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Beresheet

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Beresheet
Full size model of the Beresheet Moon lander
NamesSparrow (2011–2018)
Mission typeTechnology demonstration
OperatorIsrael Aerospace Industries[1] and SpaceIL
COSPAR ID2019-009B Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.44049
Websitewww.spaceil.com
Mission duration48 days, 17 hours, 38 minutes (achieved)
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftBeresheet [2]
Spacecraft typeLunar lander
ManufacturerSpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries [3]
Launch mass585 kg[4]
Dry mass150 kg (330 lb)
DimensionsDiameter: 2 m (6 ft 7 in);
Height: 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) [5]
Start of mission
Launch date22 February 2019, 01:45 UTC[6][7]
RocketFalcon 9 B5
Launch siteCCAFS, SLC-40
ContractorSpaceX
End of mission
DisposalDestroyed upon impact on the Moon surface
Destroyed11 April 2019, 19:23 UTC
Moon lander
Landing dateLunar capture: 4 April 2019
Landing: 11 April 2019 (failure) [8]
Landing siteMare Serenitatis[9]
32°35′44″N 19°20′59″E / 32.5956°N 19.3496°E / 32.5956; 19.3496
Beresheet Series

Beresheet (Hebrew: בְּרֵאשִׁית, Bərēšīṯ, "In the beginning"; Book of Genesis) was a demonstrator of a small robotic lunar lander and lunar probe operated by SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries. Its aims included inspiring youth and promoting careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), and landing its magnetometer, time capsule, and laser retroreflector on the Moon. The lander's gyroscopes failed on 11 April 2019 causing the main engine to shut off, which resulted in the lander crashing on the Moon.[10] Its final resting position is 32.5956°N, 19.3496°E.[11]

The lander was previously known as Sparrow and was officially renamed to Beresheet in December 2018.[12] Its net mass was 150 kg (330 lb); when fueled at launch, its mass was 585 kg (1,290 lb). It had been compared to a washing machine, as it stood at about the height of one at 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) and was similar in width to large household appliances.[13] It used seven ground stations for Earth–lander communication.[14] Its mission control center was at Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) in Yehud, Israel.

Planning and construction

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Beresheet was co-developed by SpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI) with support from Israel Space Agency and Morris Kahn, its major financier. It represented the first privately initiated Moon mission and was stimulated by the Google Lunar X Prize.[15] SpaceIL and IAI constructed the vehicle[16] and was supported by the Israel Space Agency.[17] The time window for participation in the Google Lunar X Prize closed before the launch. After the mission, Lunar X Prize awarded a US$1 million award to SpaceIL to support a second mission.[18]

The costs for the project, including launch, were about US$100 million.[19] The government of Israel's commitment to the project was stated to be 10% in July 2018.[20] However, in 2019 just before the launch, SpaceIL told media that the overall budget was about US$90 million, and only about US$2 million of that came from the Israeli government.[21]

Payload

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The spacecraft carried a "time capsule" containing over 30 million pages of data, including a full copy of the English-language Wikipedia, the Wearable Rosetta disc, the PanLex database, the Torah, children's drawings, a children's book inspired by the space launch, memoirs of a Holocaust survivor, Israel's national anthem ("Hatikvah"), the Israeli flag, and a copy of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.[22][23][24][6][25] At the last minute, genetic samples and tardigrades were added in epoxy resin between the digital layers.[26]

Its scientific payload included a magnetometer supplied by the Israeli Weizmann Institute of Science to measure the local magnetic field, and a laser retroreflector array supplied by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to enable precise measurements of the Earth–Moon distance.[27][28]

Propulsion

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The spacecraft propulsion system was designed and built by Israel Aerospace Industries, based on monomethylhydrazine (MMH) fuel and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) oxidizer. It featured nine engines, the main engine was the LEROS 2b liquid-propellant, restartable rocket engine which was used to reach lunar orbit, deceleration of the spacecraft, and an attempted propulsive landing.[29][30]

Launch

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Trajectory on a silver medal of the 2019 International Physics Olympiad.

