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Polaris Dawn

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Mission typePrivate spaceflight
OperatorSpaceX
COSPAR ID2024-161A Edit this at Wikidata
SATCAT no.61042Edit this on Wikidata
Websitepolarisprogram.com/dawn/ Edit this at Wikidata
Mission duration4 days, 22 hours and 13 minutes
Orbits completed75
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftCrew Dragon Resilience
Spacecraft typeCrew Dragon
Crew
Crew size4
Members
EVAs1
EVA duration26 minutes[1]
Start of mission
Launch date10 September 2024, 09:23:49 (10 September 2024, 09:23:49) UTC (5:23:49 am EDT)[2]
RocketFalcon 9 Block 5 (B1083.4), Flight 372
Launch siteKennedy, LC‑39A
End of mission
Recovered byMV Shannon
Landing date15 September 2024, 07:36:54 (15 September 2024, 07:36:54) UTC (3:36:54 am EDT)[3]
Landing siteGulf of Mexico near Dry Tortugas (25°06′N 83°00′W / 25.1°N 83.0°W / 25.1; -83.0)
Orbital parameters
Perigee altitude190–192 km (118–119 mi)[4][5]
Apogee altitude
  • Launch: 1,200 km (750 mi)[4]
  • Day 1: 1,400 km (870 mi)[6]
  • Day 2–5: 730 km (450 mi)[5]
Inclination51.7°[4]
Period106 minutes[7]

Mission patch

From left: Isaacman, Menon, Gillis and Poteet

Polaris Dawn was a private crewed spaceflight operated by SpaceX on behalf of Shift4 CEO Jared Isaacman, the first of three planned missions in the Polaris program. Launched 10 September 2024 as the 14th crewed orbital flight of a Crew Dragon spacecraft, Isaacman and his crew of three — Scott Poteet, Sarah Gillis and Anna Menon — flew in an elliptic orbit that took them 1,400 kilometers (870 mi) away from Earth, the farthest anyone has been since NASA's Apollo program. They passed through parts of the Van Allen radiation belt to study the health effects of space radiation and spaceflight on the human body. Later in the mission, the crew performed the first commercial spacewalk.

The Polaris Dawn mission also marked several other milestones. Menon and Gillis flew further from Earth than any women before them and Gillis, at 30 years old, became the youngest person to date to participate in a spacewalk. During the spacewalk, a new record was set for the number of people (four) simultaneously exposed to the vacuum of space. The crew also contributed to breaking the record for the most people (19) simultaneously in orbit, set after the Soyuz MS-26 mission launched on 11 September along with the nine crew members of the International Space Station and the three crew members of China's Tiangong space station.

After a mission lasting nearly five days, the crew safely splashed down in the Gulf of Mexico on 15 September.

History

[edit]

The Polaris program was announced by Jared Isaacman in February 2022, five months after the first all-private astronaut mission, Inspiration4, which was also backed by Isaacman.[8][9] Development of technologies necessary for the mission was part of the program, including extravehicular activity (EVA) spacesuits, intersatellite laser communication links between the Dragon spacecraft and the Starlink constellation, and accommodation for the lack of an airlock in the Dragon capsule.[10][11]

Originally slated to fly in late 2022, the program suffered delays over the design of the EVA spacesuits and technical problems with SpaceX testing inter-satellite laser communication links. By October 2022, the launch had slipped to March 2023,[12][13] and by February 2023, had slipped to no earlier than mid-2023.[14][15] By mid-2023, the flight was delayed until 2024,[16] with Isaacman confirming in December a launch date of April 2024.[11] On 7 June, Isaacman announced that the launch was scheduled no earlier than 12 July 2024.[17][18] Three weeks later, the Polaris program announced on its X account that the earliest launch date was 31 July 2024.[19][20]

