved indoors". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  51. ^ Bhavan Jaipragas (24 January 2017). "Hong Kong to return seized armoured vehicles to Singapore". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  52. ^ "DCCC 446/2017 Reasons for Verdict" (PDF). 29 April 2019.
  53. ^ "DCCC 446/2017 Reasons for Sentence" (PDF). 29 April 2019.
  54. ^ "China Rebukes Countries for Congratulating Taiwan Election Victor". Time. 16 January 2024. Retrieved 20 July 2024.
  55. ^ Ma, Xinru; Kang, David C. (2024). Beyond Power Transitions: The Lessons of East Asian History and the Future of U.S.-China Relations. Columbia Studies in International Order and Politics. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-231-55597-5.
  56. ^ Quinlan, Joe (13 November 2007). "Insight: China's capital targets Asia's bamboo network". Financial Times. Archived from the original on 23 April 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  57. ^ Murray L Weidenbaum (1 January 1996). The Bamboo Network: How Expatriate Chinese Entrepreneurs are Creating a New Economic Superpower in Asia. Martin Kessler Books, Free Press. pp. 4–8. ISBN 978-0-684-82289-1.
  58. ^ "External Trade". Yearbook of Statistics Singapore, 2010 (PDF). Department of Statistics Singapore. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 November 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  59. ^ "US-China Trade Statistics and China's World Trade Statistics". The US-China Business Council. Archived from the original on 18 January 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  60. ^ Sonia Kolesnikov-Jessop (21 December 2010). "Bakeries Claim a Growing Niche in China". I.H.T. Special Report: Doing Business in China. Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  61. ^ "CapitaLand China to sell stake in Senning Property". China Knowledge. 31 December 2010. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011.
  62. ^ "CapitaLand China". Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  63. ^ "Confucius Institute: About Us". Nanyang Technological University. Archived from the original on 30 June 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  64. ^ Leong, Weng Kam (1 September 2015). "Completed China Cultural Centre to boost arts exchange". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  65. ^ Peter Hartcher (30 October 2012). "Singapore a model for Chinese democracy". The Sydney Morning Herald.
  66. ^ Peter Cai (26 March 2015). "Learning from Singapore: the great Chinese experiment". The Australian Business Review.
  67. ^ "NTU launches the new Mayors' Programme for high-level Chinese officials" (Press release). Nanyang Technological University. 11 April 2012. Archived from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  68. ^ Clive Dimmock; Jason Ong Soon Leong (2010). "Studying overseas: mainland Chinese students in Singapore". Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education. 40 (1): 25–42. doi:10.1080/03057920903155666. S2CID 143889588.
  69. ^ Tran Nhi Bach Van; Duong Thi Hoang Yen; Xiao Juan; Sun Chenhui (2016). "The Integration of International Chinese Students Into Local Singaporean Community (pages 81-83)" (PDF). Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management. 4. James Cook University Singapore. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 August 2021.
  70. ^ Kor Kian Beng (29 July 2015). "Zaobao.com 'a symbol of Singapore's soft power'". The Straits Times.
  71. ^ "China Blocks Singapore Site". Radio Free Asia. 15 December 2009. Archived from the original on 29 June 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  72. ^ "Statistics Singapore – Population Trends" (PDF). SingStat. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2015. Retrieved 1 March 2015.
  73. ^ Chua Mui Hoong (21 May 2017). "3 myths about Singapore-China ties". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 26 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  74. ^ "China's perception of Singapore: 4 areas of misunderstanding". The Straits Times. 21 October 2016. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  75. ^ a b Xu Xin (13 August 2012). "称新加坡为"坡县" 是昵称还是含贬义". Lianhe Zaobao (in Chinese). Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. 由于文化背景差异， 一些网民认为"坡县"完全是对新加坡的昵称，"坡县"一词有修辞上的审美，不仅没有贬义，使用这词的人往往是跟新加坡较亲密的中国人或新移民。另一些人则认为"坡县"一词含有贬义，不应使用。
  76. ^ Ng, Ashton (1 December 2021). "The divisiveness of Chinese identities in Singapore". International Communication of Chinese Culture. 8 (4): 465–481. doi:10.1007/s40636-021-00235-z. ISSN 2197-4241. S2CID 244651857.
