1931 Chicago mayoral election
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The 1931 Chicago mayoral election was held to elect the Mayor of Chicago. Former Cook County Board of Commissioners President Anton Cermak defeated incumbent mayor William Hale Thompson (who remains to date the last Republican mayor of Chicago) by a 17-point margin of victory.[1][2]
Primary elections were held by both major parties to select their nominees. Mayor Thompson won renomination in the Republican Party primary over challenges from Municipal Court of Chicago Judge John Homer Lyle and 43rd Ward Chicago Alderman Arthur F. Albert. In the Democratic Party primary, Cermak only faced a weak opponent in perennial candidate John B. DeVoney.
Nominations
[edit]Primaries were held on Feb 24, 1931.[3]
Democratic primary
[edit]Anton Cermak won the Democratic nomination. Cermak was the incumbent President of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, having served in that position since 1923.
Cermak defeated perennial candidate John B. DeVoney, a weak opponent. Returns reported in the Chicago Tribune on the day after the election found Cermak winning 235,260 votes to DeVoney's 9,829 votes.[4]
Republican primary
[edit]Incumbent mayor William Hale Thompson warded off challenges from Municipal Court of Chicago Judge John Homer Lyle and 43rd Ward Chicago Alderman Arthur F. Albert.
John Homer Lyle was characterized by Time magazine as a "publicity-crazed Municipal Judge."[5] Previously an obscure figure, his political stock had risen massively in September 1930 when he had some of Chicago's most prominent gangsters arrested under an obscure vagrancy law and attempted to keep them imprisoned by setting an extremely high bail, a tactic which failed to work.[5] The majority of his campaign was based on attacking Thompson for his presumed closeness with organised crime, especially Al Capone.[5] Lyle also claimed that Chicago's economic success under Thompson's mayoralty had not been due to the mayor, stating in a speech that "an Eskimo from the North Pole might as well have been mayor" when referring to Thompson taking credit for the construction of skyscrapers.[5]
Ugly name-calling took place between Thompson and Lyle.[5] Thompson derided Lyle as a "nutty judge".[5] Lyle called Thompson "William Halitosis Thompson" and characterized him as having the "flabby jowls of a barnyard hog, two jackass ears, a cowboy hat and an empty space between."[5] Other insults slung around between the two included dirty rat, hoodlum, lazy bloodsucking jobber, blustering loudmouth, irresponsible mountebank, blubbering jungle hippopotamus, shambling imbecile, skunk, and a "chambermaid in a ranch bunkhouse".[5]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | William Hale Thompson (incumbent) | 296,204 | 46.65 | |
| Republican | John Homer Lyle | 227,986 | 35.90 | |
| Republican | Arthur F. Albert | 99,137 | 15.61 | |
| Republican | George K. Schmidt | 10,782 | 1.70 | |
| Republican | Eugene McCaffrey | 907 | 0.14 | |
| Total votes | 635,016 | 100.00 | ||
Independents
[edit]Write-in candidates
[edit]- John M. Collins[7]
- Otto H. Wangerin[7]
- Herman N. Bundeson[7]
- Charles Cutteng[7]
- Dallas Killiam[7]
- R.J. Williamson[7]
- Carter Harrison[7]
- Louis J. Orr[7]
- Winfield O. Williams[7]
- Judge Lagle[7]
General election
[edit]Campaign
[edit]With the Century of Progress approaching, Chicago would be electing a mayor that (barring extraordinary circumstances) was going to represent the city in front of an international audience.
The campaign became uncivil at a relatively early stage.[8] During the campaign Thompson made many appeals to nativism. One such example was his appeal to antisemitism by villainization of Jewish businessman Julius Rosenwald. In one speech delivered in March he said of Rosenwald, "Well, we got a great philanthropist in this town, and he's a Jew, and he's trying to edge his way out of hell by giving part of the money he steals."[9][10]
Since Cermak was an immigrant from Bohemia, Thompson lodged ethnic attacks
- I won't take a back seat to that Bohunk, Chairmock, Chermack or whatever his name is.
- Tony, Tony, where's your pushcart at?
- Can you picture a World's Fair mayor with a name like that?[11][12]
Cermak was able to respond effectively to these attacks, "He doesn't like my name...It's true I didn't come over on the Mayflower, but I came over as soon as I could," which was a sentiment to which ethnic Chicagoans could relate, so Thompson's slurs largely backfired.[12][8][11]
In the midst of the campaign, the Chicago Tribune ran articles outlining Al Capone's financial contributions to Republican politicians.[13] The newspapers also covered allegations that Samuel Insull had contributed money to Thompson's campaign.[13] The Tribune wrote, "When the traction case was settled during Thompson's third term Insull was given a perpetual franchise that could not be terminated even for misuse non use or mal use".[13]
Gossip of Thompson's ties to Al Capone gained new strength after one of Thompson's top city officials, also a friend of Capone, was indicted for conspiring with merchants to use short weights to cheat $54 million.[8]
Thompson accused Cermak of being in cahoots with bootleggers and gamblers, and accused Cermak of having profited from misconduct alleging that he had, "saved six million out of a $10,000 salary."[8]
The election took place amid the Great Depression.[12] The Depression (taking place under the administration of president Herbert Hoover, who was a member of the Republican Party) may have ultimately contributed to Thompson's defeat as a bearer of the Republican label.[12]
Cermak received strong support from the city's teachers organizations. He was personally endorsed by Margaret Haley, president of the Chicago Teachers Federation.[14]
Many liberal Republicans, in protest of Thompson, threw their support behind Cermak. Among them were Jane Addams, Louise DeKoven Bowen, Charles Edward Merriam, and Julius Rosenwald.[15]
For the election, Cermak had managed to overhaul his public image. Long viewed as a political infighter, Cermak rebranded himself as a "master executive" who would be able to help the city of Chicago survive the Great Depression.[16]
Cermak managed to unite the different factions of the local Democratic Party.[17] He made use of both threats and incentives to garner the backing of political rivals such as Cook County Coroner Herman Bundesen and Cook County Recorder of Deeds Clayton F. Smith .[17] Bundesen had been considered a potential independent candidate, but, in March 1931, he ruled out a run.[18] Cermak's "ethnic credentials" and anti-Prohibition stance also managed to appeal to many working class and ethnic voters that the party had lost to Thompson in the previous election.
