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2022 Fukushima earthquake

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For other similarly-named earthquakes, see Fukushima earthquake.

2022 Fukushima earthquake
福島県沖地震
2022 Fukushima earthquake is located in Japan
2022 Fukushima earthquake
UTC time2022-03-16 14:36:33
ISC event622130446
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date16 March 2022
Local time23:36 JST
Magnitude7.4 MJMA
7.3 Mw
Depth57.0 km (35 mi) (JMA)
41.0 km (25 mi) (USGS)
Epicenter37°43′48″N 141°35′42″E / 37.730°N 141.595°E / 37.730; 141.595
TypeReverse
Areas affectedTōhoku and Kanto region, Japan
Total damage¥1.3 trillion ($8.8 billion USD)[1]
Max. intensityJMA 6+–JMA 7

MMI VIII (Severe)
Peak acceleration1.25 g
1,223 gal[2]
Tsunami1 ft (0.30 m)[3]
ForeshocksMJMA  6.1
Mwb 6.0
AftershocksMultiple, largest is MJMA  5.6[4]
mb 5.5[5]
Casualties4 dead, 247 injured[6]

On March 16, 2022, at 23:36 JST, a strong earthquake struck off the coast of Fukushima, Japan.[7] The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.4 according to the Japanese Meteorological Agency (JMA), while the United States Geological Survey (USGS) gave an estimate of 7.3. Immediately after the event a 30‑cm tsunami was reported. The event is known in Japanese as Fukushima-ken Oki Jishin (福島県沖地震, lit. 'Fukushima prefecture offshore earthquake'). As a result of this natural disaster, four people died and 247 were injured.[6]

Tectonic setting

[edit]
The Japan Trench is the seafloor expression of the East Japan subduction zone.

The Pacific plate, made of oceanic lithosphere, subducts beneath the Okhotsk Plate along a convergent boundary located off the east coast of the northern half of Japan.[8] It runs from the Boso Triple Junction and ends near Hokkaido, where it joins the Kuril–Kamchatka Trench. At this location, the Pacific plate moves approximately westward relative to the North American plate at a velocity of 70  mm/yr, subducting beneath Japan at the Japan Trench. This subduction zone can produce megathrust earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 8.5, as evident in historical records. It was on the subduction interface where the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami nucleated. That event involved a rupture of 220 × 400  km on the subduction zone.[9]

The 2022 earthquake coincidentally occurred near the dates of the first anniversaries of the February 2021 Fukushima and March 2021 Miyagi earthquakes. An analysis of the February 2021 earthquake suggest reverse faulting within the downgoing Pacific plate beneath the subduction interface.[10] Japanese scientists said that the quake ruptured along a 45 km-long, north–south striking fault that dips towards the east.[11]

Earthquake

[edit]
Seismic regions around the East Japan Megathrust designated by the Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion.[12]

According to the JMA, the earthquake had a magnitude of MJMA  7.4 and struck at a depth of 57 km. The USGS stated that the quake had an Mw  of 7.3 at a depth of 41.0 km.[13] It was preceded by a Mwb  6.0 foreshock at a depth of 48.1 km.[14] The foreshock also measured 6.1 MJMA  by the JMA[15] and was recorded with a maximum intensity of Shindo 5-.[16]

This shallow-focus earthquake occurred as a result of reverse faulting at a depth of 57 or 63.1 km within the Pacific plate.[15] The focal mechanism by the USGS suggest it occurred on a plane striking north northeast–south southwest.[17] The USGS added that earthquakes of reverse mechanism with similar magnitudes are usually the result of rupture on a fault plane measuring 55 km × 30 km in size.[13] A finite fault model by the USGS indicate the main rupture patch was an oval-shaped area situated at a depth of 50–70 km (40 × 20 km2). It produced a maximum slip of 1.9 meters.[18]

A source process analysis of body waves indicate:[19]

  • The mainshock ruptured an area measuring 50 km (31 mi) along the strike direction and 40 km (25 mi) along the dip direction.
  • Most of the slip occurred near the hypocenter, initiation of the rupture. The maximum slip was 0.9 m (2 ft 11 in).
  • The rupture occurred over a period of 20 seconds.

Based on seismic inversion using strong motion data, the seismic moment was calculated to be 1.3×1020 Nm, corresponding to a moment magnitude of 7.4. The greatest slip occurred north of the hypocenter, measuring 6.2 m (20 ft).[19]

The earthquake may have been an aftershock of the disastrous 2011 earthquake. According to an official from the JMA, the quake had an epicenter very close to that of another earthquake in February 2021, and there may be a link between the two. Although the 2021 event was considered an aftershock, the large time span after 2011 has made determining it difficult. Determining whether the 2022 quake was an aftershock was also challenging as the earthquake had a different mechanism of faulting.[20] The earthquake differs from the 2011 event in that the 2022 quake may have occurred within the subducting Pacific plate while the 2011 event occurred on the boundary between the Pacific and Okhotsk plates.[21]