In October 2015, SpaceIL signed a contract for a launch from Cape Canaveral in Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 booster, via Spaceflight Industries.[20][31] It was launched on 22 February 2019 at 01:45 UTC (20:45 local time on 21 February 2019) as a secondary payload,[6][32][33] along with the telecom satellite PSN-6.[34] Beresheet was controlled by a command center in Yehud, Israel.[35]

From 24 February to 19 March 2019, the main engine was used four times to raise the orbit, putting its apogee close to the Moon's orbital distance.[36] The spacecraft performed maneuvers so as to be successfully captured into an elliptical lunar orbit on 4 April 2019, and adjusted its flight pattern in a circular orbit around the Moon. Once it was in the correct circular orbit, it was planned to decelerate for a soft landing on the lunar surface. This was planned for 11 April 2019.[37]

Planned landing site

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The planned landing site was in the north part of the Mare Serenitatis,[9] and the landing zone was about 15 km (9.3 mi) in diameter.[38]

Planned operations

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Beresheet was planned to operate for an estimated two days on the lunar surface,[20] as it had no thermal control and was expected to quickly overheat.[39] Its main mission would have been to gather imagery and send it back to Earth. Additionally, the craft would have made magnetic measurements. It was also planned to reignite its main engine and perform a "hop" to another place in the Moon's surface, demonstrating relocation capability in its Moon exploration.[21] The retroreflector was a passive device requiring no electrical power and was expected to be functional for several decades.[40]

NASA contribution

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In addition to contributing the laser retroreflector to the mission, NASA planned to contribute space communications capabilities during the cruise phase and operations phase, even giving Beresheet time on the Deep Space Network. NASA also planned to survey Beresheet with its Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (which it did after the crash-landing). In exchange, SpaceIL would have shared its magnetic measurements with NASA.[21]

Crash landing

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Crash site of Beresheet as seen by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.

On 11 April 2019, the lander crash-landed on the lunar surface. An Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU2) gyroscope failed during the braking procedure on approach to the landing site, and the ground control crew was unable to reset the individual component due to a sudden loss of communications with the control network.[41] By the time communications were restored, the craft's main engine had already been inactive for an extended period. The engine was brought back online following a system-wide reset; however, the craft had already lost too much altitude to slow its descent sufficiently. The final telemetry reading indicated that at an altitude of 150 m (490 ft) the craft was still traveling at over 500 km/h (310 mph; 140 m/s), resulting in a total loss on impact with the lunar surface.[42][43] Prior to impact, the probe had been able to take two last photographs: a view of itself against the Moon, and a closer shot of the Moon's surface.[44]

The lander's final resting position is 32.5956°N, 19.3496°E,[11] portrayed in the following LROC images:[45]

  • M1236487095L (before impact)[46]
  • M1098722768L (before impact - 2012-08-04 - 12:31:41, line 24245, sample 4031)[47]
  • M1101080642R (before impact - 2012-08-31 - 19:29:35, line 14398, sample 1424)[48]
  • M1310536929R (after impact)[49]

Post-mission failure investigation

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Several malfunctions plus human-in-the-loop decisions led to the crash landing during the final lunar descent. These were the result of limited funding; poor systems engineering design with a lack of redundancy in some systems and an inability of telemetry-software updates to remain active following system reboot; as well as human decisions about which path to take after the failure of one of the two redundant accelerometers (inertial measurement units, or IMUs) during the final lunar descent. A decision was made by the control team—which could have continued the descent with a single IMU, or tried to reinitiate the IMU which had shut down—to restart the second IMU.[50]

Due to the design of the spacecraft, restarting the IMU blocks communication with the functioning IMU. For less than one critical second, the spacecraft did not receive any acceleration data from the good IMU, and as programmed, identified it as a navigation malfunction, which caused a reboot of the spacecraft computer. The reboot lasted only approximately two seconds, but since the spacecraft design did not allow for previous software updates to be loaded automatically from the hard drive on reboot, the software patches had to be uploaded once again as a command file. Five tries were needed to get the updates to load, with the computer rebooting each time, and the main engine shut down during the reboots. Since the engine was needed to be continuously firing during the descent to decelerate Beresheet, the spacecraft retained excessive speed and struck the lunar surface at 3,000 km/h (1,900 mph; 830 m/s).[50]