The mission was delayed again following the failure of a Falcon 9 rocket's upper stage on 12 July 2024. After SpaceX addressed the cause of the mishap, SpaceX's Dragon mission management director Sarah Walker announced in a 26 July news conference that Polaris Dawn would launch "in late summer" after the Crew-9 mission for NASA, which had been scheduled to launch no earlier than 18 August before its delay.[21] SpaceX then said that it was targeting a 26 August launch date on 7 August.[22] SpaceX pushed the launch date back a day to 27 August in order to allow "additional time for teams to complete preflight" checkouts.[23][24] The flight was further delayed by weather at the landing site and was scheduled for the early morning of September 6, 2024.[25]

A number of design changes were made to Dragon capsule Resilience before the launch. Several modifications were made to the interior of Crew Dragon Resilience, additional nitrogen and oxygen tanks were installed, a hatch with mechanical supports called the "skywalker" replaced the docking port, and the forward hatch was motorized.[26][7]

Crew Dragon Resilience arrived at the horizontal integration facility at LC-39A on 21 August where it was integrated with Falcon 9 booster B1083 and a second stage.[27] The transporter erector rolled out of the horizontal integration facility in the early morning of 24 August to transport the rocket up to the pad and erect it next to the tower.[28] The crews completed a dry dress rehearsal and static fire tests on 25 August.[29][30] After a series of further delays—mostly related to capsule recovery weather conditions in the landing zones five days following launch—Polaris Dawn was launched on 10 September 2024.[10][2]

Mission

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Technology

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SpaceX designed the EVA suits for this mission based on the intravehicular activity (IVA) suits typically worn during launch and landing. The EVA suits are designed to keep astronauts safe in the vacuum of space while also being comfortable and flexible enough for launch and landing, eliminating the need for separate IVA suits. Flame-resistant, stretching fabric and soft joints provide mobility, while boots are made from the same thermal material used on Falcon 9's interstage and Dragon's trunk.[31][32] Compared to the IVA suits, thermal management has been improved and the helmet has received thermal insulation and an anti-fog treatment. A heads-up display was added to the helmet to provide real-time information on suit metrics during the spacewalk.[33] An umbilical provided life support for these suits, similar to early Gemini suits, as opposed to the self-contained EMUs used on the ISS.[34][35]

This mission broke the record for the most people in the vacuum of space at once, set at three during Apollo 9 and later repeated just five more times on Apollo 15, 16, 17, Skylab 2, and STS-49.[33][34] Due to the unique depressurization protocol, the crew conducted research on decompression sickness and spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS).[36]

To validate their procedures, SpaceX subjected Resilience to multiple cycles of venting and repressurization in a large vacuum chamber. The crew also spent two days in a chamber at the Johnson Space Center to validate their pre-breathing protocol and on another occasion also tested their EVA suits in full vacuum in the chamber.[7]

The mission also saw the first crewed operational test of Dragon laser interlink communication via Starlink.[37] SpaceX hopes that the technology can decrease communication latency and increase data bandwidth for human spaceflight.[38]

Events

[edit]

Within an hour of launch, the crew began a pre-breathing protocol to reduce nitrogen in their bodies and minimize the risk of decompression sickness during the planned spacewalk on day three.[39] Over three days, the cabin pressure gradually decreased from 14.5 to 8.6 pounds per square inch (100 to 59 kPa) while oxygen levels increased.[39]

During this first hour in space, the crew conducted thorough checks of the Dragon capsule for any launch-related damage. Afterward, the Draco thrusters fired, propelling them to their highest apogee of the mission, 1,400 kilometers (870 mi) away from Earth,[39] the highest orbit of the planet ever flown by a crewed spacecraft, breaking the record set by Gemini 11, and the farthest anyone has been from Earth since the 1972 Apollo 17 mission of NASA's Apollo program.[6][40][41] Because these earlier missions had all-male crews, Menon and Gillis broke a record, flying further from Earth than any women before them.[42]

On flight day two, the Dragon's apogee was lowered to its "cruising orbit" of 730 kilometers (450 mi) while the crew prepared their EVA suits and conducted experiments.[39][5] On this day, the crew also contributed to breaking the record for the most people (19) simultaneously in space, set after the Soyuz MS-26 mission launched on 11 September along with the nine crew members of the International Space Station and the three crew members of China's Tiangong space station.[43]

