Jump to content

Electricity sector in Armenia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Bioenergy in Armenia)

Electricity sector of Armenia
Data
Installed capacity (2012)3213.2 MW[1]
Share of fossil energy22.00%[1]
Share of renewable energy40.11%[1]
Average electricity use (2014-15)5,352 GWh[2]
Distribution losses (2014-15)11.70%[a][2]
Transmission losses (2014-15)11.70%[b][2]
Consumption by sector
(% of total)
Residential24.20%[2] (2014-15)
Industrial18.60%[2] (2014-15)
Commercial and public sector12.50[2] (2014-15)
Institutions
Responsibility for regulationPublic Services Regulatory Commission of Armenia
Responsibility for policy-settingMinistry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources of Armenia
Responsibility for renewable energyArmenia Renewable Resources and Energy Efficiency Fund
Renewable energy lawThe Law of Armenia on Energy Saving and Renewable Energy, 2004[3]

The electricity sector of Armenia includes several companies engaged in electricity generation and distribution.[4][5][6] Generation is carried out by multiple companies both state-owned and private. In 2020 less than a quarter of energy in Armenia was electricity.[7]

As of 2016, the majority of the electricity sector is privatized and foreign-owned (by Russian and American companies), which is the result of a law passed in 1998 allowing for the privatization of electricity generation and distribution in the country. Administration, government legislation, and policy of the sector is conducted by the Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources of Armenia. Regulation of the sector is performed by the Public Services Regulatory Commission of Armenia.[8][9][10]

Armenia does not have any fossil-fuel reserves, so it relies on gas imports from Russia and Iran, and nuclear fuel imports from Russia, which, together, result in approximately 66% of electricity production.[10][11][12][13] Armenia is a net-producer of electricity and has exported in excess of 1.3 billion kWh per year since 2014[14][15][16] to Iran, Georgia, and Artsakh.[14][17][18]

Large investments have been made in the electricity sector in Armenia in the 2000s. These include the construction of the $247M combined-cycle Yerevan Thermal Power Plant completed in 2010,[19][20] a $52M loan from the World Bank in 2015 to improve the reliability of electricity distribution across Armenia,[21][22][23] and a $42M investment in 2016 by Electric Networks of Armenia to repair distribution networks.[24]

In June 2016, the Armenian Parliament updated the law “On Energy Saving and Renewable Energy” which encourages the use of solar power in the country and allows users of solar installations of 150 kW or less to sell their excess energy back to the electrical grid.[25][26]

The voltage in Armenia is 220 V AC at a frequency of 50 Hz. Armenia uses the European 2-pin C-socket and F-socket plugs.[27][28][29]

Installed capacity for electricity generation

[edit]
Armenia electricity production by source

According to International Energy Agency in 2015 electricity generation in Armenia increased since 2009 to nearly 8000 GWh, but still remains below 1990 levels. Also, in 2015 Armenia consumed more than twice as much natural gas than in 2009.[30]

Armenia lacks fossil energy source, and heavily relies on the production of electricity from a nuclear power plant and hydro power plants, and uses imported fossil fuels to operate thermal power plants. Solar energy and wind energy productions are just a small portion of the overall electricity production.

Out of 3213.2 MW of installed capacity in Armenia, the largest portion of electricity generation comes from Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant at 38%, 33% from hydro power plants, 22% from gas-fired power plants, and the remaining 7% from other renewable sources.[1] Similar figures are derived from reports published by Electric Networks of Armenia[31] - during the period of 01.01.2012 - 30.06.2017 breakdown of aggregated electricity supply was: nuclear - 35.8%, hydro - 35.6%, fossil gas - 28.5%.


The base loaded capacity is provided by the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, while the daily load regulation is provided by both the Sevan-Hrazdan Cascade and the Vorotan cascade hydropower plants. The aforementioned power plants are the primary domestic production energy sources while fossil fuel plants depend on imported gas.[32]

Nuclear power

[edit]
Cooling towers of the Metsamor NPP

Nuclear power provides 38% of the electricity in Armenia through one operating nuclear reactor, Unit 2 of Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant, which is a WWER-440 reactor with extra seismic reinforcement.[33] It was created in 1976 and is the only nuclear power plant in the South Caucasus. However, after the Spitak earthquake in 1988, the nuclear power plant's operation was forced to stop,[34] becoming one of the causes of the Armenian energy crisis of 1990's. The second unit of the NPP was restarted in October 1995, putting an end to the 'dark and cold years'.

While Armenia is the sole owner of the plant, the Russian company United Energy Systems (UES) manages the Metsamor NPP. Nuclear fuel must be flown in from Russia.