It is thought that earthquakes of magnitude 7.0–7.5 are expected to occur off the coast every 40 years, even after the 2011 earthquake aftershocks sequence have ended.[17] It was estimated prior to the occurrence of the earthquake, that there was a 60–70% chance that a magnitude 7.0–7.5 earthquake could occur within the Pacific plate as it subducts beneath the Tōhoku region. After the 2011 earthquake, the chances of earthquakes of a similar origin have increased.[22]

According to seismologists, the earthquake formed part of a sequence of three large events, including the April 2011 and February 2021 earthquakes. The epicenter of the 2022 earthquake occurred just 7 km to the southwest of the 2021 shock. While the 2021 shock ruptured in a southernly direction along a 45 km fault, the 2022 shock ruptured northwards along a fault twice as large. The two shocks have been categorized as a doublet earthquake due to their close location, timing of occurrence, and magnitude. A seismic gap exists between the northern extent of the 2022 shock and the southern extent of the 2011 shock. Coulomb stress transfer inferred from calculations showed that the gap off of the Central Miyagi coast has been increasingly stressed and is the likely source for a future rupture.[23]

Positioning stations around northern Honshu found small crustal deformation following the earthquake. Observation points located at Ishinomaki and on the Oshika Peninsula were displaced 3 cm to the north. In the areas of Sendai and northern Fukushima, the crust moved 1 cm east, closer to the epicenter. Meanwhile, in southern the crust moved 1 cm southwest.[24]

An earthquake light manifested in downtown Sendai, coinciding with a magnetic disturbance detected by a geomagnetic observatory in Kakioka, Ibaraki Prefecture. Researchers ruled out "the possibility of the flashes being caused by explosions in transformers or power supply facilities" by checking the maintenance reports of nearby power stations, none of which had malfunctioned within the field of view of two CCTV cameras that had recorded it.[25]

Intensity

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The Japan Meteorological Agency stated that a maximum intensity of 6+ on the JMA seismic intensity scale was recorded in Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures, while the USGS reported a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). It was felt as far as the cities of Nanao and Aomori.[13][26] The deep focal depth of the event, as well as its magnitude, resulted in strong shaking across the Tōhoku and Kantō regions.[17] The earthquake was felt as far north as Hokkaido to the south in Kyushu with intensities of at least Shindo 1.[27]

According to the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, a seismic intensity of close to Shindo 7 was recorded at Soma and Kunimi, Fukushima.[28] Shindo 7 may have been recorded in Kunimi and Koori, both in Fukushima Prefecture.[29] A peak ground acceleration of 1,233 gal was recorded at Kawasaki, Miyagi.[2]

Japan Meteorological Agency seismic intensity Shindo 5− and higher[26][29]
Intensity Prefecture Location
6+ Miyagi Tome, Zaō
Fukushima Sōma, Kunimi, Minamisōma
6- Miyagi Kurihara, Ōsaki, Wakuya, Natori, Iwanuma, Kakuda, Ishinomaki, Higashimatsushima, Kawasaki, Watari, Ogawara
Fukushima Nihonmatsu, Tamura, Fukushima, Ten-ei, Naraha, Tomioka, Ōkuma, Futaba, Namie, Shinchi, Date, Koori, Iitate
5+ Miyagi Shikama, Kami District, Misato, Shiroishi, Murata, Shibata, Marumori, Aoba-ku, Miyagino-ku, Wakabayashi-ku, Taihaku-ku, Shiogama, Tagajo, Tomiya, Matsushima, Shichigahama, Rifu, Taiwa, Osato, Ohira, Onagawa
Fukushima Kōriyama, Shirakawa, Sukagawa, Motomiya, Kawamata, Ōtama, Kagamiishi, Izumizaki, Nakajima, Yabuki, Tanagura, Tamakawa, Asakawa, Furudono, Kawauchi, Katsurao, Iwaki, Hirono
Iwate Ichinoseki, Yahaba, Ōshū
Yamagata Nakayama
5- Miyagi Kesennuma, Minamisanriku, Shichikashuku
Fukushima Yamatsuri, Ishikawa, Hirata, Miharu, Ono
Iwate Morioka, Hanamaki, Kitakami, Tōno, Kanegasaki, Hiraizumi, Fudai, Noda, Ōfunato, Kamaishi, Sumita
Akita Yokote, Daisen
Yamagata Kaminoyama, Tendō, Yamanobe, Kahoku, Sakata, Mogami, Yonezawa, Takahata, Kawanishi, Shirataka
Ibaraki Mito, Hitachi, Hitachiōta, Kitaibaraki, Kasama, Hitachinaka, Hitachiōmiya, Naka, Omitama, Ibaraki (town), Shirosato, Tōkai, Daigo, Tsuchiura, Chikusei
Tochigi Nasu, Ichikai, Takanezawa, Nakagawa
Niigata Minamiuonuma

Long period ground motion

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Class IV was assigned to northern Miyagi on the JMA long period ground motion scale. Long period ground motions are felt on upper floors of tall buildings where the period of seismic waves resonate with a building's natural resonance. The effect is large short frequency movements on the top floors of buildings. Class IV intensity ground motion would make standing impossible.[30] Ground motion of this type would cause unsecured furniture to fall over and crack partition walls.[31]