Flight day three was dedicated to the first-ever extravehicular activity (EVA) on a commercial spaceflight mission. After extensive preparations, all four crew members donned their EVA suits, which are pressurized with 100% oxygen at 5.1 pounds per square inch (35 kPa). Since the Crew Dragon lacks an airlock, the entire capsule was depressurized during the EVA, exposing all crew members to the vacuum of space, though only two partially exited the spacecraft. Depressurization of the capsule took about 30 minutes. Isaacman went first, spending seven minutes and 56 seconds outside. Gillis went next, spending seven minutes and 15 seconds outside. From hatch open to hatch close the EVA took about 26 minutes and 40 seconds.[44][45] During the EVA, Isaacman and Gillis performed several tests of their suit mobility including trials of hand/body control, vertical movement, and using a foot restraint, only their lower legs were still inside the spacecraft. Gillis, at 30 years old, became the youngest person to date to participate in a spacewalk.[39]

At the end of the final day on orbit, the crew jettisoned the Dragon's trunk module at 06:35 UTC and carried out a seven minute deorbit burn at 06:41 UTC.[46][47] The capsule splashed down in the Gulf of Mexico near Florida's Dry Tortugas islands on 15 September 2024 at 07:36:54 UTC (3:36:54 am EDT, local time at the landing site).[48] The landing site was one of two new options SpaceX added for this mission as it planned for challenging weather conditions.[47]

Crew

[edit]
Polaris Dawn crew gives an interview at the US Air Force Academy
Position Astronaut
Commander Jared Isaacman
Second spaceflight
Pilot Scott Poteet
First spaceflight
Mission specialist Sarah Gillis, SpaceX
First spaceflight
Mission specialist
Medical officer 		Anna Menon, SpaceX
First spaceflight

Isaacman, 41, headed the mission as Commander, with primary spacecraft operation duties. Retired Air Force fighter pilot Scott Poteet, 50, served as spacecraft pilot, assisting Isaacman with spacecraft operation duties.[10] Completing the crew were SpaceX employees Sarah Gillis, 30, and Anna Menon, 38, as Mission Specialists. Gillis is the company's senior space operations engineer who leads crew training for private spaceflight missions, she joined Isaacman on the spacewalk. Menon is a lead space operations engineer and mission director for the company, who acted as onboard medical officer for the mission. She has six years of experience as a biomedical flight controller at NASA, where she oversaw International Space Station operations, including several spacewalks.[10][49]

Launch

[edit]
Artist's rendering of Resilience for Polaris Dawn, with its nose cone open, and an astronaut exiting the capsule

To minimize the risk of micrometeorite impacts, SpaceX mission controllers had a flexible launch window for the Polaris Dawn mission, allowing them to select a time with minimal debris in the targeted orbit. The Dragon capsule was initially placed in an elliptic orbit with an apogee of 1,200 kilometers (750 mi), passing through the South Atlantic Anomaly at a low altitude of 190 kilometers (120 mi). This exposes the crew to the equivalent radiation of three months on the International Space Station in just a few passes, enabling valuable research into the health effects of space radiation and spaceflight on the human body.[50][26]

Polaris Dawn launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A on a Falcon 9 Block 5 rocket.[51][52] The first launch attempt on 27 August 2024 was scrubbed due to a ground-side helium leak.[53] The second launch attempt on 28 August was scrubbed due to poor predicted weather during the recovery period five days after launch. Because the mission will not rendezvous with the International Space Station and has limited life support consumables, the capsule must be able to splashdown as scheduled, necessitating favorable weather conditions.[54] The launch was further delayed because of poor weather causing a lack of favorable launch and return conditions.[55]

As of 8 September 2024, SpaceX said it was targeting no earlier than (NET) 10 September for launch, with weather conditions being 40% favorable for liftoff and splashdown.[56][57] Polaris Dawn successfully launched on 10 September 2024 at 09:23:49 UTC (5:23:49 am EDT, local time at the launch site).[10][2]

Launch attempt summary

[edit]

Note: times are local to the launch site (Eastern Daylight Time).

