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Energy in Syria

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Energy in Syria is mostly based on oil and gas.[1] Some energy infrastructure was damaged by the Syrian civil war.

Overview

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In 2021, only oil accounted for 68.2% of Syria's total energy supply. Natural gas accounted for 30.9% and Water energy(hydro) accounted for 0.7%. From 2000-2021, 22 Metric tons of C02 has been emmited, which contributes to 0.07% of total energy emissions and a 41% decrease in CO2 emissions. Electricity consumption per capita has decreased by 43% between this period, with a 4.5% share of power generation on renewables in 2021 alone.[1]

Energy in Syria[2]
Capita Prim. energy Production Export Electricity CO2-emission
Million TWh TWh TWh TWh Mt
2004 18.58 214 343 129 24.5 47.8
2007 19.89 228 283 52 29.5 53.7
2008 21.23 229 273 43 31.3 54.4
2009 21.09 262 274 33 31.3 59.8
2010 20.45 253 322 51 38.96 57.76
2012R 22.40 175 157 24.2 26.2 40.1
2013 22.85 150 88 68.3 21.8 33.5
Change 2004-10 10.1 % 17.8 % -6.3 % -60.5 % 59.2 % 20.9 %
Mtoe = 11.63 TWh. Prim. energy includes energy losses

2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated

While the supply, production, and emmision of coal remains insignificant, Natural gas has decreased by 42% in terms of production within 2000-2021.[1]

Electricity

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Pre-2011

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In the 2000s, Syria's electric power system struggled to meet the growing demands presented by an increasingly energy-hungry society. Demand grew by roughly 7.5% per year during this decade, fueled by the expansion of Syria's industrial and service sectors, the spread of energy-intensive home appliances, and state policies (i.e. high subsidies and low tariffs) that encouraged wasteful energy practices.[3][4] Syria's inefficient transmission infrastructure compounded these problems: In 2002, Electricity Minister Munib Saem al-Daher stated that 26% of the country's total electricity production was wasted in transmission, amounting to USD 57.7 billion in losses.[5] These factors together resulted in increasingly frequent power cuts, which in turn fueled public frustration.[6]

Throughout this period, the Syrian government sought to close the supply gap by investing in new electricity generation infrastructure. Investments moved away from oil-powered infrastructure and toward gas-fueled power plants,[7] reflecting Syria's declining domestic oil production, improved access to natural gas, and the superior efficiency of gas-fed combined cycle power plants.[3] New investments relied significantly on international technical expertise to execute projects, notably by the German firm Siemens,[8] but also by firms hailing from Iran,[9] India,[10] and elsewhere. They also relied on international financing, including from the European Investment Bank[11] and the Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development.[12]

Wartime disruption

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Syria's conflict wrought havoc on the country's electricity system, leading to increasingly frequent blackouts across the country, disruptions to all forms of economic activity,[13] and reports that electrical fires increased due to problems with the electrical grid.[14]

Infrastructural damage

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Swathes of Syria's generation and transmission infrastructure were damaged or destroyed, due to a combination of bombardment by Syrian government forces, aerial attacks by the US-led international military intervention against the Islamic State, attacks by insurgent groups, and looting by armed factions. Between 2015 and 2017, violence and looting destroyed three major power plants, namely the Aleppo Thermal Station, Zayzoon in Idlib, and al-Taim in Deir Ezzor. Pre-war, these three plants had accounted for almost one-fifth of Syria's total generation capacity. In 2021, Syria's Ministry of Electricity estimated total losses to the electricity sector at USD 2.4 billion.[3]

Resource scarcity

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In addition to infrastructural damage, war also left Syria with acute shortages of the fuel and water needed to power Syria's thermal and hydroelectric infrastructure. On one side, the Syrian government's loss of major oil and gas fields first to the Islamic State and then to the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria contributed to extreme fuel scarcity and thus a reliance on imports, notably from Iran.[15] On the other, rising temperatures, diminished rainfall, and Turkish restrictions on the flow of the Euphrates River brought the latter's water levels to a crisis point, thus threatening the capacity of the three dams located along the Euphrates in Syria: namely the Tabqa Dam, Baath Dam, and Tishrin Dam.[16][17][18]