JMA long period ground motion scale[32]
Class Prefecture Location
IV Miyagi northern region
III Miyagi central and southern regions
Fukushima Hamadōri, Nakadōri, Aizu
Yamagata Murayama Region
II Aomori Northern Tsugaru Region
Iwate northern coast, southern coast, northern inland regions
Akita northern inland region
Yamagata Shōnai Region, Mogami Region, Okitama Region
Ibaraki northern and southern region
Tochigi southern region
Chiba northeastern and northwestern region
Tokyo 23 wards of Tokyo
Kanagawa Eastern Kanagawa
Niigata Chūetsu, Kaetsu
Yamanashi Fuji Five Lakes, eastern region
Nagano central region
Shizuoka eastern region
I Hokkaido Central Tokachi, eastern Oshima, southern Ishikari, eastern Shiribeshi, central Sorachi, central and eastern Iburi, central Nemuro
Aomori southern Tsugaru, Sanpachi Kamikita, Shimokita
Iwate southern coast
Akita northern coast
Tochigi northern region
Gunma northern region
Saitama northern and southern region, Chichibu
Chiba southern region
Tokyo eastern Tama
Kanagawa eastern and western region
Niigata Joetsu
Nagano northern region
Shizuoka central and western region
Aichi western region

Tsunami

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Tsunami observations[33]
Location Arrival time (local) Recorded height (m)
Iwaki, Fukushima March 17, 00:36 "small"
Ayukawa, Ishinomaki, Miyagi March 17, 01:41 0.1
Sendai Port, Miyagi March 17, 01:46 0.2
Ishinomaki Port, Miyagi March 17, 02:14 0.3
Soma, Fukushima March 17, 03:15 0.2

A tsunami measuring 20 cm was recorded by the JMA at Ishinomaki Port, Miyagi at 00:29 local time.[34] It was followed by another wave measuring 30 cm at 02:14. At Sendai Port, the tsunami measured 20 cm and arrived at 03:15.[35] In Ōfunato, a tsunami of 0.4 ft was detected.[3] The earthquake did not generate a large tsunami due to its deep depth, which caused little uplift of the seafloor and only generated small displacements of seawater.[36]

Impact

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Across the affected region, 217 buildings were completely destroyed, 4,556 others were severely damaged and 52,162 others suffered minor damage, with the vast majority of them in Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures, with damage also occurring in five other prefectures.[6]

In Kunimi, a building collapsed, causing its roof to slide off and scatter roof tiles onto an adjacent empty lot. A vehicle was trapped underneath the fallen roof.[37] A shrine in Minamisōma sustained significant damage and partially collapsed. Shelves in offices toppled over. The exterior walls of some homes partially collapsed. Broken windows were also reported. In Yabuki, the exterior walls and doors of a hotel were damaged.[38]

A horse racing facility in Fukushima City suffered water leakage and damage to the walls. The Japan Racing Association stated that horse racing events in Fukushima City had to be cancelled as inspections were ongoing. The facility also suffered damage during the earthquake on February 13, 2021.[39] The Inari Shrine in the city was also affected; three stone lanterns restored following last year's earthquake were destroyed. Shattered glass and broken bricks were reported in the city center. Minor damage including cracked tiles and floods occurred at Fukushima Station.[40]

The exterior wall of a building was partially damaged in Aoba-ku, Sendai.

Part of a stone wall of the Aoba Castle in Sendai's Aoba Ward collapsed.[41] The large statue of Date Masamune at the same site was also damaged, with the statue being tilted to one side as a result.[42] The White Cube, a concert hall and sports center in Shiroishi suffered a partial collapse of its ceiling. Shattered glass and ceiling debris was scattered across the seats in the hall. The water supply system in the hall was also damaged.[43]

In Ichikawa, Chiba, a house caught fire immediately after power was restored. It took approximately four hours for the 14 fire trucks involved to extinguish the flames.[44]

In an agricultural area in Yamagata City, Yamagata, a large drainage pipe was damaged and flooded, causing a section of road above it to collapse. A large sinkhole formed in place of the road, flooded with water. Nearby commercial and agricultural facilities had slight damage. At least 47 homes temporarily lost access to water. In Higashine, a shrine collapsed.[45]

The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism reported that there were 25 cases of people trapped in elevators in the Greater Tokyo Area.[46] There were three reports of people trapped in elevators across Fukushima.[47] Another nine instances of people trapped in elevators was reported in Chiba, Kanagawa, Ibaraki and Saitama prefectures.[46]

Schools

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At least 344 schools across eleven prefectures sustained minor damage to walls and ceilings. In the prefectures of Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate, and Yamagata, 476 schools had closed. Meanwhile, in six prefectures, lesson hours in 15 schools were reduced.[48] Many schools in Fukushima had cracked walls and broken windows. Only a few schools had ruptured water pipes, water interruptions or collapsed ceilings.[49]