Attempt Planned Result Turnaround Reason Decision point Weather go (%) Notes
1 27 Aug 2024, 3:38:00 am Scrubbed[53] — Technical 26 Aug 2024, 7:17 pm ​(T−08:21:00) 80[58] Ground-side helium leak.
2 28 Aug 2024, 3:38:00 am Scrubbed[55] 1 day 0 hours 0 minutes Weather 27 Aug 2024, 10:11 pm ​(T−05:27:00) 85[59] Poor predicted weather during the recovery period.
3 10 Sep 2024, 5:23:49 am Success 13 days 1 hour 46 minutes 40[60] Launched initially scheduled for 3:38 am, delayed to second opportunity for better weather.

See also

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Notes

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ McDowell, Jonathan (12 September 2024). "List of spacewalks". planet4589.org. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  2. ^ a b c Rosenstein, Sawyer (10 September 2024). "SpaceX launches historic Polaris Dawn mission". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  3. ^ "Polaris Dawn Crew Returns to Earth, Achieving Major Objectives During Their Five-Day Mission". 15 September 2024.
  4. ^ a b c McDowell, Jonathan [@planet4589] (10 September 2024). "Polaris Dawn cataloged as object 61042, in a 195 x 1200 km x 51.7 deg orbit" (Tweet). Retrieved 10 September 2024 – via Twitter.
  5. ^ a b c McDowell, Jonathan [@planet4589] (11 September 2024). "New Polaris Dawn TLE shows it in a 192 x 730 km orbit, ready for tomorrow's spacewalk" (Tweet). Retrieved 11 September 2024 – via Twitter.
  6. ^ a b McDowell, Jonathan [@planet4589] (11 September 2024). "Following the first apogee boost, the mean elements had an apogee of 1395.6 km. The first apogee in the new orbit was at 0111:20 UTC, with an standard height of 1400.0 km (moment of maximum distance from geocenter); the max geoid height was 1408.3 km at around the same time" (Tweet). Retrieved 11 September 2024 – via Twitter.
  7. ^ a b c Polaris Dawn Mission Overview Briefing. 19 August 2024. Event occurs at 12:00. Archived from the original on 20 August 2024. Retrieved 25 August 2024.
  8. ^ Davenport, Christian (14 February 2022). "Jared Isaacman, who led the first all-private astronaut mission to orbit, has commissioned 3 more flights from SpaceX". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 24 February 2022. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  9. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (8 September 2022). "SpaceX's private Polaris Dawn space crew talks about their ambitious mission". Space.com. Archived from the original on 2 October 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  10. ^ a b c d e Berger, Eric (10 September 2024). "Polaris Dawn takes to the skies, setting the stage for a daring private spacewalk". Ars Technica. Retrieved 10 September 2024.
  11. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (11 December 2023). "Polaris Dawn rescheduled for April". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 1 March 2024. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  12. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (30 January 2023). "Polaris Dawn: The trailblazing commercial mission of the Polaris Program". Space.com. Archived from the original on 5 February 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  13. ^ Young, Chris (19 October 2023). "SpaceX's private Polaris Dawn mission could launch by March 2023". Interesting Engineering. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  14. ^ Tribou, Richard (23 February 2023). "Set for 2nd SpaceX flight, billionaire Isaacman all business about spacewalk for Polaris Dawn mission". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  15. ^ Lea, Robert (23 February 2023). "SpaceX's private Polaris Dawn mission now targeting summer 2023 for launch". Space.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2023. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  16. ^ Foust, Jeff (22 August 2023). "Polaris Dawn mission likely to slip to 2024". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 1 September 2024. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  17. ^ Ellie in Space (7 June 2024). EXCLUSIVE: Polaris Dawn interview with Jared Isaacman. YouTube. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  18. ^ "Space calendar 2024". Space.com. 11 June 2024. Archived from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024.
