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Cannabis in Denmark

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Map of cannabis laws in Europe
Legality of cannabis in Europe
  Legal for recreational use
  Legal for medical use
  Illegal
Pro-cannabis and anti-heroin mural in Christiania, pictured in September 2016

Cannabis in Denmark is illegal for recreational use, but medical use is allowed through a four-year pilot program initiated in January 2018.

Cannabis sale and use, while illegal, has been unofficially tolerated in the Copenhagen neighborhood of Freetown Christiania. The neighborhood was unsure about the cannabis trade after a 2016 shooting, but decided to ultimately keep it.[1] However, lately, a Danish company is going to be the first Cannabis company to launch an IPO.[2]

Penalties

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The punishment for small amounts (up to 9.9 g or 0.35 oz) for personal use is typically a fine. In certain cases such as socially vulnerable people, a warning can be given instead of a fine. Larger quantities (more than 100 g or 3.5 oz) generally results in a prison sentence.[3] Driving under the influence of cannabis is illegal and all but the smallest amounts of THC in a blood sample results in a fine and loss of the driver's license (conditional or unconditional).[4]

Usage

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Despite its illegal status, a 2015 report by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction shows that slightly more than 1⁄3 of adult Danes have tried cannabis at some point in their life, which is above the European average where only France is positioned higher. Based on the same study, less than 7% have used cannabis in the last year, which also is above European average, but almost the same as Finland and the United Kingdom, and below the Czech Republic, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Spain.[5]

Politics

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Danish political parties are split on the legality of cannabis for recreational use: Red-Green Alliance, Socialist People's Party, Liberal Alliance and The Alternative support legalization, while the Social Democrats, Danish People's Party, Conservatives and Venstre are opposed.[6][7][8] The Danish Social Liberal Party has traditionally been opposed, but in 2016 the party leader announced that they supported a legalization on a trial basis.[9] The goal of the Cannabis Party is legalization, but the party is marginal, without representation in the Danish Parliament, regional councils, or municipal councils.[10] In contrast to the opposition by the parent parties, both the Social Democrats of Copenhagen (Denmark's capital and a major stronghold of the party) and the youth wing of Venstre support legalization.[11][12]

The municipal council of Copenhagen has expressed an interest in starting a three-year trial where all adult citizens legally can buy cannabis from certified sellers. The necessary permit has repeatedly been denied by the Government, as this would require a change of the law, which is not supported by a majority in the Danish Parliament.[13]

A poll from 2016 showed that Danes were divided exactly on the middle, with 43% supporting legalization and 43% against (11% "neither"; 3% "don't know").[14]

Medical cannabis

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Three types of cannabis derivatives for medical use (Sativex, Marinol and Nabilone) were approved by the Danish Medicines Agency in 2011, but require prescription.[15][16] These are prescribed primarily for the relief of pain and nausea in cancer patients and to alleviate muscle stiffness in multiple sclerosis patients.[17]

Medical use of whole-plant cannabis is allowed through a four-year pilot program that began in January 2018.[18][19] Initially it was planned that the cannabis would be imported from other countries (notably the Netherlands) as it was illegal to grow in Denmark, but in 2017 it was decided that Danish farmers would be allowed to grow the plant under secured condition with a special permit.[20]

Polling shows that 88% of Danes support the medical use of cannabis.[21] In Denmark, an NGO named Cannabis Danmark was founded to support cultivation and research of medical cannabis.

Prior to prohibition of cannabis, the plant was used in some typical remedies in Denmark; it was not until 1964 that a Danish factory was ordered to stop making a clavus (corn) liniment from cannabis extract.[22]

Freetown Christiania

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Since its opening, Freetown Christiania has been famous for its open cannabis trade, taking place in the centrally located Pusher Street, although named Green Light District by the Christianian council. Although the hash trade is illegal, authorities were for many years reluctant to forcibly stop it. Proponents thought that concentrating the hash trade at one place would limit its dispersion in society, and that it could prevent users from switching to 'harder drugs'. Some wanted to legalize hash altogether. Opponents thought the ban should be enforced, in Christiania as elsewhere, and that there should be no differentiation between 'soft' and 'hard' drugs. It has also been claimed that the open cannabis trade was one of Copenhagen's major tourist attractions, while some said it scared other potential tourists away. Even though the police have attempted to stop the drug trade, the cannabis market has generally thrived in Christiania. Following a 2016 shooting, local residents removed the Pusher Street stalls, and it was estimated that the cannabis sale dropped by about 75%.[1] In 2021 cannabis was able to return to openly being sold in Freetown.[23] As of 6 April 2024, residents of Christiania started to remove the cobblestone from Pusher Street in an effort to renovate the street and remove hash sales from the region. This marks the end of a ~40 year period where individuals would openly sell hash on the street, mostly without worry. The residents there have also received a 14.3 million Kroner (1.3 million USD) grant from the government to help fund the street renovation.[24]

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See also: Synthetic cannabinoids