Expertise scarcity

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Pre-2011, Syria relied heavily on foreign expertise to spearhead the most complex forms of investment in Syria's electrical sector, including repairing and installing generation infrastructure. After a decade of war, the combination of international sanctions and foreign exchange shortages had created major obstacles to bringing in foreign expertise.[3] To make matters worse, Syria's own pool of homegrown technical competence was reduced by a relentless brain drain[19] and devastating setbacks to the country's education sector.[20]

Sanctions

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US and EU sanctions further undermined Syria's electricity sector, including by barring foreign (i.e. European and Arab) entities from extending loans or implementing infrastructure projects and by straining Syria's ability to import fuel and spare parts.[3]

Oil

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According to BBC oil accounts for ca. 25% of Syria's income, estimated as $3.2bn for 2010. EU members account for ca. 95% of oil exports. Production was 400,000 barrels per day (64,000 m3/d) in 2009 and exports about 150,000 barrels per day (24,000 m3/d), mainly Germany, Italy and France. According to BBC oil reserves were 2.5bn barrels in 2010.[21]

Business

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The Syrian Petroleum Company (SPC) is a state-owned oil company established in 1974.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Energy in Syria.

References

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  1. ^ a b c "Syria - Countries & Regions". IEA. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  2. ^ IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics 2015 Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine, 2014 (2012R as in November 2015 Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, 2013 Archived 2014-09-02 at the Wayback Machine, 2012 Archived 2013-03-09 at the Wayback Machine, 2011 Archived 2011-10-27 at the Wayback Machine, 2010 Archived 2010-10-11 at the Wayback Machine, 2009 Archived 2013-10-07 at the Wayback Machine, 2006 Archived 2009-10-12 at the Wayback Machine IEA October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15
  3. ^ a b c d e Hatahet, Sinan; Shaar, Karam (2021-07-31). "Syria's Electricity Sector After a Decade of War: A Comprehensive Assessment". European University Institute. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  4. ^ "Demand for Electricity Rose 5.9 Percent in 2009". Syria Report. 8 March 2010. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  5. ^ "26 percent in power transmission network loss". Syria Report. 1 May 2003. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  6. ^ "Syria Continues to Face Severe Power Cuts". Syria Report. 24 August 2009. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  7. ^ "Syria to rely increasingly on gas power stations". Syria Report. 9 March 2002. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  8. ^ "Siemens, Koch clinch power plant expansion contract". Syria Report. 1 December 2003. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  9. ^ "Iran sets up electrical sub-stations in Syria". Syria Report. 17 December 2001. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  10. ^ "ABB India gets US$16.65 million Syria order". Syria Report. 24 December 2001. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  11. ^ "EIB to loan EUR 200 million for new Deir-ez-Zor Power Plant". Syria Report. 1 December 2005. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  12. ^ "Infrastructure brief : AFESD loans USD 100 million to Deir-ez-Zor power plant". Syria Report. 17 February 2006. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  13. ^ "Power cuts stall industrial revival in Syria's Aleppo". France 24. 2021-09-08. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  14. ^ "ثلاثة حرائق في دمشق وحلب بسبب تماس كهربائي". عنب بلدي (in Arabic). 2019-03-01. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  15. ^ Shaar, Karam. "The Syrian Oil Crisis: Causes, Possible Responses, and Implications". Middle East Institute. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  16. ^ Trew, Bel (2021-11-02). "Half of Syria has been displaced by war. Now record drought threatens millions more". The Independent. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  17. ^ Sala, Daniela; Laffert, Bartholomäus von; Mohammad, Shaveen (2021-11-10). "'Killing us slowly': dams and drought choke Syria's water supply – in pictures". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  18. ^ "Turkish dams threaten northeast Syria with ecological and economic blight". Syria Direct. 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  19. ^ "Syria's brain drain – another twist to the country's crisis". The New Humanitarian. 2013-03-26. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  20. ^ "Syrian higher education system facing 'complete breakdown' after eight years of war – study". University of Cambridge. 2019-06-18. Retrieved 2021-11-23.
  21. ^ EU steps up Syria sanctions with ban on oil imports 2 September 2011 BBC
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