A modernization of NPP is scheduled for 2018, which will enhance the safety and increase installed capacity by 40-50 MW.[35]

Armenia also explores the possibilities of small modular reactor that would give flexibility and the opportunity to build a new nuclear power plant in a short time.[35]

Earlier it was reported that Armenia is looking for a new reactor with 1060 MW capacity in 2026.[36]

Armenia operates one Soviet-designed VVER-440 nuclear unit at Metsamor, which supplies over 40% of the country's energy needs. The EU and Turkey have expressed concern about the continuing operation of the plant. The Armenian energy minister has announced that a US$2 billion feasibility study of a new 1,000 MWe nuclear power plant is to be carried out in cooperation with Russia, the United States and the IAEA. Russia has agreed to build the plant in return for minority ownership of it. Furthermore, the USA has signalled its commitment to help Armenia with preliminary studies.[needs update]

Armenia's Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant

Armenia's Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant has an installed capacity of 815 MW, though only one unit of 407.5 MW is currently in operation.[37]

Because Turkey, despite its WTO obligation, blockades Armenian borders, nuclear fuel is flown in from Russia.[38][clarification needed]Used fuel is sent back to Russia.[citation needed]

Armenia signed a cooperation agreement with the European Organization for Nuclear Research in March 1994.[39] Since 2018, Armenia has also signed a cooperation agreement with the European Atomic Energy Community.[40]


Metsamor nuclear power plant provides more than 40 percent of power in Armenia; however, it is aging and will need to be replaced soon. It has received much financing for modernizing its systems and safety features.[41] Russia has extended a loan of $270 million and a $30 million grant for extending the lifetime of Metsamor NPP in 2015, which will be coming to an end in 2016. The funds are to be provided for 15 years with a 5-year grace period and an interest rate of annually 3%.[42]

Plans for building a new nuclear power plant have been discussed. In July 2014, the energy minister of Russian Federation announced that Russia is willing to provide US$4.5 billion out of US$5 billion needed for construction of a new nuclear power plant.[43] In 2014, the construction of a new power plant was approved by the Armenian government, which was to be started in 2018.

Fossil gas power

[edit]
The Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant in central Armenia

During 2010–2017 thermal power plants (running on imported natural gas from Russia and Iran) provided about one-third of Armenia's electricity.[44]

Thermal power plants (running on natural gas) in Armenia have an established capacity of 1,756 MW.[37]

The following table lists thermal power plants which together account for 24% of Armenia's domestic electricity generation.[45]

Plant Year built Operational capacity (MW) 2019 Electricity Generation[46] (GWh) Ownership
Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant 1966–1974; 2012 units 1-4: 1,110;

unit 5: 480

467 (units 1-4);

378 (unit 5)

units 1-4: Hrazdan Power Company, owned by the family of Samvel Karapetyan;

unit 5: Gazprom Armenia

Yerevan Thermal Power Plant 1963–1967[47] 550 1087

In April 2010, a new natural gas-fired thermal power plant was inaugurated in Yerevan, making it the first major energy facility built in the country since independence.[44] The plant will reportedly allow Armenia to considerably cut back on use of natural gas for electricity production, because officials say it will also be twice as efficient as the plant's decommissioned unit and four other Soviet-era facilities of its kind functioning in the central Armenian town of Hrazdan.[44] With a capacity of 242 megawatts, its gas-powered turbine will be able to generate approximately one-quarter of Armenia's current (as of 2010) electricity output.[44] The state-of-the-art plant was built in Yerevan in place of an obsolete facility with a $247 million loan provided by the Japanese government through the Japan Bank of International Cooperation (JBIC). The long-term loan was disbursed to the Armenian government on concessional terms in 2007.[44]

Armenia's energy sector will expand further after the ongoing construction of the Hrazdan thermal plant's new and even more powerful Fifth Unit.[44] Russia's Gazprom monopoly acquired the incomplete facility in 2006 as part of a complex agreement with the Armenian government that raised its controlling stake in the Armenian gas distribution network to a commanding 80 percent. The Russian giant pledged to spend more than $200 million on finishing its protracted construction by 2011.[44]

The new Yerevan and Hrazdan TPP facilities will pave the way for large-scale Armenian imports of natural gas from neighboring Iran through a pipeline constructed in late 2008. Armenia began receiving modest amounts of Iranian gas in May 2009. With Russian gas essentially meeting its domestic needs, it is expected that the bulk of that gas will be converted into electricity and exported to the Islamic Republic.[48]

In late December 2010, the Armenian Energy Ministry announced that the fifth block of the Hrazdan thermal power plant will go online by April 2011.[48] Although construction on the fifth block began in the late 1980s, the Armenian government tried to unsuccessfully finish it in the late 1990s. The current project is part of a 2006 deal between Gazprom and the Armenian government, in which Gazprom acquired the incomplete facility and increased its stake in Armenia's gas distribution network, in turn pledging to spend $200 million in completing the project by 2011.[48]

History

[edit]

From the 1960s, the USSR carried out an electricity generation plan with the intention of constructing thermal power plants in the southern regions of Armenia where fossil fuel energy resources were restricted. Construction of thermal power plants started in the energy-intensive regions of Armenia. The first power plant was constructed in Yerevan in 1960, which was followed by Vanadzor Thermal Power Plant in 1961, and Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant in 1963.[49]

The main source of energy for these power plants was natural gas which was delivered through pipelines running from Turkmenistan through Azerbaijan. Until the late 1980s, Armenia was heavily dependent on thermal and nuclear energy production. During the years of the first Nagorno-Karabakh War, the energy production of the thermal power plants was also stopped because of a border blockade, and Armenia had a severe energy crisis until the mid-1990s. However, Armenia managed to overcome this crisis.[50] Although most of the technology of some of the thermal power plants is outdated as of December 2016, a lot of upgrades and maintenance have been undertaken on the power plants. The Vanadzor Thermal Power Plant is not operational as of December 2016.[1][34]