Commercial business and industrial sector

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A number of factories suspended operations following the event. A Sapporo Breweries factory in Natori suspended beer production after damage to machines was reported. The warehouse in the factory complex also suffered a collapse, without any casualties. The company stated that shipments would experience delays due to the damage. The Kirin Company factory in Sendai would also suspend beverage production to allow inspections of equipment. In Motomiya, the Asahi Breweries also stopped production at its factory.[50]

Four factories of Murata Manufacturing located in Fukushima and Miyagi were going through repair works on March 17. At the Tome factory, a fire caused some damage. Instances of water bursting from pipes caused significant damage at the company's Sendai, Honmiya and Koriyama factories. Three factories of Sony; two in Miyagi and one in Yamagata were closed for inspections. Only minor damage was found and operations were expected to resume soon. Productions at other factories belonging to companies including Toyota, Nissan, Kioxia, and Renesas Electronics were also impacted.[51] One of two fires reported in Saitama occurred at Iwatsuki Ward involving a scrap facility. The fire was thought to have been caused by a battery igniting.[52] The Onagawa fish market experienced a small switchboard fire in a room, injuring one person. It is believed the switchboard may have came into contact with water leaking from ceiling pipes and started the fire.[38]

Extensive material damage was done to store items and storage warehouses in Miyagi, Fukushima and Niigata. Delivery bases were temporarily evacuated due to the tsunami warnings and some goods were damaged. The closure of major highways delayed the delivery of items. An audio store in Sendai was flooded by the sprinklers activating. Other stores suffered caved-in ceilings and products falling off shelves. Due to safety concerns, stores conducted business at their entrances instead of allowing customers to enter.[53]

Power outages

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Major power outages occurred across the Tōhoku and Kantō regions. An estimated 2.2 million households from 13 prefectures and one metropolitan area were left without power.[54] TEPCO reported 300,000 power outages as a result. An estimated 120,000 instances of power outages occurred in Tokyo, 60,000 in Kanagawa, and 50,000 in Chiba prefectures. Meanwhile, Tohoku Electric Power Co., Inc. (TEP) stated that approximately 153,200 power outages occurred, with 90,000 in Fukushima and 50,000 in Miyagi prefectures.[55]

TEPCO was able to restore power to most households before sunrise on March 17, but at least 33,600 in Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures were still without power.[56] TEP stated that, at 10:55, an estimated 3,100 households in Miyagi and Fukushima were still without power. At least 2,100 of the affected units were in Sōma, while 1,200 households were in Tome. Several power plants working with TEP, including the Haramachi Thermal Power Station and Shin-Sendai Thermal Power Station have ceased operations and are expected to resume operations once safety inspections are complete.[57]

Electrical outages led to the disruption of mobile phone services across Miyagi and Fukushima.[58]

Power outages affected 29 cities in Saitama, including Chichibu and Kumagaya. TEPCO stated that the outages were caused by an activation of a safety mechanism at the Hirono Thermal Power Station during the earthquake, which caused it to cease operations. This also affected other power plants and caused a regional blackout.[52]

Transportation

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A Yamabiko service on the Tōhoku Shinkansen derailed between Fukushima Station and Shiroishi-Zaō Station. Ninety-six passengers were on board at the time of the incident, and all passengers and crewmen were uninjured.[59] An overhead power line pillar on the Tōhoku line near the accident site was tilted and extensive damage was reported on the tracks where the train derailed. Across the Tōhoku line, at least 17 utility poles were severely deformed, with minor damage occurring on other sections of the line.[60][61]

Tetsuo Saito inspecting the Tohoku Shinkansen damaged by the earthquake

JR East stated on the morning of March 17 that train services between Nasushiobara Station and Morioka Station on the Tōhoku and Hokkaido Shinkansen would be suspended until March 21 due to the derailment.[60] Shinkansen operations in Yamagata and Akita were suspended, while trains stopped operating on sections of the Jōban, Tōhoku Main and Ōu Main lines.[62] Due to power outages, the Hokuriku and Jōetsu Shinkansens were also temporarily suspended. Services resumed at 01:30 on March 17.[63]

In response to the suspension of railway services, All Nippon Airways and Japan Airlines flew special routes from Sendai and Fukushima airports to Haneda Airport temporarily.[64]

A 100-meter-long crack and zone of uplift was observed on the Tōhoku Expressway between the Shiroishi interchange and Kunimi toll stop. The crack was reportedly 30–50 cm across and up to 50 cm high in the uplifted areas.[65] Two cars suffered punctured tires when they were driven over the cracks and wedged between.[66] In Miyagino-ku, Sendai, a large fire broke out in a condominium.[67] There were four instances of people trapped inside elevators across the prefecture.[47]

The Tadamigawa Bridge over the Abukuma River in Date was uplifted by several tens of centimeters, making it impassable.[48] At Koori, a bridge that was supposed to open to traffic on March 19 was damaged. Officials from Fukushima Prefecture stated that repair works could take up to three years.[68]