  19. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (3 July 2024). "SpaceX targeting July 31 for launch of historic Polaris Dawn astronaut mission". Space.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  20. ^ Szondy, David (3 July 2024). "SpaceX's first Polaris Dawn mission to launch after July 30". New Atlas. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  21. ^ Wall, Mike (26 July 2024). "SpaceX's historic Polaris Dawn astronaut mission delayed until mid-August". Space.com. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved 27 July 2024.
  22. ^ Tribou, Richard (8 August 2024). "With Starliner up in the air, SpaceX moves forward with billionaire's Polaris Dawn spaceflight". Orlando Sentinel. Archived from the original on 9 August 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
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  24. ^ Chow, Denise (22 August 2024). "SpaceX is set to launch an ambitious mission featuring the first civilian spacewalk". NBC News. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  25. ^ "Polaris Dawn mission set to launch early Friday morning after delays". Fox 35 Orlando. Orlando, Florida. 3 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
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  28. ^ @SpaceX (24 August 2024). "Falcon 9 and Dragon roll out to pad 39A for the @PolarisProgram 's Polaris Dawn mission to low-Earth orbit" (Tweet). Retrieved 25 August 2024 – via Twitter.
  29. ^ @SpaceX (25 August 2024). "Polaris Dawn and SpaceX completed a full rehearsal of launch day activities ahead of liftoff on Tuesday" (Tweet). Retrieved 25 August 2024 – via Twitter.
  30. ^ @SpaceX (25 August 2024). "Static fire test of Falcon 9 complete" (Tweet). Retrieved 25 August 2024 – via Twitter.
  31. ^ Dinner, Josh (19 July 2024). "Polaris Dawn crew shows off new SpaceX spacesuits for 1st private spacewalk". Space.com. Archived from the original on 22 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  32. ^ Howell, Elizabeth (14 February 2022). "Meet the four private Polaris Dawn astronauts SpaceX will launch into orbit this year". Space.com. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  33. ^ a b Dinner, Josh (6 May 2024). "SpaceX reveals new EVA suit for upcoming Polaris Dawn private spaceflight (video)". Space.com. Archived from the original on 9 May 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  34. ^ a b Foust, Jeff (4 May 2024). "SpaceX reveals EVA suit design as Polaris Dawn mission approaches". SpaceNews. Archived from the original on 31 August 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  35. ^ "Polaris Dawn". Polaris Program. Archived from the original on 28 July 2024. Retrieved 7 May 2024.
  36. ^ Lewis, Briley (2 July 2024). "SpaceX will attempt the first commercial spacewalk". Popular Science. Archived from the original on 3 July 2024. Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  37. ^ Wall, Mike (13 September 2024). "SpaceX's private Polaris Dawn astronauts beam photos to Earth using Starlink satellites". Space.com. Retrieved 19 September 2024.
  38. ^ "Starlink expanding, coming to Dragon capsule on Polaris Dawn, but NASA has concerns about the constellation". Space Explored. 17 February 2022. Archived from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  39. ^ a b c d e Berger, Eric (12 September 2024). "Two private astronauts took a spacewalk Thursday morning—yes, it was historic". Ars Technica. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  40. ^ McDowell, Jonathan [@planet4589] (11 September 2024). "For comparison, the best data I have for Gemini 11 suggests an apogee of 1374.0 km (standard height) with a geoid height maxium of 1377.9 km. However this is not an SGP4 dataset and perturbations are not taken into account - could be 2 km off. Clear that Polaris Dawn was higher" (Tweet). Retrieved 11 September 2024 – via Twitter.