There were two operational thermal power plants as of December 2016: The Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant with an installed capacity of 1100 MW, and the Yerevan Thermal Power Plant with an installed capacity of 250 MW. The 5th unit of the Hrazdan TPP with installed capacity of 450 MWt was commissioned on December 2, 2013.[51] Hrazdan Thermal Power Plant, which is owned by the Russian Federation, produced 12.3% of the electricity produced in Armenia in 2014.[1][52]

By 2016 upgrades made to the Yerevan Thermal Power Plant had increased its efficiency to almost 70% by reducing the consumption of fuel, sulfuric acid, and caustic soda, and by reducing emission levels.[53] For its power production, it uses natural gas supplied from Iran and exchanges it with the electricity produced by the plant, while using the surplus energy for domestic consumption.[54] On November 29, 2021 a new combined heat and gas power plant with installed capacity of 250 MW was launched in Yerevan.[55]

Renewable energy resources and installations

[edit]
See also: Renewable energy in Armenia

Armenia does not possess large fossil energy resources like coal, gas, or oil. However, according to a report by the Danish Management Group, Armenia has a large potential for renewable energy.[56]

Armenia has set a target to generate 26% of its domestic power from renewable resources by 2025.[57]

Renewable energy resources in Armenia
Technology Types PV Wind Geothermal Small Hydro Solar Thermal Heat Pumps Biofuel
Capacity >1000 MW 300-500 MW 25 MW 250-300 MW >1000 MW >1000 MW 100,000 tons/year

Hydro power

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Hydroelectricity in Armenia.[edit]
The Kanaker hydroelectric power plant along the Hrazdan river just north of Yerevan's Arabkir district
The Atarbekyan Hydro Power Plant in Hrazdan
Hydropower generates about 30% of Armenia's electricity but its share varies a lot from year to year.[58][59]

Hydro power plants provide 70 percent of Armenia's renewable energy. Major HPP capacities are installed within Sevan-Hrazdan Cascade and Vorotan Cascade.[60] The hydropower potential of Armenia is reported to be 21.8 billion kWh.

As of the 1 January 2018, electricity was generated by 184 small HPPs, with total installed capacity of 353 MW. In 2017 the generation of the electricity from small HPPs was around 862 million kW*h, which is about 11% of the total generated electricity in Armenia (7762 million kW*h). As of 1 January 2018, and according to the provided licenses, 36 additional SHPPs are under construction, with about total projected 69 MW capacity and 250 million kW*h electricity annual supply.[61][62]

The economically justified hydropower potential of Armenia is around 3.600 GWh/year.[citation needed]From this amount, 1.500 GWh/year (or about 42% of economically justified hydropower potential) has been developed already.[63]Six of the plants are in the enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh.[64]

Solar energy

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Solar power in Armenia.[edit]
Solar panels at Armenian National Agrarian University, Yerevan

Solar energy is widely available in Armenia due to its geographical position and is considered a developing industry. In 2022 less than 2% of Armenia’s electricity was generated by solar power.[65]

The use of solar energy in Armenia is gradually increasing.[66] In 2019, the European Union announced plans to assist Armenia towards developing its solar power capacity. The initiative has supported the construction of a power plant with 4,000 solar panels located in Gladzor.[67]

Solar power potential in Armenia is 8 GW according to the Eurasian Development Bank.[68] The reason for this is that average solar radiation in Armenia is almost 1700 kWh/m2 annually.[69] One of the well-known utilization examples is the American University of Armenia (AUA) which uses it not only for electricity generation, but also for water heating. The Government of Armenia is promoting utilization of solar energy.[70][71]

In 2018 the amount of solar power produced in Armenia increased by nearly 50 per cent. Government figures show that Armenia's solar power average is 60 per cent better than the European average.[1]

In March 2018 an international consortium consisting of the Dutch and Spanish companies won the tender for the construction of a 55 MW solar power plant Masrik-1. The solar power station is planned to be built in the community of Mets Masrik of the Gegharkunik region entirely at the expense of foreign investments. The expected volume of investments in this generation facility will be about $50 million. Construction of the plant was expected to be completed by 2020.[72] In May 2019 the deadline for start of financing the Masrik-1 solar power plant  construction project has been extended by 198 days.[73]

Wind power

[edit]
This section is an excerpt from Wind power in Armenia.[edit]

Wind power generates less than 1% of Armenia's electricity annually,[74] as there were only four wind farms in 2023[75] and less than 10 MW is installed.[76]

According to a study sponsored by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) in 2002–2003, the theoretical wind power potential of Armenia is 4,900 MWe in four zones with a total area of 979 km2.[77] According to this research, the wind energy potential in Armenia is close to 450 MW.[78] The most promising areas for wind power plants are Zod pass, Bazum Mountain, Jajur pass, the territory of Geghama Mountains, Sevan Pass, Aparan, the highlands between Sisian and Goris, and the region of Meghri.[79]

However a reassessment by the Asian Development Bank is expected to be completed by 2025.[80]