Casualties

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A man in his 60s from Sōma, Fukushima, died after jumping out of a window to escape.[69] A second fatality was reported in Tome, Miyagi, a man in his 70s who died from a heart attack.[70] A third fatality was reported in Shichigahama, Miyagi; a man in his 70s who collapsed and was taken to the hospital but died.[71][72] At Yamagata University, a student was injured when evacuating the building.[48] Six senior residents in Saitama Prefecture sustained minor injuries.[52][73]

Prime Minister Fumio Kishida stated on the morning of March 17 that four people were killed.[74] Investigations by the National Police Agency concluded that the earthquake only resulted in one confirmed death; the victim from Tome. A fourth fatality in Shiogama, Miyagi, was not caused directly by the earthquake. Two other known deaths were still under investigation as of March 17.[48] A disaster report published in November by the Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA) concluded that the earthquake caused four deaths, after another death in Tokyo was thought to be related to the earthquake.[6]

The FDMA report stated 247 people were injured. At least 108 residents were injured in Miyagi Prefecture and 101 were injured in Fukushima Prefecture[75]—some received injuries that required treatment.[38][72][56] Four people in Kurihara, Miyagi had minor injuries due to falling objects.[70] Six people in Saitama, five each in Kanagawa, Iwate and Yamagata, eight and Ibaraki, three in Chiba, two each in Yamanashi and Tochigi, and one each in Akita and Niigata, were injured.[6]

Response

[edit]

Earthquake and tsunami advisory

[edit]

The Earthquake Early Warning system issued a warning at 23:36:55.6 local time; 9.6 seconds after the initial detection of seismic waves from the mainshock. The earthquake was first detected 1.6 seconds after it had occurred, and was given a seismic intensity of Shindo 3. The early warning came 9.6 seconds later when instruments recorded an intensity of Shindo 5-. Another warning was issued for a seismic intensity of Shindo 6+.[32]

A tsunami advisory was issued along the coasts of Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures following the earthquake, causing evacuations. The tsunami advisory was cancelled at 05:00 local time after only small waves were observed. Officials stated that changes in tide levels at the coasts of Fukushima, Miyagi, and Iwate prefectures can be expected without damage.[35]

Domestic

[edit]

Chief Cabinet Secretary Hirokazu Matsuno said in a press conference on March 17 that a Disaster Relief Act would be in effect in every municipality of Fukushima and Miyagi.[76] The Japan Self-Defense Forces was deployed to Fukushima and Miyagi prefectures at the request of their respective governors to restore essential lifelines.[77]

Workers at Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) examined the 2011 disaster-crippled Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant for damage.[78] Officials later reported no new anomalies at the power plant.[79] Reports soon came in that a fire alarm system sounded at the turbine hall of Unit 5 of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant, but no fire had occurred. At 01:00, workers inspected the spent containment structures of Units 1, 2 and 3, as well as the cooling facilities for the spent fuel pools where nuclear fuels are stored. The water level of Unit 2's spent fuel pool fell for a while and returned to normal.[80] At the Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant, the pumps in the spent fuel pools of Units 1 and 3 had stopped working.[80]

The government of Fukushima Prefecture requested the assistance of the central government for water supply .[76]

An evacuation order was issued to 1,961 households located along the coast in Watari, affecting at least 6,820 residents.[81] The city of Ishinomaki opened seven evacuation shelters for affected residents to seek refuge. The cracked section of the Tōhoku Expressway was repaired and reopened to traffic at 15:30, according to police in Miyagi.[82]

Residents have been urged to stay alert about the threat of landslides and avalanches as heavy rain and snowfall are expected to hit the Tōhoku region until March 19. Weathernews stated that due to the earthquake, steep slopes may have been destabilized, and areas with heavy snowfall are at risk of experiencing avalanches. Homes that have been damaged by shaking may be further damaged by weather elements during this period as well.[83]

International

[edit]

Immediately after the earthquake, the U.S. Geological Survey issued a Yellow PAGER (Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response) which estimated the economic loss caused. There was a 37% chance that damage from the earthquake would result in losses of US$10–100 million; the likelihood for damages to fall within US$100 million to 1 billion was 30%. It was soon revised to Orange, for a 35% chance of damage in the cost range of US$100 million to 1 billion. There was a 34% chance that the financial loss would cost US$10–100 billion. A Green PAGER was also issued for expected fatalities; the agency estimated that there was a 65% chance that no fatalities would occur. There was a 30% chance that 1–10 deaths could occur in the quake.[13]