Up until 3 May 2023, Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) was legal in Denmark and was available for purchase in numerous kiosks as well as on various websites.[25] Following this date, HHC was deemed illegal; however, its more potent derivative, Hexahydrocannabiphorol (HHC-P), continues to be legal.[26] The addition of HHC to the list of illegal substances was executed without a parliamentary majority after the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) released a report.[27] This report highlighted that the production methods for HHC lacked proper control, leading to a potential contamination of the final product with byproducts. Prompted by this, the Danish Health Authority (Sundhedsstyrelsen) advised Sofie Løhde on the dangers posed by HHC, enabling Sofie Løhde to request the Danish Medicines Agency to include HHC in the list of banned substances.[28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Hvilsom, Frank (30 October 2016). "Politidirektør: Hashmarked i Pusher Street er skrumpet kraftigt". Politiken (in Danish). Retrieved 30 October 2016.
  2. ^ Grace, Alexis (2018-09-24). "Danish medical marijuana company to become Europe's first cannabis IPO". PotNetwork. Archived from the original on 2018-09-30. Retrieved 2018-09-30.
  3. ^ "Besiddelse af narkotika og hash". Din Forsvarer (in Danish). Archived from the original on November 25, 2016.
  4. ^ Stenholt Engmann, Theis (2016-06-30). "Mildere straf for hashkørsel på vej". DR (in Danish). Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  5. ^ Ingemann, Nikolaj (8 September 2016). "Hver tredje dansker har røget hash". Bias (in Danish). Archived from the original on 25 November 2016.
  6. ^ Restrup, Anne Katrine; Jessen, Laura Cæcilie (3 June 2015). "Det mener partierne om legalisering af hash". Kristeligt Dagblad (in Danish). Retrieved 2024-09-01.
  7. ^ Brandsen, Mads (2016-04-17). "Nu vil SF også gøre hash lovligt". TV 2 (in Danish). Retrieved 2024-09-01.
  8. ^ "Alternativet vil lade staten sælge hash". Berlingske (in Danish). 23 March 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.[dead link‍]
  9. ^ "Det Radikale Venstres formand, Morten Østergaard, vil i første omgang have et landsdækkende forsøg med statskontrolleret hashsalg". Newsbreak (in Danish). 3 September 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.[dead link‍]
  10. ^ "16 listige lister". Berlingske. 22 October 2009. Retrieved 26 November 2016.[dead link‍]
  11. ^ "Socialdemokrater: Fri hash vil gøre København mere sikker". Berlingske (in Danish). 7 April 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2016.[dead link‍]
  12. ^ "Vi støtter fri hash". Ventres Ungdom (in Danish). 24 September 2009. Archived from the original on 28 September 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  13. ^ Veilmark, Sille (2017-01-30). "Nu vil Københavns Kommune til at sælge danskdyrket hash". Information (in Danish). Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  14. ^ Brandsen, Mads (2016-06-20). "Danskerne delt: Fire ud af ti vil gøre hash lovligt – og fire ud af ti vil ikke". TV 2 (in Danish). Retrieved 24 November 2016.
  15. ^ "Cannabis for medicinal use – questions and answers". Danish Medicines Agency. 30 September 2016.[dead link‍]
  16. ^ Damløv, Louise; Damgaard Sørensen, Lars (2016-10-10). "Baggrund: Derfor er cannabis-medicin faktisk lovligt". DR (in Danish). Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  17. ^ Kaas, Karin (November 2014). "Cannabis som medicin". Danmark Sygeforsikring (in Danish). Archived from the original on 12 October 2016.
  18. ^ Hansen, Jørgen; Smed Madsen, Ann (2016-11-08). "Medicinsk cannabis på vej til kræft- og sclerosepatienter". DR (in Danish). Retrieved 9 November 2016.
  19. ^ Lamers, Matt (15 May 2019). "Danish medical cannabis program passes 2,000 patient mark". Marijuana Business Daily. Retrieved 17 May 2019.
  20. ^ Gormsen, Cecilie (2017-06-30). "Danske landmænd får lov til at dyrke cannabis". Altinget (in Danish). Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  21. ^ Mortimer, Caroline (2016-12-19). "Copenhagen makes fourth bid to legalise cannabis to help reduce gang warfare". The Independent. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  22. ^ Tom Decorte (11 February 2016). World Wide Weed: Global Trends in Cannabis Cultivation and its Control. Routledge. pp. 53–. ISBN 978-1-134-78521-6.
  23. ^ Giron, Chala. "Why You Should Add Freetown Christiania to Your Weedcation List". greenrushdaily.
  24. ^ "Street renovation begins in Denmark's Christiania to deter illegal cannabis sales violence". hightimes.com.[dead link‍]
  25. ^ Kongsmark Schuldt, Laura; Juhler, Søren (2023-04-29). "Regeringen vil forbyde nyt "lovligt cannabis"". TV 2 (in Danish). Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  26. ^ "HHC". SweetWeedSpot (in Danish). 2023-05-07. Retrieved 2023-10-24.
  27. ^ Hexahydrocannabinol (HHC) and related substances. 17 April 2023. ISBN 9789294978554. Retrieved 2023-10-24 – via European Union Drugs Agency.
  28. ^ "Nyt stof omfattet af bekendtgørelse om euforiserende stoffer". Danish Medicines Agency (in Danish). Retrieved 2023-10-24.
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