Electricity consumption

[edit]
Industry /2016/: 140.2 ktoe (30.6%)Residential households: 159.5 ktoe (34.8%)Commercial/Public services: 140 ktoe (30.6%)Agriculture: 9.9 ktoe (2.2%)Transport: 8.6 ktoe (1.9%)
  •   Industry /2016/: 140.2 ktoe (30.6%)
  •   Residential households: 159.5 ktoe (34.8%)
  •   Commercial/Public services: 140 ktoe (30.6%)
  •   Agriculture: 9.9 ktoe (2.2%)
  •   Transport: 8.6 ktoe (1.9%)
[81]
Industry /2014/: 1,479 GWh (18.6%)Residential: 1,924 GWh (24.2%)Commercial/Public: 997 GWh (12.5%)Agriculture/Forestry: 172 GWh (2.2%)Transport: 115 GWh (1.4%)Exports: 1,314 GWh (16.5%)Electricity sector's own use: 361 GWh (4.5%)Losses: 929 GWh (11.7%)Unspecified: 665 GWh (8.4%)
  •   Industry /2014/: 1,479 GWh (18.6%)
  •   Residential: 1,924 GWh (24.2%)
  •   Commercial/Public: 997 GWh (12.5%)
  •   Agriculture/Forestry: 172 GWh (2.2%)
  •   Transport: 115 GWh (1.4%)
  •   Exports: 1,314 GWh (16.5%)
  •   Electricity sector's own use: 361 GWh (4.5%)
  •   Losses: 929 GWh (11.7%)
  •   Unspecified: 665 GWh (8.4%)
[2]

According to Armstat total final consumption of electric energy in 2016 amounted to 458.2 ktoe and was broken down as presented on the graph to the right.[81]

In 2014, Armenia consumed 5352 GWh of the total 7956 GWh of electricity production (7750 GWh domestic production and 206 GWh imports). This is approximately 67.3% of the total. The biggest consumer was the residential sector (1924 GWh, ~24.2%).[2]

World Bank data referring to International Energy Agency demonstrates that in per capita terms electricity consumption in Armenia remains below world average and in 2014 only matched 1992 figure.[82]

Electricity transmission and distribution

[edit]

Distribution is controlled by Electric Networks of Armenia (ENA),[83][84] High Voltage Electrical Networks,[85][86] and Electro Power System Operator.[87] There are over 36,000 km of distribution lines across Armenia.[84]

In 2002, Electric Networks of Armenia (ENA) was privatized by Midland Resources Holding.[88] 100% of ENA shares were sold to Midland Resources Holding company.[89] Revenues of Electric Networks of Armenia amounted to 181 billion AMD in 2018, less from 191 billion in 2017.[90]

Transmission and distribution losses remain high in Armenia, even compared to Russia.[91][obsolete source]

A World Bank survey from 2013 reveals companies would experience a power outage only about 4 times a year (at par with countries like Hungary and Latvia).[92]

International interconnectors

[edit]

There are interconnectors to Georgia and Iran.[93] It has been suggested that if the Black Sea Energy submarine cable is built there could be exports to the EU too. [94]

Financial aspects

[edit]

Exports

[edit]

For three kilowatt hours of electricity Iran pays a cubic metre of gas.[95]

Supplier tariffs

[edit]
Electricity Supplier Tariffs and Supply Shares
Supplier Owned by[96][97] Supply price in

AMD / kW*h, (without VAT) [98]

as of August 1, 2016

Total supply share

01.01.2012 - 30.06.2017

Total supply

share 2018[99]

Total supply

share 2019[99]

«Armenian Nuclear Power Plant» CJSC Republic of Armenia 5.647 35.8% 31,5 % 31,6 %
«Yerevan TPP» CJSC Republic of Armenia 15.459 11.7% 16,9 % 16,5 %
Contour Global Hydro Cascade
(owns Vorotan HPP Cascade) 		U.S. company ContourGlobal 6.656 15.1% 15,3 % 14,9 %
«Hrazdan TPP» OJSC

(owns first-fourth power blocks)

Tashir Group,
owned by Samvel Karapetian 		31 9.7% 7,2 % 4,8 %
«Gazprom Armenia» CJSC
(owns fifth power block of Hrazdan TPP) 		Russian state company Gazprom 25.388 7.1% 5,9 % 7,6 %
«International Energy Corporation» CJSC[100]
(owns Sevan-Hrazdan HPP Cascade) 		Tashir Group,
owned by Samvel Karapetian 		8.411 7.6% 6,4 % 6,7 %
Small stations various 21.856 12.7% 14,9 % 16,7 %
«Artsakhenergo» CJSC United Energy Company[101] 22.486 0.3%
«Energoimpex» CJSC Republic of Armenia[102] 15.459 0.1% 1,9 % 1,2 %

Electricity supplier prices are determined by the Settlement Center of Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources of Armenia.[103]

Solar installations of 150 kW or less are allowed to sell their excess energy back to the electrical grid.[25][26]

In February 2018 Armenian parliament adopted a set of amendments and additions to the Law on Energy and a number of related laws, designed to liberalize the national energy

Solar stations

or a class thereof

Yearly production Location Owner Supply price
<0.5 MW divers,360 stations with 10MW in total, no license required[104]
Supply prices in AMD for solar stations
1 MW location divers, licensed 42.6[citation needed]
2 MW near Shoghakat

in Gegharkunik

Das Enteria Solarkraftwerk, (was to be completed in 2020) 28 (incl. VAT)[citation needed]
55 MW «Masrik-1» 128 GWh near Mets Masrik

in Gegharkunik

Fotowatio Renewable Ventures (Netherlands) and FSL Solar S.L. (Spain),

(in construction, commissioning projected in 2024)

