Cannabis in Nigeria

Cannabis is illegal in Nigeria, yet the country is a major source of West African-grown cannabis, and ranked the world's third highest consumer of cannabis.^[1]

Cannabis is widely grown across the States of Nigeria, including Lagos State, Edo State, Delta State, Osun State, Oyo State and Ogun State.^[2]

History

Though cannabis has long been present in Eastern and Central Africa, as well as throughout North Africa, most scholars believe cannabis only gained traction in Nigeria in the 20th century. It is widely believed that cannabis was introduced to the area by soldiers and sailors returning from conflict zones in North Africa and the Far East during and after World War II, though some scholars have stated that British colonial authorities had engaged in small-scale cannabis and coca cultivation as early as the 1930s.^[3] The cultivation of cannabis spread rapidly during the 1960s thereby making it a public issue in Nigeria after its use by individuals and psychiatric patients.^[4] By the 1950s, arrests of Nigerian cannabis farmers are documented, as well as a small flow of Nigerian cannabis to the United States and Europe, and some import of cannabis from South Africa and the Belgian Congo.^[5]

During the early 1970s, the use of cannabis became common among soldiers who used it in order to suppress timidity.^[2] The use of cannabis became popular among youths between 1980 and 1990.^[6]

During Nigeria's second military Junta, the military rulers issued Decree 20, which made the death penalty an available punishment for drug trafficking, though this was used only sparingly, focused on cocaine, and removed in 1985.^[7]^: 116 Nigeria strengthened its focus on cannabis eradication with the 1994 launch of "Operation Burn the Weeds", but the eradication program peaked in 1999 at 3500 hectares (versus 40 hectares in 1994) before falling substantially in the 2000s.^[8]

Despite Nigeria's role as a transshipment point for cocaine and heroin, throughout the 20th century cannabis remained the only illicit drug produced domestically.^[9]

Legislative history

In addition to international treaties to which Nigeria was a party, cannabis use in Nigeria was limited by a series of statutes, including the 1935 Dangerous Drugs Act while under British rule, and following independence the Indian Hemp Decree of 1966, and its amendments in 1975 and 1984. The 1966 decree recommended the death penalty for hemp cultivation, while the 1975 decree removed the threat of capital punishment, and the 1984 amendment increased penalties and jail terms.^[7]^: 126^[10]

In early 2019, the Governor of Ondo State, Rotimi Akeredolu, proposed the legalization of cannabis growing in his state for medical use.^[11]^[12] He repeated the call in early 2020.^[13]

Usage

Cannabis is one of the most widely used illegal drugs in Nigeria. Cannabis has no recognized religious or medical use in the country.^{[citation needed]} A study of secondary schools in Northern Nigeria, substance abuse ranged between 1.1 ‑ 3.5% with a male to female ratio of substance use of 3:1. 3% smoked cigarettes, benzodiazepines used by 3.5% and solvents by 1.5%. Use of cocaine and heroin was 1.1% and 1.3% respectively. A study carried out in about fourteen psychiatric hospitals in Lagos indicated that cannabis users accounted for 13.8% of all drug-related admissions in 1992.^[14]

Legality and enforcement

Cannabis use and other related drug use is regulated by the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency in collaboration with the U.S. government to combat narcotic trafficking in West Africa.^[15] The possession of cannabis is illegal and is punishable by a minimum sentence of 12 years in prison. In serious trafficking cases, life imprisonment may be imposed.^[16]

The National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, in 2011 commenced night patrols on major roads in Osun State to combat and intercept trucks that are usually used to traffic cannabis. In an annual report of the National Drug Law Enforcement Agency in 2014, 3,271 suspected drug traffickers made up of 3,062 male and 209 female offenders were arrested with a total quantity of 205,373 kg of cannabis seized.^[17]

Cannabis culture

In addition to such widespread international terms as marijuana, hemp, ganja, and pot, cannabis in Nigeria is also referred to by terms such as kaya, wee-wee, igbo, oja, gbana, blau, kpoli and abana.^[7]^: 114

References

^ National Drug Policy 2007–2012 (PDF). Ministerial Committee on Drug Policy. Wellington: Ministry of Health. 2007. ISBN 978-0-478-30751-1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ ^a ^b Seshata (23 October 2013). "Cannabis in Nigeria". Sensiseeds. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ "Assessing-Nigeria's-Drug-Control-Policy" (PDF). Count the Costs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ Alexander, Boroffka (2006). Psychiatry in Nigeria. Brunswiker Universitätsbuchhandlung. p. 135. ISBN 9783000191671. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ Nils Gilman; Jesse Goldhammer; Steven Weber (24 March 2011). Deviant Globalization: Black Market Economy in the 21st Century. A&C Black. pp. 116–. ISBN 978-1-4411-7810-7.
^ Chioma Obinna (16 July 2013). "Young adults, highest users of marijuana, others in Nigeria –POLL". Vanguard. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c Professor Anita Kalunta-Crumpton (28 June 2015). Pan-African Issues in Drugs and Drug Control: An International Perspective. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4724-2214-9.
^ 2006 World Drug Report: Analysis. United Nations Publications. 1 January 2006. pp. 2090–. ISBN 978-92-1-148214-0.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ John David Yeadon Peel; African Studies Association of the United Kingdom (1998). Biennial conference: School of Oriental and African Studies, 14-16 September 1998: ASAUK 1998: comparisons and transitions: papers. African Studies Association of the UK. p. 48.
^ Etannibi E. O. Alemika (1 January 1998). Narcotic Drugs Control Policy in Nigeria. Development Policy Centre. p. 34. ISBN 978-978-34819-0-9.
^ Abisola Olasupo (May 14, 2019). "Ondo to tap into legal Marijuana market". The Guardian.
^ Oluwaseun Akingboye (16 June 2019). "Marijuana: Controversies over Ondo's new 'gold mine'". The Guardian Sunday Magazine. Nigeria.
^ "Akeredolu in Aso Rock, invites Buhari to commission N5bn flyover in Ondo". Premium Times. February 4, 2020.
^ "Drug Abuse In the Global Village Drug Abuse Among African Youth". Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ "22 PERCENT OF NIGERIANS SMOKE MARIJUANA". The Nigerian Voice. 22 November 2010. Retrieved 1 August 2015.^{[permanent dead link]}
^ "Nigeria's romance with MARIJUANA". The Nation. 15 December 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
^ "World Drug Report 2014: Nigeria records highest cannabis seizure in Africa". National Drug Law Enforcement Agency. 8 April 2014. Archived from the original on 27 September 2014. Retrieved 1 August 2015.