A tsunami threat was issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, but the agency clarified that the event posted no danger to the West Coast of the United States, Alaska and British Columbia.[84]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ NOAA. "Significant Earthquake Information". National Geophysical Data Center. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  2. ^ a b "2022年3月16日福島県沖の地震の評価（令和4年3月17日）" (PDF) (in Japanese). Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
  3. ^ a b National Tsunami Warning Center (18 March 2022). "Yesterday's large earthquake, M7.3, off the coast of Japan caused damage, injuries, and death – but not from a tsunami. NTWC was monitoring the event using real time data from both the deep-ocean DART network and coastal tide gauges in Japan, where the maximum reported wave height reached 1 foot. A small tsunami wave was detected offshore Japan by DARTs 21418 and 21419. The real-time ocean observations were used in the NTWC tsunami forecast model to confirm that there was no tsunami danger. The model also accurately forecasted the coastal observations from this event. (Image) Tsunami observed with a 0.4 foot wave height at Ofunato, Japan tide gauge. NTWC tsunami forecast results. All green, means all good!". Archived from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2022 – via Facebook.
  4. ^ "Earthquake information : Detail information Issued on 2022/03/16 15:56". Japan Meteorological Agency. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  5. ^ "M 5.5 – 77 km SE of Ishinomaki, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e "Fukushimaken'oki o shingen to suru jishin ni yoru higai oyobi shōbō kikan-tō no taiō jōkyō (dai 23-pō) (kore wa sokuhōdeari, sūchi-tō wa kongo mo kawaru koto ga aru)" 福島県沖を震源とする地震による被害及び消防機関等の対応状況 [Damage caused by the earthquake with its epicenter off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture and Response status of fire departments, etc. (23rd report)] (PDF) (in Japanese). FDMA. 18 November 2022. Retrieved 26 January 2024.
  7. ^ "Earthquake information : Detail information Issued on 2022/03/16 15:11". Japan Meteorological Agency. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  8. ^ James D. Kirkpatrick Christie D. Rowe Kohtaro Ujiie J. Casey Moore Christine Regalla Francesca Remitti Virginia Toy Monica Wolfson-Schwehr Jun Kameda Santanu Bose Frederick M. Chester (2014). "Structure and lithology of the Japan Trench subduction plate boundary fault". Tectonics. 34 (1): 53–69. doi:10.1002/2014TC003695. hdl:11380/1062152.
  9. ^ Lay, Thorne (2018). "A review of the rupture characteristics of the 2011 Tohoku-oki Mw 9.1 earthquake". Tectonophysics. 733: 4–36. Bibcode:2018Tectp.733....4L. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2017.09.022.
  10. ^ "福島県沖 震度6強の地震で気象庁会見 東日本大震災の余震" [Aftershock of the Great East Japan Earthquake at the Japan Meteorological Agency's interview with an earthquake with a seismic intensity of 6 or higher off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture]. ウェザーニュース (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  11. ^ General Incorporated Association Kyodo News (14 February 2021). "震源は南北40キロの断層" [The epicenter is a 40 km north-south fault]. Kyodo (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 17 February 2021. Retrieved 17 February 2021.
  12. ^ "Evaluation of Major Subduction-zone Earthquake". Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion. 2008. Archived from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  13. ^ a b c d "M 7.3 – 59 km ENE of Namie, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  14. ^ "M 6.0 – 62 km ENE of Namie, Japan". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  15. ^ a b "令和４年３月 16 日 23 時 36 分頃の福島県沖の地震の 震源要素更新について" [About the renewal of the epicenter element of the earthquake off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture around 23:36 on March 16, 4th year of Reiwa.] (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. 17 March 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  16. ^ "宮城県と福島県で震度5弱" [Seismic intensity 5 lower in Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures]. NHK (in Japanese). 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  17. ^ a b c "「太平洋プレート逆断層型」「東日本大震災の余震ではない」 古村孝志・東大地震研教授" ["Pacific plate reverse fault type" "Not an aftershock of the Great East Japan Earthquake" Takashi Furumura, Professor, Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  18. ^ "Finite Fault". United States Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  19. ^ a b Earthquake Research Committee (17 March 2022). "2022年3月16日福島県沖の地震の評価" [March 16, 2022 Evaluation of the earthquake off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture] (PDF) (in Japanese). Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
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  25. ^ Xie, Busheng; Wu, Lixin; Mao, Wenfei; Wang, Ziqing; Sun, Licheng; Xu, Youyou (21 October 2023). "Horizontal Magnetic Anomaly Accompanying the Co-Seismic Earthquake Light of the M7.3 Fukushima Earthquake of 16 March 2022: Phenomenon and Mechanism". Remote Sensing. 15 (20): 5052. Bibcode:2023RemS...15.5052X. doi:10.3390/rs15205052. ISSN 2072-4292.
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  28. ^ "相馬市と国見町のデータ解析「震度7に近い激しい揺れ」". Nippon News Network (in Japanese). 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 20 March 2022.