Results
[edit]Voter turnout was remarkably high, with 82% of registered voters participating.[12]
Cermak carried 45 wards, while Thompson carried five.[8] The five wards that Thompson carried all had sizable black populations.[8]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Anton Cermak | 671,189 | 58.44 | |
| Republican | William Hale Thompson (incumbent) | 476,922 | 41.53 | |
| Unknown | John M. Collins | 219 | 0.02 | |
| Unknown | Otto H. Wangerin | 124 | 0.01 | |
| Unknown | Herman N. Bundeson | 4 | 0.00 | |
| Unknown | Charles Cutteng | 1 | 0.00 | |
| Unknown | Dallas Killiam | 1 | 0.00 | |
| Unknown | R.J. Williamson | 1 | 0.00 | |
| Unknown | Carter Harrison | 1 | 0.00 | |
| Unknown | Louis J. Orr | 1 | 0.00 | |
| Unknown | Winfield O. Williams | 1 | 0.00 | |
| Unknown | Judge Lagle | 1 | 0.00 | |
| Turnout | 1,148,465 | 100.00 | ||
Thompson carried only five of the city's fifty wards.[19]
Cermak received 76.80% of the Polish-American vote, while Thompson received 23.20%.[20]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Mayoralty, Supplemental Aldermanic, and Judge of the Municipal Court (to Fill Vacancy). Elections April 7th, 1931 (ZIP archive). Board of Elections Commissioners. 1931.
- ^ "Chicago Mayors, 1837-2007". Encyclopedia of Chicago. Chicago Historical Society. Retrieved 22 September 2018.
- ^ https://www.ourcampaigns.com/RaceDetail.html?RaceID=283328 RaceID=283328 (Our Campaigns)
- ^ Multiple sources:
"Vote by Wards on Mayoralty". Newspapers.com. Chicago Tribune. February 25, 1931. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- Brown, Parke (January 15, 1931). "Schmidt Quits City Hall for His Mayoralty Fight". Newspapers.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 20 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "National Affairs: Chicago Circus". Time Magazine. February 23, 1931.
- ^ Chicago Tribune, March 1, 1931
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Names of Candidates. Board of Elections Commissioners. 1931.
- ^ a b c d e f Cohen, Adam; Taylor, Elizabeth (2001). American Pharaoh: Mayor Richard J. Daley - His Battle for Chicago and the Nation. Little, Brown. pp. 37–38. ISBN 978-0-7595-2427-9. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
- ^ Bukowski, Douglas (1998). Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image. University of Illinois Press.
- ^ Mackerels in the Moonlight: Four Corrupt American Mayors By Gerald Leinwand (page 63)
- ^ a b Wendt, Lloyd (1979). Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN 0-528-81826-0.
- ^ a b c d e Simpson, Dick (8 March 2018). Rogues, Rebels, And Rubber Stamps: The Politics Of The Chicago City Council, 1863 To The Present. Routledge. ISBN 9780429977190. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ^ a b c Schottenhamel, George. “How Big Bill Thompson Won Control of Chicago.” Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society, vol. 45, no. 1, 1952, pp. 30–49. JSTOR
- ^ White, Theresa Mary (1988). "Coping with Administrative Pressures in the Chicago Schools' Superintendency: An Analysis of William Henry Johnson, 1936-1946". Loyola University Chicago. p. 58. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
- ^ Flanagan, Maureen A. (2004). "Politics". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago (Chicago Historical Society). Retrieved 13 January 2022.
- ^ Green, Paul M.; Holli, Melvin G. (10 January 2013). "The Mayors: The Chicago Political Tradition, fourth edition". SIU Press. p. 223. Retrieved 22 May 2020.
- ^ a b "Politicians on Stage, 1931". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Encyclopedia of Chicago. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ "Bundesen Won't Be Candidate Chicago Race Between "Big Bill" Thompson and Anton J. Cermak". Newspapers.com. The Times from Munster, Indiana. 4 March 1931. Retrieved 3 January 2021.
- ^ Selzer, Adam (13 February 2015). "Rahm might be bad, but Chicago's last Republican mayor was worse". TimeOut. Retrieved 23 March 2019.
- ^ Kantowicz, Edward. “The Emergence of the Polish-Democratic Vote in Chicago.” Polish American Studies, vol. 29, no. 1/2, 1972, pp. 67–80. JSTOR, JSTOR