  77. ^ Walter Sim (5 October 2015). "Racial, religious integration in Singapore an ongoing work: PM Lee Hsien Loong". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  78. ^ Lian Kwen Fee (1997). "Introduction: Ethnic Identity in Malaysia and Singapore". Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science. 25 (2): 1–6. doi:10.1163/030382497X00130. JSTOR 24492393.
  79. ^ Tash Aw (12 February 2015). "Being Chinese in Singapore". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  80. ^ "Curry dispute". Singapore Infopedia. National Library Board. 11 May 2015. Archived from the original on 23 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  81. ^ "The Chinese Migrants Who Shocked Singapore: A WSJ Investigation". The Wall Street Journal. 26 August 2013. Archived from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  82. ^ Andrew Jacobs (26 July 2012). "In Singapore, Vitriol Against Chinese Newcomers". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 2 September 2017. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  83. ^ a b Anthony Kuhn (26 July 2012). "Millions of Immigrants Cause Tension in Singapore". NPR. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  84. ^ Katerina Ang (20 September 2020). "Singapore — a poster child for globalism — is taking a nativist turn". The Washington Post.
  85. ^ Kok Xinghui (1 December 2019). "From Indians to Chinese, Singapore feels the strain of immigration". South China Morning Post.
  86. ^ BHAVAN JAIPRAGAS (April 2014). "Anti-Filipino protest rekindles anger vs foreigners in Singapore". Rappler.
  87. ^ Kirsten Han (22 September 2015). "Sending Edz Ello to jail won't fix discrimination in Singapore". Yahoo! News. Archived from the original on 4 February 2016.
  88. ^ Mark Fenn (21 February 2014). "Singapore's Foreigner Problem". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 10 April 2021.
  89. ^ LOO MAY ENG (July 2016). "LANGUAGE CHOICE OF CHINESE MIGRANTS IN SINGAPORE (pages 40-41)" (PDF). National University of Singapore. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 August 2021 – via CORE.
  90. ^ Jonathan Roberts (14 August 2012). "Anti-foreigner sentiments can't be ignored". AsiaOne, The New Paper. Archived from the original on 18 August 2021.
  91. ^ Leo Suryadinata (21 November 2014). Making Of Southeast Asian Nations, The: State, Ethnicity, Indigenism And Citizenship. World Scientific. pp. 108–109. ISBN 978-981-4612-98-2. Archived from the original on 20 July 2024.
  92. ^ a b Parameswaran, Prashanth. "China-Singapore Military Ties in Focus With Army Exercise". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  93. ^ a b c "China and Singapore to resume military drills, cooperate on defence education". South China Morning Post. 9 June 2022. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
  94. ^ "Maria Siow | NK News". NK News.
  95. ^ Maria Siow (6 July 2020). "On Chinese social media, Singapore elections amuse and confuse". South China Morning Post.
  96. ^ Qiang, Kwek Jian; Xiaojun, Li; Liu, Adam Y. (2 February 2021). "Survey shows 70% Chinese have favourable view of Singapore". ThinkChina Magazine. Lianhe Zaobao. Archived from the original on 2 February 2021.
  97. ^ Kristína Kironská, Richard Q. Turcsányi, Rong Chen, Yiju Chen, Andrew Chubb, James Iocovozzi, Matej Šimalčík (November 2022). "Destined for conflict? Taiwanese and Chinese public opinions on Cross-Strait relations" (PDF). Central European Institute of Asian Studies. pages 18 and 20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  98. ^ Vernon Lee (13 May 2022). "Singapore is most appealing Asean member to people in China: survey". Yahoo! News. Singapore. Archived from the original on 27 January 2023.
  99. ^ Maria Siow and Joseph Sipalan (23 July 2022). "Why do Singapore and Malaysia have a more favourable view of China than the US?". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022.
  100. ^ Richard Q. Turcsanyi; Esther E. Song (24 December 2022). "South Koreans Have the World's Most Negative Views of China. Why?". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 23 January 2023.
  101. ^ Hsiao, Russell (16 July 2019). "A Preliminary Survey of CCP Influence Operations in Singapore". Jamestown Foundation. Retrieved 20 July 2024.

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=China–Singapore_relations&oldid=1249204717"