20.11 (US$0,0419)[104] w/o VAT
200 MW «Ayg-1» near Talin and Dashtadem

in Aragatsotn

tender bid by Masdar (U.A.E.) Armenia[57] 14.45 (US$0.0299) bid
200 MW «Ayg-2» in Kotayk (projected)

market, specify the functions of responsible government agencies and those of the regulator and protect the interests of consumers.[105]

In the reports[106] published by Electricity Networks of Armenia can be seen, that Yerevan Thermal Power Plant, which is modernized with a funding from Japan and European technologies,[107] is much more energy-efficient than old Thermal Power Plant in Hrazdan[108] and sells electricity to the grid at twice as lower price (15.5 AMD vs. 25 / 31 AMD) is not utilized to its full capacity. Rather, more electricity is acquired from less efficient TPPs in Hrazdan, owned by Gazprom and Tashir Group, and selling electricity at higher prices, which leads to overall higher prices and increased consumer prices. Here shall be noted that Electricity Networks of Armenia are also owned by Tashir Group.

Supplier tariffs are more favorable for producers of electricity from renewable sources. At the beginning of 2019 rates (excluding VAT) are:[109]

  • Electricity tariff for power supplied from SHPP  that are built on natural water streams is 23.805 AMD / kW·h
  • Electricity tariff for power supplied from SHPP  that are built on irrigation systems is 15.867 AMD / kW·h
  • Electricity tariff for power supplied from SHPP  that are built on natural drinking sources is 10.579 AMD / kW·h
  • Electricity tariff for power supplied from wind farm is 42.739 AMD / kW·h
  • Electricity tariff for power generated from biomass is 42.739 AMD / kW·h
  • Electricity tariff for power generated from solar photovoltanic installation is 42.739 AMD / kW·h

Consumer tariffs and billing

[edit]
Electricity Consumer Tariffs from February 1, 2019[110][111][109][112]
Consumer AMD/kWh (incl. VAT)
110 kV (Daily) 33.48
110 kV (Nightly) 29.48
35 kV (Daily) 35.98
35 kV (Nightly) 31.98
6 (10) kV (Daily) 41.98
6 (10) kV (Nightly) 31.98
General population

0.22-0.38 kV (Daily)

44.98
General population

0.22-0.38 kV (Nightly)

34.98
Socially insecure population

0.22-0.38 kV (Daily)

29.99
Socially insecure population

0.22-0.38 kV (Nightly)

19.99

Electricity tariffs are dependent on the time of day (night/day), and the voltage supplied to the customer. Tariffs are determined by the Public Services Regulatory Commission of Armenia while wholesale prices are determined by the Settlement Centre CJSC and submitted to Electric Networks of Armenia.[113][114][115]

There were protests (Electric Yerevan) from June to September 2015 over a price increase for electricity, which was increased by 6.93 AMD per kilowatt-hour (AMD/kWh) (~US$0.015/kWh) to 39.78 AMD/kWh (~US$0.0830).[116][117][118] After protests prices were decreased from August 1, 2016, by 2.58 AMD/kWh (~US$0.0054) from 48.78 AMD/kWh (~US$0.1018) to 46.2 AMD/kWh (~US$0.0964).[113][119][120]

By the end of December 2018 further decrease of tariffs by 10.01 AMD per kWh for socially insecure population was announced.[110]

Large consumers (not households) can switch suppliers.[121]

Subsidies

[edit]

Depending on the amount of electricity consumed, the Government of Armenia subsidizes electricity bills of consumers who utilize less than 500 kWh of electricity per month.[116][122][123]

Billing

[edit]

Customers are billed monthly in kWh.[113] Bills can be paid at physical locations such as Haypost[124] (the Armenian post office), banks,[125][126] payment terminals,[127][128] and electronically via mobile apps, SMS,[129][130] and via the Internet.[131]

Funding

[edit]

ENA's benefit (Electric Networks of Armenia) from low-rate state-loans amounted to 3.77 billion AMD in 2018 and 4.0 billion AMD in 2019.[132]

ENA received a loan from the World Bank in 2016 to pay debts owed to electricity producing companies in Armenia, primarily the Metsamor Nuclear Power Plant and the Yerevan Thermal Power Plant.[133][134][135]

Future plans and investments

[edit]

There are numerous investment opportunities in the sector as Armenia has significant potential for electricity production from renewable energy sources such as hydropower, wind, solar, geothermal, and biogas.[136][137][138]

Armenia also has a large solar energy potential.[139] Compared with other countries, the average annual energy flow is higher; therefore, there is large interest in this energy sector.[140]

In May 2018 deputy minister of energy infrastructure and natural resources mentioned that the electricity market liberalization process began and a local production of solar panels kicked off. He said that it is planned to make the solar energy share reach at least 10% in the energy sector by 2022. 314 solar power stations with up to 500 kW capacity are connected to the electricity network in Armenia, while 85 other solar power stations are in the stage of connection with a total capacity of 5.2 MW. 4 systemic solar stations are connected to the network, 7 are in the construction phase with completion planned within this year with the total capacity is 10 MW. Nearly 600 families are already using solar energy in non-gasified communities under state funded projects alone.[141]

In July 2015, a US$58 million investment project was launched, which was designed to help the renewable energy sector. This project included plans for solar power stations of 40-50 MW capacity.[142][unreliable source?]