Wreckage

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NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) overflew the area where Beresheet's telemetry ended, and took photos of the surface. When those photos were compared against earlier photos of the same location, one set of new features was obvious. A faint lighter line leads to a lighter halo surrounding a dark crater. A lump is visible at the head of the crater opposite the line. The light halo may either be gas associated with the craft's wreckage or fine soil particles blown outward by the impact.[51] A small NASA payload known as the Lunar Retroflector Array (LRA) is hoped to have survived the crash. Though it may have separated from the main wreckage, the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA) instrument on the LRO is pulsing laser images at the crash site in hopes of finding the LRA.[52]

In August 2019, scientists reported that a capsule containing tardigrade micro-animals in their natural cryptobiotic state may have survived the crash and lived on the Moon for a while. On previous space missions, tardigrades were exposed to the open vacuum of space and some were able to live for a period of time.[53][54] There is no real danger they will spread across the Moon,[53] but this "tardigrade affair" attracted the criticism of professionals who pointed out the lack of both planetary protection measures and international regulation to enforce such measures.[55] In May 2021, a team of researchers led by Alejandra Traspas, a student at Queen Mary University of London, claimed that the tardigrades were most likely destroyed by the force of the crash.[56]

Beresheet 2

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Main article: Beresheet 2

Originally Beresheet was planned to be a one-time-only mission.[21][3] However, on 13 April 2019, Morris Kahn announced that a new mission, named Beresheet 2 would attempt a second time to land on the Moon.[57] On 25 November 2019, it was announced that Beresheet 2 would attempt to send one lander to the Moon and another to Mars.[58][59]

On 9 December 2020, SpaceIL announced that the Beresheet 2 Moon mission will launch in 2024, and will consist of an orbiter and two landers. It will have a budget of US$100 million, similar to that of Beresheet 1, and will include more international collaboration, with the United Arab Emirates as one of seven countries expressing interest.[60]

Minor planet

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The minor planet 27050 Beresheet is named after the spacecraft.[61]

Intellectual property

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IAI owns the intellectual property of the Beresheet design.[62] On 9 June 2019, it was announced that IAI signed an agreement with the American company Firefly Aerospace to build a lunar lander based on Beresheet.[62] Firefly Aerospace is one of several "main contractors" for NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS), and they planned to propose a lunar lander based on Beresheet called Genesis.[62][63] Genesis would be launched on another vehicle Firefly planned to build, a rocket called Beta,[63] or a Falcon 9 launch vehicle[64] in late 2022.[65] Due to changing CLPS specifications, Firefly determined that Genesis no longer fit NASA's requirements and started work on a new lunar lander design called Blue Ghost in 2021.[66] Despite being developed by Firefly, IAI will support the Blue Ghost lunar lander development effort as per their previous agreement on Genesis.[66]

On 4 February 2021, NASA awarded a CLPS contract worth approximately US$93.3 million to Firefly Aerospace to deliver a suite of 10 science investigations and technology demonstrations to the Moon in 2023.