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  31. ^ JMA. "長周期地震動階級および長周期地震動階級関連解説表について" [About the long-period ground motion class and the long-period ground motion class related commentary table.]. Japan Meteorological Agency. Archived from the original on 13 February 2021. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
  32. ^ a b "令和４年３月16日23時36分頃の福島県沖の地震について" [About the earthquake off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture around 23:36 on March 16, 4th year of Reiwa] (in Japanese). Japan Meteorological Agency. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
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  35. ^ a b "震度6強 宮城・福島の「津波注意報」解除" [Seismic intensity 6 strong Miyagi / Fukushima "Tsunami warning" canceled]. NHK (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  36. ^ "東日本大震災と別タイプ 太平洋プレート内の逆断層型" [Different type from the Great East Japan Earthquake Reverse fault type in the Pacific plate]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  37. ^ "【動画】福島 国見町 建物の屋根の部分が倒れ 瓦が散乱" [[Video] Fukushima Kunimi Town The roof of the building collapsed and the tiles were scattered.]. NHK (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  38. ^ a b c "地震【随時更新】宮城・福島で震度6強 被害状況は" [Earthquake [Updated from time to time] Seismic intensity 6 strong in Miyagi and Fukushima]. NHK (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  39. ^ "福島競馬、４月９〜１０日は中止 地震で施設点検" [Fukushima Horse Racing Canceled April 9–10 Facility inspection due to earthquake]. Kahoku News (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  40. ^ "宮城、福島で震度６強、「東日本大震災よぎる」 ビルの壁はがれ、観光地も被害" [Seismic intensity 6 upper in Miyagi and Fukushima, "Great East Japan Earthquake" Building wall peeled off, tourist spots damaged]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  41. ^ "【速報】仙台城の石垣崩落 地震の影響か" [[Breaking news] Is it the effect of the stone wall collapse earthquake in Sendai Castle?]. Kahoku News (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  42. ^ "【地震 仙台城跡「伊達政宗騎馬像」傾く 馬の足が破断する被害" [Earthquake Sendai Castle Ruins "Date Masamune Horse-riding Statue" Damage to a tilted horse's leg breaking]. NHK News (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  43. ^ "地震 コンサートホールの天井 一部崩れるなど被害 宮城 白石" [Damage such as partial collapse of the ceiling of the earthquake concert hall Miyagi Shiroishi]. NHK (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  44. ^ "地震 停電復旧直後に住宅全焼 "通電火災"可能性も 千葉 市川" [Immediately after the earthquake and power outage are restored, the house may be completely burned down.]. NHK. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  45. ^ "福島県沖の地震 県内でも建物倒壊や道路陥没など被害多数 山形" [Earthquake off the coast of Fukushima Prefecture, many damages such as collapsed buildings and collapsed roads in Yamagata]. FNN Prime Online (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  46. ^ a b "地震でエレベーター閉じ込め 1都6県で41件" [Elevator confinement due to earthquake 41 cases in 1 metropolitan area and 6 prefectures]. Nagoya TV (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  47. ^ a b "地震によるエレベーター閉じ込め1都6県で30件" [Elevator confinement due to earthquake 30 cases in 1 metropolitan area and 6 prefectures]. khb-tv.co.jp (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  48. ^ a b c d "【速報中】警察庁、死者数を修正 宮城・塩釜の1人は地震と関連なし" [[Breaking news] Police Agency corrects the number of deaths One of Miyagi and Shiogama is not related to the earthquake]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  49. ^ "地震で壁や窓ガラスに被害 福島県内の県立学校など" [Damage to walls and windowpanes due to the earthquake: Prefectural schools in Fukushima Prefecture, etc.]. Fukushima Minposha News (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  50. ^ "設備破損、ビール製造を一時停止 サッポロ" [Equipment damage, beer production suspended Sapporo]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  51. ^ "企業活動に地震の影響、トヨタ東北3工場停止 荷物集配に遅れも" [Impact of earthquake on corporate activities, Toyota Tohoku 3 factories suspended, delay in baggage collection and delivery] (in Japanese). Reuters. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  52. ^ a b c "埼玉県内最大震度4 29万8000軒が一時停電 6人負傷 住宅被害確認されず" [Maximum seismic intensity of 4298,000 houses in Saitama prefecture temporarily outage 6 people injured No damage to houses confirmed]. Tokyo Shimbun (in Japanese). 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  53. ^ "新潟県内企業現地店舗が大きな被害" [Major damage to local stores of companies in Niigata Prefecture]. Niigata Nippo (in Japanese). 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  54. ^ "宮城、福島で震度６強 けが人、搬送相次ぐ" [Injured people with seismic intensity 6 or higher in Miyagi and Fukushima, one after another]. Kyodo News (in Japanese). Okinawa Times. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  55. ^ "東京電力の管内で約86万軒の停電発生 東京港区の新橋駅から報告" [Approximately 860,000 power outages occurred within the jurisdiction of TEPCO Reported from Shimbashi Station in Minato-ku, Tokyo]. khb-tv.co.jp (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