  41. ^ "Scott Poteet Discusses Inspiration4 and Polaris Dawn Missions (Part 2)". 9 May 2022. Archived from the original on 7 December 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  42. ^ Chang, Kenneth (10 September 2024). "Polaris Dawn Astronauts Reach Record High Orbit Above Earth". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  43. ^ "NASA's oldest active astronaut launches on 'next flight' aboard Soyuz". CollectSpace. 11 September 2024.
  44. ^ McDowell, Jonathan [@planet4589] (12 September 2024). "The hatch open/close time was about 26m 40s. Isaacman was outside hatch for 7 min 56m; Gillis for about 7m15s" (Tweet). Retrieved 12 September 2024 – via Twitter.
  45. ^ "First Private Spacewalk in SpaceX Capsule Achieves New Milestone". The New York Times. 12 September 2024. Retrieved 12 September 2024.
  46. ^ "Jonathan's Space Report - Latest Issue". planet4589.org. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  47. ^ a b Davenport, Justin (14 September 2024). "Polaris Dawn returns home after landmark commercial spaceflight". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  48. ^ "SpaceX Polaris Dawn crew returns home after history-making mission". CNN. 15 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  49. ^ "SpaceX launches billionaire's private crew on milestone spacewalk mission".
  50. ^ "Polaris Dawn Selects 38 Science and Research Experiments to Advance Human Health and Space Exploration". Polaris Dawn (Press release). PR Newswire. 24 October 2022. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  51. ^ Chang, Kenneth (7 August 2024). "NASA Says Boeing Starliner Astronauts May Fly Home on SpaceX in 2025". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 31 August 2024. Retrieved 7 August 2024.
  52. ^ "Polaris Dawn". SpaceX. 22 August 2024. Archived from the original on 23 August 2024. Retrieved 22 August 2024.
  53. ^ a b @SpaceX (26 August 2024). "Teams are taking a closer look at a ground-side helium leak on the Quick Disconnect umbilical. Falcon and Dragon remain healthy and the crew continues to be ready for their multi-day mission to low-Earth orbit. Next launch opportunity is no earlier than Wednesday, August 28" (Tweet). Retrieved 26 August 2024 – via Twitter.
  54. ^ Isaacman, Jared [@rookisaacman] (27 August 2024). "Our launch criteria are heavily constrained by forecasted splashdown weather conditions. With no ISS rendezvous and limited life support consumables, we must be absolutely sure of reentry weather before launching. As of now, conditions are not favorable tonight or tomorrow, so we'll assess day by day. As Elon mentioned, Polaris Dawn is a challenging mission with critical objectives, so we'll wait for the best opportunity to ensure success. Sometimes, the hardest journeys require the most patience, and we're ready to wait for the right moment. We know many have traveled to see the launch, and we're grateful for your support. Alongside @SpaceX, we'll do our best to keep you updated" (Tweet). Retrieved 27 August 2024 – via Twitter.
  55. ^ a b Isaacman, Jared [@rookisaacman] (3 September 2024). "People jump on NOTAMs that are filed, but really, that is about preserving the option should the weather cooperate. Recommend following the @SpaceX and @PolarisProgram accounts for official updates. Of which, we are still waiting for that good wx window" (Tweet). Retrieved 4 September 2024 – via Twitter.
  56. ^ Baylor, Michael. "Upcoming Launches: SpaceX". Next Spaceflight. Retrieved 16 August 2024.
  57. ^ @SpaceX (8 September 2024). "Targeting no earlier than Tuesday, September 10 for Falcon 9's launch of the Polaris Dawn mission. Weather is currently 40% favorable for liftoff, and conditions at the possible splashdown sites for Dragon's return to Earth remain a watch item" (Tweet). Retrieved 8 September 2024 – via Twitter.
  58. ^ "Falcon 9 Polaris Dawn Forecast" (PDF). 45th Weather Squadron. 26 August 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2024. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
  59. ^ "Falcon 9 Polaris Dawn Forecast" (PDF). 45th Weather Squadron. 27 August 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2024. Retrieved 27 August 2024.
  60. ^ "Falcon 9 Polaris Dawn Forecast" (PDF). 45th Weather Squadron. 9 September 2024. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.
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