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ This 'Sparrow' lunar lander may soon make Israel the 4th country to land the Moon Dave Mosher, Business Insider 14 August 2018
  2. ^ SpaceX Delays Launch of First Private Lunar Lander Without Explanation Kristin Houser, Futurism 18 December 2018
  3. ^ a b IAI studying follow-on opportunities for SpaceIL lunar lander Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 17 September 2018
  4. ^ "Beresheet". NASA's Solar System Exploration website. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
  5. ^ "Israeli unmanned spacecraft to land on Moon in 2019". BBC News. 10 July 2018.
  6. ^ a b c Graham, William (21 February 2019). "SpaceX launches Indonesian satellite launch and Israeli moon mission". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  7. ^ Pietrobon, Steven (8 December 2018). "United States Commercial ELV Launch Manifest". Retrieved 8 December 2018.
  8. ^ Israeli spirits soar as Moon launch countdown begins 18 February 2019
  9. ^ a b Here's (almost) everything you need to know about Israel's Moon lander Jason Davis, The Planetary Society 8 November 2018
  10. ^ Lidman, Melanie. "Israel's Beresheet spacecraft crashes into the moon during landing attempt". The Times of Israel.
  11. ^ a b "Beresheet Crash Site Spotted! | Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera". Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC), School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University. Retrieved 19 September 2019.
  12. ^ SpaceIL, IAI to send time capsule on Israel's historic Moon mission Archived 30 March 2019 at the Wayback Machine SpaceIL website Retrieved 17 December 2018
  13. ^ "Tiny Israeli spacecraft Beresheet enters orbit around the moon". 6 April 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  14. ^ SpaceIL - Technology Archived 10 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "Israel schickt ersten privat finanzierten Mond-Lander auf den Weg" [Israel sends first privately financed lunar lander on its way] (in German). Deutsche Welle. 19 February 2019. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
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  17. ^ Christine Lunsford (9 February 2019). "Israel's 1st Moon Lander: The SpaceIL Beresheet Lunar Mission in Pictures". Space.com. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  18. ^ Mike Wehner (12 April 2019). "We now know why Israel's lunar lander crashed into the Moon". BGR. Retrieved 14 April 2019.
  19. ^ Mike Wall (4 April 2019). "Pioneering Israeli Lunar Lander Arrives in Orbit Around the Moon". Space.com. Retrieved 11 April 2019.
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  28. ^ NASA Video (29 November 2018), NASA Announces New Moon Partnerships with U.S. Companies, retrieved 3 December 2018 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  29. ^ Amos, Jonathan (21 February 2019). "Israel's Beresheet robot sets its sights on the Moon". BBC News.
  30. ^ Lunde, Endre (21 February 2019). "Nammo's British Rocket Engine Powers Israel's Mission to the Moon". My News Desk. Endre Lunde, Senior Vice President, Communications, +4790853270
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  32. ^ SpaceX Falcon 9 rideshare launch to send a commercial lander to the Moon in 2019 Eric Ralph, Teslarati 12 September 2018
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  46. ^ "LROC Observation M1236487095L".
  47. ^ "LROC Observation M1098722768L".
  48. ^ "LROC Observation M1101080642R".
  49. ^ "LROC Observation M1310536929R".
  50. ^ a b Nevo, Ettay (20 February 2020). What Happened to Beresheet? (Report). Weizman Institute of Science. Retrieved 17 January 2024.
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  53. ^ a b Oberhaus, Daniel (5 August 2019). "A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades on the Moon". Wired. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  54. ^ Resnick, Brian (6 August 2019). "Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the Moon - The tardigrade conquest of the Solar System has begun". Vox. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
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  56. ^ O'Callaghan, Jonathan (2021). "Hardy water bears survive bullet impacts—up to a point". Science. doi:10.1126/science.abj5282. S2CID 236376996.
  57. ^ "SpaceIL" – via Facebook.
  58. ^ Keyser, Zachary (28 November 2019). "SpaceIL heading back to space, mission to Mars on the horizon". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  59. ^ Jerenberg, Batya (25 November 2019). "SpaceIL reveals new moon mission set for 2022, with Mars attempt in works". World Israel News. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  60. ^ "Israel launches second bid to put a lander on the moon; UAE may join". The Times of Israel. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
  61. ^ IAU
  62. ^ a b c Firefly to partner with IAI on lunar lander Jeff Foust, SpaceNews 9 July 2019
  63. ^ a b Israel’s failed lunar lander will live on in the design of Firefly Aerospace's new Moon spacecraft Loren Grush, The Verge 9 July 2019
  64. ^ Firefly Genesis Archived 27 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine Firefly Aerospace Accessed on 13 September 2019
  65. ^ "In parallel with rocket development, Firefly launches lunar lander initiative". Spaceflight Now. 1 April 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
  66. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (4 February 2021). "Firefly wins NASA CLPS lunar lander contract". SpaceNews. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
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