In April 2019 it was announced that German company Das Enteria Solarkraftwerk will build a 2 MW strong solar station near Shorzha at lake Sevan by end of 2020.[citation needed]

Energy efficiency

[edit]

In 2012, US$1.82 million was invested by International Bank of Reconstruction and Development in an energy saving program. The program planned to upgrade the insulation of public buildings and heating systems, which included replacing traditional lamps with LEDs, and installing solar water heating panels. On 30 June 2016 the project's grant component had been completed.[143]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Figure is the combined transmission and distribution loss.
  2. ^ Figure is the combined transmission and distribution loss.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f "Analysis of Feed-In Tariff for Renewable Energy Resources in Armenia" (PDF). Armenia Renewable Resources and Energy Efficiency Fund. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Armenia: Electricity and Heat for 2014". International Energy Agency. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  3. ^ "Energy Saving and Renewable Energy - Legislation". National Assembly of Armenia. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  4. ^ "Companies of the system". Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources of Armenia. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  5. ^ "Energy System". Armenia Renewable Resources and Energy Efficiency Fund. Archived from the original on 1 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  6. ^ Danielyan, Emil (May 5, 2016). "Russian State Presence in Armenian Energy Sector Declining". EurasiaNet.org. EurasiaNet. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  7. ^ "Overview – Armenia energy profile – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  8. ^ "Main Page". Public Services Regulatory Commission of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original on 29 July 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  9. ^ "Energy Sector Administration". Armenia Renewable Resources and Energy Efficiency Fund. Archived from the original on 6 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  10. ^ a b "Energetics". Export Directory of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original on 29 October 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  11. ^ "Renewable Energy Roadmap for Armenia" (PDF). Armenia Renewable Resources and Energy Efficiency Fund (R2E2). p. 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  12. ^ "Armenia, Iran Sign Deal to Increase Gas Imports, Power Flows". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. November 3, 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  13. ^ "Armenia-Iran Gas Deal 'Planned'". Asbarez. October 21, 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  14. ^ a b "Armenia exports over 1.4 billion kWh electricity in 2015". NEWS.am. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  15. ^ "Armenia can quadruple electricity exports to Iran, deputy minister says". ARKA News Agency. 24 September 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  16. ^ "The World Fact Book - Middle East: Armenia". Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  17. ^ "Iran to treble gas exports to Armenia". Armenpress. 2 July 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  18. ^ "Armenia plans to increase volumes of exported energy". Armenpress. 23 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  19. ^ "Yerevan Combined-Cycle Thermal Power Plant, Armenia". power-technology.com. Kable Intelligence Limited. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  20. ^ "Minister: Armenian government not planning to alienate Yerevan Thermal Power Plant". ARKA News Agency. 6 October 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  21. ^ "World Bank Helps to Further Strengthen Power Supply Reliability in Armenia". The World Bank. 30 March 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  22. ^ "World Bank to Loan Armenia $52 Million for Electric Substation Rehab". Hetq. 8 April 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  23. ^ "Armenia to improve electronic communication network with World Bank's $52 million dollar loan". Armenpress. 31 March 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  24. ^ "Electric Networks of Armenia's 2016 investment program is worth 20.1 billion drams". ARKA News Agency. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  25. ^ a b Vorotnikov, Vladislav (1 June 2016). "Legislative Reform to Promote Solar Energy in Armenia". Renewable Energy World. Archived from the original on 26 February 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  26. ^ a b "Armenia to allow using home solar panels and selling power excess to common network". NEWS.am. 14 March 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  27. ^ "About Armenia - Electricity". Armenia Information. Archived from the original on 22 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  28. ^ "Armenia Adapters". Walkabout Travel Gear. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  29. ^ "Armenia Technical Information for Travelers". Voltage / Plug / Region - WPR. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  30. ^ "Electricity generation in Armenia 1990-2015 by source" (PDF).
  31. ^ "Տարեկան հաշվետվություններ". Electric Networks of Armenia (in Armenian). Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  32. ^ "Electricity Production in Armenia". TheArmenianWeekly. 25 July 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  33. ^ "Nuclear Power Plant Construction". JamesTown. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  34. ^ a b "An Energy Overview of Armenia". Global Energy Network Institute. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  35. ^ a b "Modernization to increase the capacity of Armenian nuclear power plant by 10%". arka.am. Retrieved 2018-02-23.
  36. ^ "Nuclear Power in Armenia - World Nuclear Association". www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  37. ^ a b "Electric Power in Asia and the Pacific 2001–2002: Armenia" Archived 2008-10-08 at the Wayback Machine, United Nations ESCAP.
  38. ^ Official Energy Statistics from the U.S. Government – Caucasus Region, Energy Information Administration of the U.S. Department of Energy
  39. ^ Our Member States, 2020-01-07.
  40. ^ Armenian president declares readiness to enhance cooperation with European Union, 2019-10-22.
  41. ^ "Armenia's Metsamor nuclear power station – most dangerous in the world?". ZME Science. 13 April 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  42. ^ "PSRC to consider Metsamor nuclear power plant's 2016 investment program". Arka News Agency. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  43. ^ "Nuclear Power in Armenia". World Nuclear Association. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  44. ^ a b c d e f g "Armenia Inaugurates New Power Plant", Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), April 20, 2010.