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  57. ^ "地震【停電】福島県と宮城県で計約3500戸（午前10時55分現在）" [Earthquake [Power outage] A total of about 3,500 households in Fukushima and Miyagi prefectures (as of 10:55 am)]. NHK (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  58. ^ "携帯電話、宮城・福島の一部で通信障害 停電や設備被害が原因" [Communication failure in mobile phones, parts of Miyagi and Fukushima Caused by power outages and equipment damage]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  59. ^ "東北新幹線下り「やまびこ223号」脱線確認 乗客96人けがなし" [Southbound Tohoku Shinkansen "Yamabiko 223" confirmed derailed; 96 passengers uninjured]. NHK (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  60. ^ a b "東北新幹線運休は２１日まで継続 ３月中の全面再開は困難か" [Tohoku Shinkansen suspension will continue until 21st Is it difficult to fully resume in March?]. Kahoku News (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  61. ^ "宮城、福島で震度６強＝死者４人、東北新幹線脱線―両県に津波、最大３０センチ" [Seismic intensity 6+ in Miyagi and Fukushima = 4 dead, Tohoku-Hokkaido derailment-tsunami in both prefectures, up to 30 cm]. Jiji Press (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  62. ^ Yokoyama, Erika (17 March 2022). "ＪＲ東日本：東北新幹線運転見合わせ、再開のめど立たず－地震で脱線" [JR East: Tohoku-Hokkaido Shinkansen operation suspended, no prospect of resumption-derailment due to earthquake] (in Japanese). Bloomberg News Japan. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  63. ^ "北陸新幹線と上越新幹線が運転再開 運行に遅延も JR東日本" [Hokuriku Shinkansen and Joetsu Shinkansen resume operation JR East]. khb-tv.co.jp (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  64. ^ "地震 東北新幹線脱線 航空各社が羽田と東北を結ぶ臨時便を運航" [Earthquake Tohoku-Hokkaido Derailment Airline companies operate special flights connecting Haneda and Tohoku]. NHK (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  65. ^ "東北道 下り線 白石IC～国見SA間で約100ｍにわたりひび割れ" [Cracks over about 100m between Shiroishi IC and Kunimi SA on the Tohoku Expressway]. NHK (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  66. ^ "東北道でひび割れ、けが人確認されず" [Cracks on the Tohoku Expressway, no injuries confirmed]. Goo News (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  67. ^ "宮城・福島で震度6強 仙台市のマンションで火災" [Seismic intensity 6 strong in Miyagi / Fukushima Fire in a condominium in Sendai]. FNN Prime Online (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  68. ^ "地震で橋損傷、通行止め相次ぐ 福島県の県北地方". Fukushima Minposha News (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  69. ^ "【地震速報】地震１人死亡" [Earthquake bulletin: One earthquake died]. minpo.jp. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  70. ^ a b "【速報中】東北南部で震度6強、2人死亡 津波注意報は解除" [[Breaking news] Seismic intensity 6 upper, 2 dead in southern Tohoku Tsunami warning canceled]. The Asahi Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  71. ^ "地震 宮城 福島で震度6強 3人死亡 174人けが（午前11時）" [Earthquake Miyagi Fukushima with a seismic intensity of over 6 killed 3 people 174 injured (11:00 am)]. NHK (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  72. ^ a b "地震 宮城 福島で震度6強 3人死亡 225人けが（19:00）" [Earthquake Miyagi Fukushima with a seismic intensity of 6 Upper/Strong killed 3 people 225 injured (19:00)]. NHK. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  73. ^ "宮城県と福島県で合わせて3人が死亡 震度6強を観測した地震" [Three people died in Miyagi Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture. An earthquake observed with a seismic intensity of 6 or higher]. news.yahoo.co.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  74. ^ "地震による原発の異常なし、４人死亡・９７人負傷…参院予算委で首相" [No abnormalities in the nuclear power plant due to the earthquake, 4 people died, 97 people injured ... Prime Minister at the House of Councilors Budget Committee] (in Japanese). Yahoo News Japan. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  75. ^ "福島県沖を震源とする地震による被害及び消防機関等の対応状況（第22報）" (PDF). 消防庁災害対策本部. 24 June 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022.
  76. ^ a b "東北地震 宮城、福島に災害救助法適用" [Tohoku Earthquake Miyagi and Fukushima apply Disaster Relief Act]. Sankei Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  77. ^ "政府、被害把握と復旧急ぐ 福島沖地震、自衛隊を派遣" [Government dispatches Fukushima-oki earthquake, Self-Defense Forces to grasp damage and recover]. Jiji Press (in Japanese). Yahoo Japan. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 17 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  78. ^ "東京電力 福島第一原発と第二原発 新たな異常ないか確認中" [TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi and Daini Nuclear Power Plants Checking for new abnormalities]. NHK (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  79. ^ "福島第一・福島第二・女川原発など、異常確認されず" [No abnormalities were confirmed such as Fukushima Daiichi, Fukushima Daini, Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant, etc.]. Yomiuri Shimbun (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  80. ^ a b "福島第一原発 5号機タービン建屋で火災報知器作動 状況確認中" [Fire alarm operation status is being confirmed at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Unit 5 turbine building]. NHK (in Japanese). 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
  81. ^ "宮城県亘理町 1961世帯に避難指示" [Evacuation order to 1961 households in Watari Town, Miyagi Prefecture]. NHK. 17 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
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  83. ^ "今日は大きな地震のあった東北で雨や雪 土砂災害や雪崩に注意" [Beware of rain, snow and landslides and avalanches in Tohoku, where there was a big earthquake today.]. Weathernews (in Japanese). 18 March 2022. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  84. ^ "Tsunami Information Statement Number 1". U.S. Tsunami Warning System. 16 March 2022. Archived from the original on 16 March 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2022.
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