  45. ^ Map of Armenian Electricity Grid, Global Energy Network Institute, September, 2000.
  46. ^ "ENA Annual Report 2019" (PDF).
  47. ^ "General Information on Armenian Power Sector" Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, Renewable Energy Armenia (Danish Energy Management A/S).
  48. ^ a b c "New Armenian Power Plant Set For Launch", Armenia Liberty (RFE/RL), December 21, 2010.
  49. ^ "Heat Energy". Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  50. ^ "Armenia Prepares Renewable Roadmap Amid Energy Crisis". Renewable Energy World. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  51. ^ "The 5th unit of Hrazdan TPP put into full scaled operation". news.am. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  52. ^ "Tashir Group to Acquire Hrazdan Power Plant in Armenia". Asbarez. Archived from the original on 3 February 2016. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  53. ^ ""Yerevan TPP" CJSC". Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  54. ^ "Yerevan Thermal Power Plant, Armenia". Power Technology. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  55. ^ "A new power plant was launched in Yerevan". ArmenPress. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2022.
  56. ^ "Renewable Energy Roadmap for Armenia" (PDF). Danish Energy Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  57. ^ a b "Armenian government to prequalify companies for construction of Ayg-1 photovoltaic solar power plant". arka.am. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
  58. ^ "Energy Profile – Armenia" (PDF). Irena. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-12-29. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  59. ^ "Technical Report – Quantifying Fiscal Risks from climate change". IMF. Archived from the original on 2023-05-27. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  60. ^ "Hydro Energy". Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources of the Republic of Armenia. Archived from the original on 20 December 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2016.
  61. ^ "Hydro Energy - Investment projects - Projects - www.minenergy.am". www.minenergy.am. Archived from the original on 2018-04-12. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
  62. ^ "Small Hydro Power Plants in Armenia". Armenian Community Council of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 2 May 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  63. ^ "Hydropower Potential of Armenia" Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, Renewable Energy Armenia (Danish Energy Management A/S).
  64. ^ "Six months into blockade, Nagorno-Karabakh faces energy crisis as key reservoir dries up". Archived from the original on 2023-05-27. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  65. ^ "Armenia - Energy". www.trade.gov. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  66. ^ "Արևային-կայանների-կիրառումը" (PDF). gea.am (in Armenian). Green Energy Association. August 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-11.
  67. ^ "EU boosts eco-tourism and renewable energy in Armenia with new solar power plant - EU Neighbours east".
  68. ^ "Eurasian Development Bank to finance 11 solar power plants in Armenia". ceenergynews.com. 2022-08-19. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  69. ^ "Solar Energy". Ministry of Energy of Armenia. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  70. ^ "Legislative Reform to Promote Solar Energy in Armenia". Renewable Energy World. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  71. ^ "Solar Heating and Cooling in Armenia". Inforse-Europe. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  72. ^ "Solar power plant Masrik-1 to build a consortium of Dutch and Spanish companies". finport.am. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  73. ^ "Deadline for start of financing the Masrik-1 solar power plant construction project has been extended by 198 days". www.finport.am. Retrieved 2019-05-04.
  74. ^ "Wind Power". energyagency.am. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  75. ^ Green, Anna (2023-04-20). "Renewable Energy: Armenia's Opportunities and Limits". EVN Report. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  76. ^ "Sustainable development – Armenia energy profile – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  77. ^ "Wind Power Potential" Archived 2009-02-28 at the Wayback Machine, Renewable Energy Armenia (Danish Energy Management A/S).
  78. ^ "Assessment of Wind's Potential in the Republic of Armenia". Ministry of Energy of Armenia. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  79. ^ "Wind Energy in Armenia: Overview of Potential and Development Perspectives" (PDF). USAID. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  80. ^ "Viability Assessment for Potential Wind Power Electricity Generation Projects: Technical Assistance Report". Asian Development Bank. 2022-09-30. Retrieved 2023-01-12.
  81. ^ a b "Energy balance of the Republic of Armenia, 2016" (PDF).
  82. ^ "World Development Indicators - Google Public Data Explorer". www.google.com. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  83. ^ "Armenian networks". Ministry Of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources Of The Republic Of Armenia. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  84. ^ a b "About us". Electric Networks of Armenia. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  85. ^ Makyan, Igor. "High Voltage Electric Networks". High Voltage Electric Networks (in Armenian). Retrieved 2019-05-02.
  86. ^ "High-voltage network". Ministry of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  87. ^ "Electro Power Systems Operator". Ministry Of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources Of The Republic Of Armenia. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  88. ^ "Midland Resources Company to privatize Armenian electric power stations". Armenpress. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  89. ^ "Electric Networks of Armenia Annual Report 2019" (PDF). Electric Networks of Armenia. 2002-08-26. Retrieved 2020-10-13.
  90. ^ "ENA yearly report for 2018" (PDF).
  91. ^ "Electric power transmission and distribution losses (% of output) - Country Comparison". Retrieved 2018-10-23.
  92. ^ "Countries ranked by Power outages in firms in a typical month (number)". www.indexmundi.com. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
  93. ^ "Energy security – Armenia energy profile – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  94. ^ "Opinion: Armenia should be part of the South Caucasus-EU energy relationship". commonspace.eu. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  95. ^ "Iran and Armenia agree to double gas trade".
  96. ^ "Italian Firm To Build New Power Plant In Armenia". RepatArmenia. 2017-03-21. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  97. ^ Danielyan, Emil (2 June 2017). "Another Russian Firm Seeks To Leave Armenian Energy Sector". «Ազատ Եվրոպա/Ազատություն» ռադիոկայան (in Armenian). Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  98. ^ "Electricity Networks of Armenia - Report for 2017 first half-year" (PDF).
  99. ^ a b "ENA Report 2019" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-14.
  100. ^ ""International Energy Corporation" CJSC". www.mek.am. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  101. ^ "ArtsakhEnergo state-owned energy company privatized". armenpress.am. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  102. ^ "News article on Energoimpex". nairitravel.am. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  103. ^ "Settlement Center - Companies of the system - Power system - www.minenergy.am". www.minenergy.am. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  104. ^ a b "По проекту строительства гелиостанции". finport.am. Retrieved 2021-05-07.
  105. ^ "Armenia liberalizes its electricity market". arka.am. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  106. ^ "Годовoй отчет". Electric Networks of Armenia (in Russian). Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  107. ^ "President Sargsyan attends opening of reconstructed Yerevan thermal power plant". arka.am. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  108. ^ "Director General of "Yerevan TPP" CJSC: There is no such a Thermal Power Plant in the region yet". Archived from the original on 2018-06-29. Retrieved 2018-04-12.
  109. ^ a b "Tariff – R2E2". Retrieved 2019-01-07.
  110. ^ a b "Փետրվարից սոցիալապես անապահով ընտանիքները էլեկտրաէներգիայի համար կվճարեն 10 դրամ էժան սակագնով - Այսօր' թարմ լուրեր Հայաստանից". www.aysor.am. Retrieved 2019-01-07.
  111. ^ "Publication of Tariffs" (PDF).
  112. ^ "Սակագներ". Electric Networks of Armenia (in Armenian). Retrieved 2019-01-07.
  113. ^ a b c "Սակագներ" [Tariffs]. Public Services Regulatory Commission of the Republic of Armenia (in Armenian). Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  114. ^ "Էլեկտրական էներգիա (հաճախակի տրվող հարցեր)" [Electricity (Frequently Asked Questions)]. Public Services Regulatory Commission of the Republic of Armenia (in Armenian). Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  115. ^ "Settlement Center". Ministry Of Energy Infrastructures and Natural Resources Of The Republic Of Armenia. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  116. ^ a b "Armenian Government Says it will Keep Promise to Subsidize Electricity Prices". Asbarez. 17 September 2015. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  117. ^ Oliphant, Roland (25 June 2015). "Armenia's 'Electric Yerevan' protests enter seventh day". The Telegraph. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  118. ^ Grigoryan, Hasmik (13 July 2015). "Small Electric Yerevan Spark — A Big Challenge for the Armenian Government". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  119. ^ "Electricity tariff to decrease by 2.58 AMD from August 1 in Armenia". Armenpress. 24 June 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  120. ^ "Armenian regulator begins revision of electricity prices". ARKA News Agency. 7 November 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  121. ^ "New suppliers emerging in the wholesale electricity market in Armenia". 2023-04-28. Retrieved 2023-05-27.
  122. ^ Avanesov, Alexandr (10 September 2015). "Electric networks of Armenia CJSC amends the billing software". ArmInfo. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  123. ^ "Electric Networks of Armenia changes billing scheme". ARKA News Agency. 16 September 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  124. ^ "Utility Payments". Haypost. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  125. ^ "Utility payments". ACBA-Credit Agricole Bank. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  126. ^ "Utility and other bill payments". HSBC Armenia. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  127. ^ "Home". Telcell. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  128. ^ "Easypay Instant Payment System". Easypay Instant Payment System. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  129. ^ "About us - Mobile app". Idram. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  130. ^ "Services". Idram. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  131. ^ "Services". ArCa. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  132. ^ "Electric Networks of Armenia CJSC Financial Statements for 2019" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-10-24.
  133. ^ "Armenia to receive World Bank loan to repay power generating companies' debts". ARKA News Agency. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  134. ^ "Electric Networks of Armenia to pay off all debts to power plants". NEWS.am. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  135. ^ Demytrie, Rayhan (26 June 2015). "Armenia energy protests: Electric atmosphere in Yerevan". BBC. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  136. ^ Touryan, Kennell; Gharabegian, Areg; Hambarian, Artak. "Developing Renewable Energy Roadmps for the Decade 2010-2020. An Example: The Country of Armenia" (PDF). American Solar Energy Society. Retrieved 26 November 2016.|page=3
  137. ^ Odabashian, Vahe; Khachatryan, Susanna. "Renewable Energy in the Republic of Armenia" (PDF). Noravank Foundation. Retrieved 26 November 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  138. ^ "National Program on Energy Saving and Renewable Energy of Republic of Armenia" (PDF). Noravank Foundation. Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  139. ^ "Solar Energy - Investment projects - Projects - www.minenergy.am". www.minenergy.am. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
  140. ^ "Advantages of Solar Power in Armenia". Energy Efficient Solutions. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  141. ^ "More than 300 solar power stations connected to Armenia's electricity network, major projects underway". armenpress.am. Retrieved 2018-05-07.
  142. ^ "$58mln renewable energy project launched in Armenia". PanARMENIAN Network. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
  143. ^ "Energy Efficiency". Ministry of Energy Infrastructure and Natural Resources of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 27 November 2016.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electricity_sector_in_Armenia&oldid=1220746466#Bioenergy"